Fire regulations in the Russian Federation in questions and answers

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Question 1. What are the basic requirements (hereinafter referred to as the Rules)?

Answer. They contain requirements fire safety, establishing the rules of behavior of people, the procedure for organizing production and (or) maintenance of territories, buildings, structures, premises of organizations and other objects (hereinafter referred to as objects) in order to ensure fire safety.

Question 2. Under what mandatory condition is permission to work at the site granted?

Answer. Persons are allowed to work at the site only after completing fire safety training. Training of persons in fire safety measures is carried out by conducting fire safety briefings and passing the fire-technical minimum.

Question 3. Who determines the procedure and timing of fire safety briefings and passing the fire-technical minimum?

Answer. The procedure and timing are determined by the head of the organization. Fire safety training is carried out in accordance with regulatory documents on fire safety.

Question 4. Who at the site ensures compliance with fire safety requirements?

Answer. Provides a person responsible for fire safety, who is appointed by the head of the organization.

Question 5. What should the head of the organization organize and ensure at production facilities with large numbers of people?

Answer. In order to organize and carry out work to prevent fires at production facilities where 50 or more people can be present at the same time, that is, with a large number of people present, the head of the organization can create a fire-technical commission.

At a facility with a large number of people (except for residential buildings), as well as at a facility with workplaces on the floor for ten or more people, the head of the organization:

• ensures the availability of evacuation plans for people in case of fire;
• ensures the availability of instructions on the actions of personnel to evacuate people in case of fire, as well as conducting practical training of persons carrying out their activities at the facility at least once every six months.

In warehouse, production, administrative and public premises, places open storage substances and materials, as well as the placement of technological installations, the head of the organization ensures the presence of signs with a telephone number to call the fire department.

Question 6. What are the responsibilities for ensuring fire safety of the head of an organization at a facility with people staying at night?

Answer. At facilities with overnight stays of people (including boarding schools, homes for the elderly and disabled, orphanages, preschool institutions, hospitals and facilities for summer children's recreation), the head of the organization:

• organizes round-the-clock duty of service personnel;
• ensures the availability of instructions on the procedure for operating personnel in the event of a fire in the daytime and at night, telephone communications, electric lights (at least 1 flashlight for each person on duty), personal protective equipment for the respiratory system and human vision from toxic combustion products;
• ensures (daily) transmission to the fire department, in the exit area of ​​which there is an object with people staying at night, information about the number of people (sick) present at the object (including at night).

Question 7. What are the fire safety requirements for childcare facilities?

Answer. The head of the organization provides buildings for summer children's recreation with telephone communications and a device for giving an alarm in case of fire. At least 2 emergency exits are provided from the premises, floors of buildings for summer children's recreation, and buildings of preschool institutions. It is not allowed to post:

a) children in attic rooms wooden buildings;

b) more than 50 children in wooden buildings and buildings made of other combustible materials.

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Firefighters and Rescuers Club

Lighting is extremely important for human health. With the help of vision, a person receives the vast majority of information (about 90%) coming from the surrounding world.

From an occupational safety point of view, visual ability and visual comfort are extremely important. Many accidents occur, among other things, due to poor lighting or due to errors made by the worker, due to difficulty recognizing an object or understanding the degree of risk associated with servicing machines, Vehicle, containers, etc. Light creates normal conditions for work.

Depending on the light source, it is divided into natural, artificial and combined.

Natural light standards

Daylight is divided into lateral(light openings in the walls), top(transparent ceilings and skylights on the roof) and combined(presence of light openings in walls and ceilings at the same time). Illumination value E indoors, the natural light of the sky depends on the time of year, time of day, the presence of clouds, as well as the proportion luminous flux F from the sky, which penetrates into the room. This share depends on the size of light openings (windows, skylights); light transmittance of glass (highly depends on how dirty the glass is); the presence of buildings and vegetation opposite light openings; reflectance coefficients of the walls and ceiling of the room (rooms with lighter colors have better natural light), etc.

Natural light is better in its spectral composition than artificial light created by any light sources. In addition, the better the natural light in the room, the less time you have to use artificial light, and this leads to savings electrical energy. To assess the use of natural light, the concept daylight factor (KEO) and installed minimum permissible KEO values is the ratio of illumination E in indoors due to natural light to outdoor light E n of the entire hemisphere of the sky, expressed as a percentage:

KEO = (E in / E n) 100%, %.

