Construction with permanent formwork. Myths and misconceptions about houses made of permanent formwork

Abundance construction technologies allows each developer to choose the best way erection of a structure that suits it in all respects. IN last years to traditionally popular brick, block and frame house construction permanent formwork was added - a technology that causes a lot of controversy and has both supporters and opponents. This topic is also relevant among users of the FORUMHOUSE portal; it makes sense to consider it in more detail.

Warm form

Technology permanent formwork allows you to simultaneously build and insulate the structure, and is used for the construction of both the foundation and the frame. This is a universal method used in private and multi-storey construction. It is based on the principle of monolithic reinforced concrete structures: the reinforcement frame is poured with concrete, but the formwork is not dismantled after the mortar has set, but remains an element of the “pie”. In essence, formwork is a form that allows the reinforced concrete “filling” to take on a given geometric shape. But in the case of the fixed version, this is insulation, the use of which significantly reduces the heat loss of the building. The use of non-removable began and continued rectangular walls, today they also produce radial blocks: if you want, fill in a bay window, or if you want, fill in a fantasy pool.

Monolith or permanent formwork consists of hollow blocks or slabs with jumpers; additional interconnection of the rows is provided by the tongue-and-groove system.

The necessary additional elements are also produced - corner blocks, crown blocks, caps and the like. Initially, three types of raw materials were used to produce permanent formwork.

Polystyrene – foam plastic (PSB) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) blocks and slabs are made on its basis.

Polystyrene concrete is a formwork made of a mineral binder (cement) and granular (polystyrene) filler.

Chip cement - in the composition of blocks and slabs - up to 90% organic filler and cement as a binder. Typically, organic matter is represented by coarse wood chips, but some manufacturers can add other plant materials (reed, reeds, straw) to the mixture. Both in blocks and in slabs for external walls there is a layer of insulation inside - polystyrene foam (half of the internal volume), blocks for internal partitions– empty.

Now on sale in stores in Moscow and all regions of our country there are combined options, when the outer wall is made of PPS or PSB, and the inner wall is made of sheet materials type OSB or DSP. Since the thermal conductivity of such an internal layer is higher than that of EPS (PSB), the thickness of the outer layer is much greater than in solid polystyrene foam blocks. The starting thickness of the block wall is 50 mm, but such a layer inside and out is sufficient for warm climates; for cold regions, the outer layer should be from 100 mm. Other popular ways to insulate a home are described in the article

The formwork of the house is insulated.

The most environmentally friendly formwork is made from woodchip cement, since it consists of natural raw materials and a mineral binder and has good vapor permeability, but is much more expensive than pure polystyrene. The bulk of houses built using permanent formwork technology are built from polystyrene foam blocks - they are more affordable than wood chips and stronger than foam blocks. The strength and durability of the formwork will depend on the density of the blocks. Unscrupulous manufacturers pass off loose blocks as dense ones, and put the required numbers on the certificate of conformity.

In order not to be deceived, a user of our portal a991ru, who is professionally involved in construction, advises paying attention to the weight - according to him, 1 mᶟ of high-quality, dense formwork should weigh at least 15 - 16 kg.

The main advantages of an insulated monolith include not only the speed of the construction process and financial accessibility, but also the possibility self-construction even without the appropriate qualifications. Also, ideally smooth (with correct installation) surfaces that do not require a thick layer of plaster. There's enough outside decorative plaster or hanging screen, and the inside is most often treated with plasterboard.

Opponents of the technology say the main disadvantage is the harmfulness of PPS and low vapor permeability - the walls can release aggressive chemicals into the air, and the house becomes a thermos.

kubarik FORUMHOUSE Member

We built a house for a friend using permanent formwork technology - yes, the house is warm, but absolutely breathless - in winter the windows fog up, the humidity in the house is crazy. I contacted a customer who was also built using this technology - the same problem.

The hypothetical aggressiveness of the material is on the conscience of block manufacturers - high-quality raw materials and adherence to formwork manufacturing technology minimize the possibility of releasing volatile compounds. If in doubt, the material you like can be taken to the local SES laboratory for testing. And in order to protect yourself from poison, you should choose your supplier more carefully and not be fooled too much. low prices, as an option, use woodchip or combined formwork. A properly organized ventilation system will help to avoid the thermos effect, which solves the problem high humidity, and if there are violations, mold can appear on both brick and block walls. Although some FORUMHOUSE participants did not notice problems with humidity in the room even without additional ventilation.