KEO does not depend on the time of year and day, the state of the sky, but is determined by geometry window openings, dirty glass, painted walls, etc. The farther from the light openings, the less value KEO (Fig. 1).

The minimum permissible value of KEO is determined by the type of work: the higher the level of work, the more minimal permissible value KEO. For example, for the I category of work (highest accuracy) with side natural lighting, the minimum permissible value of KEO is 2%, with the top - 6%, and for the III category of work (high accuracy) 1.2% and 3%, respectively. According to the characteristics of spectator work, the work of students can be classified as the second category of work, and with lateral natural lighting in the classroom, laboratory on work tables and desks, KEO = 1.5% should be provided.

Rice. 1. Distribution of KEO at various types natural light: a - one-sided side lighting; 6 — two-way side lighting; V - overhead lighting; G - combined lighting; 1 — working surface level

Artificial lighting standards

If there is insufficient illumination from natural light, use artificial lighting, created electrical sources Sveta. In my own way design artificial lighting can be general, general localized and combined (Fig. 2).

At general lighting All places receive light from a common lighting installation. In this system, light sources are distributed evenly without taking into account the location of workplaces. The average lighting level should be equal to the lighting level required for the work to be performed.

Rice. 2. Types of artificial lighting: a - general; b - general localized; in - combined

These systems are mainly used in areas where jobs are not permanent.

Such a system must meet three fundamental requirements. First of all, it must be equipped with anti-glare devices (grids, diffusers, reflectors, etc.). The second requirement is that part of the light must be directed towards the ceiling and towards top part walls The third requirement is that the light sources must be mounted as high as possible to keep glare to a minimum and to make the illumination as uniform as possible (Figure 3).

General localized lighting system designed to increase illumination by placing lamps closer to work surfaces. Lamps with such lighting often produce glare, and their reflectors should be positioned in such a way that they remove the light source from the direct field of view of the person working. For example, they can be directed upwards.

Combined lighting Along with general lighting, it includes local lighting (local lamp, for example desk lamp), focusing the light flux directly on the workplace. The use of local lighting in conjunction with general lighting is recommended for high lighting requirements.

Rice. 3. Layout of lamps for general lighting

The use of local lighting alone is unacceptable, since there is a need for frequent readaptation of vision, deep and sharp shadows and other unfavorable factors are created. Therefore the share general lighting in the combined must be at least 10%:

E comb = Egenerally+ E seats

(E total / E comb) * 100%≥ 10%

In addition to natural and artificial lighting, a combination of them can be used when the illumination due to natural light is not enough to perform a particular work. This type of lighting is called combined lighting. To perform work of the highest, very high and high precision, combined lighting is mainly used, since usually natural light is not enough.

In addition, artificial lighting is divided into several types: working, emergency, evacuation, duty, security.

Work lighting designed to carry out the production process.

Emergency lighting - to continue working in the event of an emergency shutdown of the working lighting. For emergency lighting, incandescent lamps are used, for which an autonomous power supply is used. The lamps operate all the time or turn on automatically in the event of an emergency shutdown of the working lighting.

Evacuation lighting— for evacuating people from the premises in case of emergency shutdown of working lighting. To evacuate people, the lighting level of main passages and emergency exits must be at least 0.5 lux at floor level and 0.2 lux in open areas.

In addition to the minimum permissible value of KEO and the share of general lighting in combined lighting, in accordance with the standards, the value of the minimum permissible illumination is established E min(this is the main normalized parameter). Magnitude E min depends on the type of work. The categories of work are divided into four subcategories depending on the lightness of the background and the contrast between the details (objects of discrimination) and the background. For example, for the 1st category of work (highest accuracy), the following minimum illumination values ​​are set (Table 1).

Table 1. Illumination standards for artificial lighting according to SNiP 23-05-95

Note: the characteristic of visual performance is the highest accuracy; the smallest equivalent object size is less than 0.15 mm.

As can be seen from the table, E min different for various systems lighting. With combined artificial lighting, as it is more economical, the standards are higher than with general lighting. Indeed, with the help of a local lighting lamp located near the workplace, the necessary illumination can be provided with less electrical energy consumption.

Regulatory requirements for lighting of residential and public buildings defined in the Sanitary and Epidemiological Rules and Standards SanPiN 2.2.1/1278-03 “ Hygienic requirements to natural, artificial and combined lighting of residential and public buildings,” which were introduced on June 15, 2003. Some data from these standards (extracts from SanPiN 2.2.1/1278-03) for institutions general education, primary, secondary and higher specialized education, as well as for residential premises, are given below in the table. 2.

Chalk boards should only be used in green or light green.

Table 2. Illumination standards according to SanPiN 2.2.1/1278-03 (for educational institutions)

Note: a dash means there are no requirements

Each type of activity requires a certain level of illumination in the area where this activity is carried out. Typically, the more visually impaired, the higher the average illumination level should be.

Rice. 4. Dependence of visual acuity on age

Presented in table. 1 Light levels are set for normal vision. With age, a person's visual acuity decreases (Fig. 4) and this requires an increase in the level of lighting.

Organization of the workplace to create comfortable visual conditions

In addition to the requirements of good lighting workplace should have uniform illumination. In any case, there should not be a significant difference in the illumination of different areas of the workplace so that frequent readaptation of vision is not required.

The adaptation of the eye to distinguish an object is carried out through three processes:

• accommodation- a change in the curvature of the lens of the eye so that the image of the object is in the plane of the retina (when the curvature of the lens changes, the value of focal length- “focusing” is carried out);
• convergence- rotation of the visual axes of both eyes so that they intersect on the object under consideration;
• adaptation- adaptation of the eye to a given level of illumination.

Onboarding process consists in changing the area of ​​the pupil. When the eye adapts, in addition to changing the area of ​​the pupil, other processes occur. For example, with increasing brightness, rods are suppressed and the amount of light-sensitive substance in cones decreases, and at high brightness, nerve endings are partially shielded by pigment epithelial cells located deep in the retina. When the eye adapts to low brightness, the opposite phenomena occur.

It is well known that when moving from a light room to a dark one, the ability to distinguish details arises slowly, and, conversely, when leaving a dark room into a light one, a state of blindness initially arises.

When transitioning from high illumination to practical darkness, the adaptation process occurs slowly and ends in 1...1.5 hours. The reverse process is faster and lasts 10...15 minutes. In both cases we are talking about a complete re-adaptation of vision; when the brightness changes no more than 5...10 times, re-adaptation occurs almost instantly.

Therefore, the surfaces of the book and notebook with which work is currently being done must have the same illumination. Using a small lamp to illuminate only the surface of the notebook will result in a difference in illumination between the notebook and the book. Frequent use of the latter will require constant adaptation of vision, which will ultimately lead to rapid visual fatigue, decreased performance, general fatigue, and mental stress. The desk should be located in a well-lit place, preferably near a window. The man behind desk should be positioned with the face or left side to the window (for left-handers - right side) in order to avoid the formation of a shadow from the person’s body or hand. The artificial lighting lamp should be positioned relative to the human body in a similar way. Lamps must be located above the workplace outside the prohibited angle of 45° (Fig. 5). In addition, the design of the lamp must prevent blinding a person by rays reflected from the working surface (Fig. 6, a) . To do this, the fixture's fittings must provide for the direction of direct rays emanating from the source at other angles that prevent the reflected beam from entering the human eye (Fig. 6, b).

Rice. 5. Installation diagram of lamps

Rice. 6. Right choice lamp design: a - blinding by reflected rays; b - elimination of glare by reflected rays

Why is there a strong difference in the illumination of individual areas of the room or various rooms may cause injury?

When moving from a well-lit area or room to a poorly lit area, it takes some time for the eye to adapt to low light. During this period, a person sees poorly. This could cause the person to trip, fall, bump into an object, etc. and be injured. Especially great danger occurs when there is a very strong difference in illumination - more than 20...30 times, which requires significant time for deep re-adaptation of the eye, during which a person sees very poorly or does not see at all.

Therefore, if the lighting in the room and the corridor into which the room is exited differs greatly, it is necessary to improve the lighting in the corridor. To reduce the likelihood of injury, the above circumstances are especially important to consider when stairwells and other traumatic places.

Please note the following:

• with greater contrast, less illumination is required; Therefore, in the workplace it is desirable to provide a high contrast between the object and the background on which the object is located; It is better to work with dark objects on a light background, and with light objects - on a dark background. This will allow you to successfully perform work at a lower level of illumination and reduce visual fatigue;
• if it is impossible to change the contrast of an object with the background by, for example, changing the background reflectance, it is necessary to increase the illumination in the workplace;
• proper organization of lighting and conditions for performing visual work is the key to preservation good vision for many years.