Kamzhenya FORUMHOUSE Member

Regarding ventilation - we have a climate in the region, you know, humid, even very humid - no extras. There are no ventilation in these houses. Well, there is no such problem, this is in practice.

Considering that the region of residence of the portal participant is Far East, permanent formwork is especially relevant due to its high seismic resistance: monolithic design less susceptible to deformation.

Installation technology

The optimal foundation for permanent formwork is a strip foundation. If concrete blocks are used, it is advisable to pour a 30 cm thick monolithic belt on top. During the process of pouring the foundation, vertical reinforcing pins (diameter from 10 mm) are installed in it, which will later help to combine the base and the box into a single spatial structure. As in any construction process, waterproofing is carried out between the foundation and the first row. Rolled membranes or film are pinned onto pins. Welded bitumen mastics It is not recommended to use it under polystyrene foam blocks; polyethylene or roofing felt with asphalt topping is preferable. Under certain circumstances, they do without waterproofing.

Kamfish FORUMHOUSE Member

I made the tape, released the reinforcement, but did not lay the waterproofing. But then the walls ground floor sheathed it with DSP and waterproofed it with weld-on material. The base is approximately 1.8 meters.

When assembling the first row, strict adherence to the level is mandatory. The distortion is leveled with adhesive or cement mortar. The blocks begin to be laid out from the corners, stringing them onto the reinforcement. After assembling the first row, horizontal overlapping reinforcement is installed in the grooves and tied with wire twists to the vertical one; some use plastic ties. The second row is assembled in the same way. The masonry imitates brick - the displacement of adjacent rows in order to increase the strength of the monolith. The groove system additionally fixes and seals the seams and joints; divergence of the grooves is not allowed, otherwise cold bridges will result. Depending on the type of blocks or slabs and the manufacturer’s recommendations, the segments can be additionally fastened together with wire or staples. Dmitriy Kov, who built his house using permanent formwork technology from polystyrene foam blocks, created the following reinforcement frame.

Dmitriy Kov FORUMHOUSE Member

The vertical reinforcement was placed approximately sixty centimeters apart, the horizontal reinforcement every two rows. Naturally, I reinforced all the window and door openings: there were two reinforcements on the sides, four pieces on top, and four pieces in all corners and intersections. Where the opening for the garage is - there are six pieces on top, I tied the reinforcement together as expected, with approximately an overlap. All the reinforcement in the walls is 10 mm in diameter, in the grillage - six pieces, 12 mm each. The house stands on 43 pillars made with a TISE drill with a 0.5 m extension at the bottom.

According to the project, when laying out the first rows, bends are formed for internal partitions and door groups, and engineering Communication: grooves are cut out in the blocks, the necessary ones are placed on at this stage pipes. As the blocks are installed, a reinforcement frame is formed from vertical and longitudinal rods connected to each other. The strength of the monolith and its resistance to deformation will largely depend on the diameter of the reinforcement; most often the frame is knitted from rods with a diameter of 10 - 12 mm.

For a monolith, a standard cement-sand mortar with the addition of fine gravel, mixed mechanically or manually.

Considering that from two to four rows are poured at a time (depending on the brand and type of formwork), the use of pumping equipment is justified on construction sites with large square footage, when several cubes of mortar are placed in these several rows. In case of violation of technology and simultaneous filling more rows, it is possible both for the blocks to bulge - “belly”, and for the formation of voids and gaps. To compact the solution, both vibrators and the “poke method” are used - using a long reinforcement bar or a wooden handle.

Since when pouring mortar, partial filling of the grooves is possible, which will interfere with the installation of the next row, one of the portal participants, Lord Kyron, made metal U-shaped frames, equal in width to the walls of the blocks, and covered the surface while filling the section of the wall. For assembling rows, mixing mortar, installing reinforcement cage and pouring the monolith, he attracted the most popular “Tajik construction” among private owners as a labor force. And in order to minimize the possibility of defects, he carefully controlled the laying of the first row and the further process. If you notice the protruding segment in time, before the solution has set, it is quite easy to level it.

Considering that the mortar is poured into the formwork in layers, in order to avoid the formation of cold bridges, the outer row is filled not to the top, but to the middle - the seam is completely closed in the block.