Psychophysiological effects of color on humans

It is known that surfaces of blue tones, as well as very dark surfaces, are perceived by humans as “receding”, that is, they appear to be located further than in reality. This sometimes leads to a seeming increase in the size of the room. Red tones, on the contrary, appear to be “protruding.” Some colors, such as light purple, have an irritating effect on a person and contribute to very rapid fatigue. Others, in particular green, give the opposite result. A person’s subjective perception of such external factors external environment, like temperature, noise and others, even odors, to a certain extent depend on the color of the surfaces in the field of view.

The psychophysiological impact on a person of the color of radiation sources and the color of the surfaces of the room must be taken into account when color and light design of the interior. For example, for rest rooms and bedrooms it is better to use LI and color design perform in soft, soothing colors, such as yellow-green. On the contrary, in the rooms in which work must be carried out, it is better to use fluorescent lamps, and the color design should be done in light, invigorating colors that stimulate active activity.

It should be noted that the psychophysiological effect of color on a person is taken into account as very important factor, defining safety issues (for example, painting of cars, safety signs, hazardous areas, pipelines, cylinders, etc.). It should be noted that color also has a subjective and individual effect on the emotional sphere of a person.

Factors that determine visual comfort

In order to provide the conditions necessary for visual comfort, the lighting system must meet the following prerequisites:

• uniform lighting;
• optimal brightness;
• no glare;
• appropriate contrast;
• correct color scheme;
• no stroboscopic effect or flicker of light.

Brilliance(excessive glare) - the property of luminous surfaces with increased brightness to disrupt the conditions of comfortable vision, worsen contrast sensitivity, or have both of these effects at the same time.

Light flux fluctuations also affect performance, developing fatigue and reducing the accuracy of production operations.

It is important to consider light in the workplace, guided not only by quantitative, but also qualitative criteria. The first step here is to study the workplace; the precision with which the work must be performed; workload; the degree of movement of the worker during work, etc. Light must include components of both diffuse and direct radiation. The result of this combination should be shadow formation of greater or lesser intensity, which should allow the worker to correctly perceive the shape and position of objects in the workplace. Annoying reflections that make it difficult to see detail should be eliminated, as should overly bright lights or deep shadows.

In all cases, it is necessary to ensure the integrity of the cable grounding conductor is monitored.

480. Operation of excavators, loaders, drilling rigs, etc. near energized overhead lines is allowed in the case where the air distance from the lifting or retractable part in any position, including with the greatest rise or lateral extension allowed by the design, to the nearest energized wire will be at least :

When crossing (approaching) an overhead line with highways distance from bottom phase wire the line to the top point of the machines or cargo must be at least:

at voltages up to 20 kV - 2 m;

at voltages up to 35 kV - 2.5 m.

481. For temporary technological overhead lines with voltage up to 35 kV, the use of mobile supports is allowed. The distance between the mobile supports is determined by calculation, taking into account climatic conditions and ensuring the stability of supports and, as a rule, should not exceed 50 m.

Double fastening of wires must be performed when crossing overhead overhead lines with a contact network, overhead lines with overhead lines, overhead lines with permanent technological roads, and single fastening - when crossing overhead lines with highways laid along ledges and dumps.

482. All overhead and cable power lines within the boundaries of hazardous areas must be turned off during the explosion.

After an explosion, before switching on the power lines, it is necessary to inspect and repair any detected damage.

483. Flexible cables powering mobile machines must be laid in such a way that the possibility of their damage, freezing, blockage by rock, or collision with vehicles and machinery is excluded. Along the flooded area, the cable should be laid on supports (gantry) or dry rock fill.

At the beginning of the shift, as well as during work, flexible cables must be inspected by the personnel servicing this installation.

It is allowed to contain a flexible cable under voltage on a special drum (device), if this is provided for by the design of the machine.

Carrying (dragging) a flexible cable should be done using mechanisms using special devices, providing limitation of the cable bending radius, or manually.

484. When carrying (carrying) an energized excavator cable, maintenance personnel must use dielectric gloves or special devices with insulating handles.

Requirements for organizing lighting of work sites

485. For lighting networks at an open-pit mining site, as well as stationary light points on mobile machines, mechanisms and units, it should be used electrical system with an insulated neutral and a line voltage not exceeding 220 V.

When using special types For lighting, voltages above 220 V are allowed.

For powering hand portable lamps A line voltage of no higher than 36 V should be used alternating current and up to 50 V direct current. For diesel traction, it is permissible to use voltages up to 75 V DC for this purpose.

486. For lighting dumps and roads outside the mine when powered by separate transformer substations It is permitted to use a voltage of 380/220 V in a network with a grounded neutral.

487. On stationary and mobile supports of a direct current contact network with voltage up to 1650 V inclusive, it is allowed to hang electric lighting wires and lamps installed above the contact wire on the opposite side of the support. The vertical distance from the contact wire to the lighting wires must be at least 1.5 m. The lighting network insulators are rated at 1650 V. The distance from the contact wire to the support for side suspension must be at least 1 m.

Joint suspension of contact wires and communication line wires on supports is not allowed.

Replacing lamps and fixtures located below the lighting wires on wooden supports, must be carried out with the voltage removed from the contact wire.

Repair of the lighting network (replacement of hooks, pins and insulators, re-tensioning of wires, etc.) must be carried out when relieved tension both from the contact and lighting networks.

488. Work areas must be illuminated in accordance with the standards given in Appendix 2.

489. Workers sent to work in low light conditions and at night must have individual portable lamps.

Requirements for providing open-pit mining facilities with communications and signaling

490. The open-pit mining facility must be equipped with a complex technical means, providing control and management technological processes and safety of work, including telephone communication (radio communication) with the organization’s switchboard or automatic telephone exchange, dispatcher.

Power supply for communication and signaling devices, with the exception of special transport devices, must be supplied with a line voltage no higher than 220 V from the lighting network, batteries or rectifier units. For signaling devices, except for signaling systems powered by a voltage not exceeding 24 V, it is allowed to make lines with bare wires.

Electrical substations must have telephone or radio communication with the energy dispatcher (operational personnel of the energy supply organization) or with the quarry switchboard.

491. Everything telephone lines must be at least two-wire.

492. Communication installations must be protected from the interfering and dangerous influence of lines high voltage contact network, lightning discharges and stray currents.

Requirements for drainage and drainage systems

493. To ensure the stability of slopes of mine workings and dumps, reduce the moisture content of minerals and overburden rocks, create safe conditions operation of mining transport equipment, the design must provide for measures to drain the work area and protect it from surface waters and atmospheric precipitation, including technical solutions:

by lowering the level groundwater(if necessary);

for the construction of structures for draining water outside the zone of influence of the drainage system;

for fencing structures, mine workings and dumps from surface water and precipitation.

494. Drainage of the deposit must be carried out according to a project approved in the prescribed manner.

Each open-pit mining site that does not have natural surface and soil water, must be provided with drainage.

The construction and operation of underground drainage workings must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation on safety when developing mineral deposits using the underground method.

The mouths of drainage shafts, adits, pits, boreholes and other workings must be reliably protected from the penetration of surface water through them into the mining workings.

If there are landslides on the territory of an open-pit mining site, the surface of the landslide massif must be fenced off with upland ditches or safety shafts that protect the massif from penetration of surface and melt water, snow, mud flows. For this purpose, measures to ensure work safety are annually developed and approved by the technical manager of the organization.

- Lighting requirements are such that it is necessary not just to illuminate a room or a separate workplace, but to create lighting, suitable for character work being performed. If there is insufficient lighting, work efficiency and productivity decrease, and worker fatigue occurs. There are three types of lighting: natural, artificial and combined.

To easily calculate the required number of lamps, use the Calculator for calculating the number of lamps.

Artificial lighting should be distributed evenly throughout the room.

If you are working with documentation, it is permissible to use combined lighting, i.e. can be additionally installed local lamps directly to illuminate the area where documents are located. The illumination on the working surface should be at least 300-500 lux. It is permissible to use local lighting lamps to illuminate documents (they should not create glare on the working surface and increase illumination above 300 lux).

It is required to limit direct glare on work surfaces; the surface brightness of luminous objects near light sources should not exceed 200 cd/sq.m.

The correct choice of lamps and location of the workplace relative to sources of artificial and natural light is necessary to reduce reflected glare on work surfaces. On VDT ​​and computer screens, the brightness of reflections should be no more than 40 cd/sq.m., and the brightness of the ceiling should not be more than 200 cd/sq.m. (when using an indirect lighting system).

Glare in production artificial sources lighting should be no higher than 20, in administrative premises- no higher than 40, indoors educational institutions- no higher than 25.