And taking into account the fact that each subsequent layer is poured not after complete setting, but after a short interval, in the process of final maturation of the concrete a full-fledged, insulated monolith is formed.

The formwork itself is not load-bearing, so all floor slabs and joists are laid directly on the concrete filling, for which appropriate grooves are cut out in the polystyrene foam layer. To increase the heat capacity of the building, which will be “lame” due to the insulation, internal partitions are sometimes made from other wall materials– bricks, blocks, plasterboard structures. One of possible options– pouring the monolith into the formwork, and after the structure hardens, removing the polystyrene walls.

Finishing

Facing permanent formwork is needed to increase decorativeness and protect the material from external influences, this applies to most block varieties and frames. Considering that there is no need to level the walls, a thick layer of plaster is dispensed with. A reinforcing layer of fiberglass or stainless mesh with glue solution and subsequent application of decorative plaster or putty composition.

The safety margin of the walls is enough for more heavy materials- tiles or stone, siding is no less popular. The siding is mounted on a subsystem, which is attached either directly to the concrete or, when the lintels in the blocks are plastic, into the lintels. Today you can find a variety of decorative formwork on sale - it already has a facing layer that imitates a stone facade. But due to the rather high cost, this option is not in high demand. Portal member AlexIll22 turned a standard building into an exclusive one through interesting decoration.

A house made of permanent formwork is also called a thermal house. And that's why. The walls of the house are initially assembled from hollow polystyrene foam blocks. These voids are then reinforced to provide longitudinal rigidity to the frame and filled with concrete mixture. The result is a single monolithic structure. With the thickness of such walls of a house made of permanent formwork being 25 centimeters ( standard size block 1200x250x250 mm) its heat saving indicators are comparable to brick wall 50-65 centimeters thick.

Benefits of technology

Having analyzed the reviews of owners of houses made of permanent formwork, we can highlight the following advantages:

Accelerated time for building a house frame combined with low cost;
The pressure on the foundation is reduced, which makes it possible to reduce its cost;
No need to use powerful lifting mechanisms(they may be required for laying floor slabs);
Pouring the concrete mixture can be done using a low-pressure concrete pump or manually through a funnel specially designed for this purpose;
High thermal efficiency of walls;
The ability to build a house of any configuration, ease of assembly of the frame (the blocks are easily sawed and attached according to the Lego principle);
Long service life of a structure built using this technology;
The strength of the walls, with their smaller thickness, is comparable to brick;
Increasing the usable volume of the room;
Insulation (as well as sound insulation) of the erected walls is not required, except for buildings located in cold climatic conditions. For areas with low temperatures blocks of increased thickness are produced (up to 50 cm);
Reducing heating costs in the house;
Large selection of types of polystyrene foam formwork elements (available corner elements, blocks with plugs for openings, etc.);
Simplicity of finishing. Such walls do not need leveling before finishing work. Any can be used for them Decoration Materials(siding, non-combustible drywall, ceramic tile etc.);
A house built using polystyrene foam permanent formwork is not susceptible to rotting, mold, or destruction by rodents;
Possibility of laying communications (cables, pipes) inside the walls. For this purpose, the blocks have special holes for this;
The corners of the building have precise geometry;
Possibility of using blocks of such formwork for the device strip foundation. To waterproof such a foundation, it is sufficient to install a drainage system.

Disadvantages of technology

The disadvantages of polystyrene foam permanent formwork include:

There is a danger of destruction of unprotected polystyrene foam walls when interacting with aggressive liquids (gasoline, solvents, acids, etc.). Therefore, such walls require mandatory finishing;
Limiting the load on the walls of the building (for example, the pressure on a load-bearing wall should not exceed 70 kilograms);
Release of harmful toxic substances when foam is heated. Therefore, protection with the help of special fireproof layers is often used.

Important! Some owners of such buildings prefer to dismantle the inner layer of polystyrene foam. You can tear off the foam inside. It is worth noting that in this case the heat capacity of the walls decreases.

Due to the poor vapor conductivity of such formwork, it is necessary to carefully design the ventilation in the house;
Mandatory grounding of the house is required.

What buildings are being built using this technology?

There are practically no restrictions here. Using this technology the following can be built:

private houses, dachas, cottages;
low-rise apartment buildings up to 9 floors high;
outbuildings (shed, chicken coop, etc.);
warehouses, hangars;
sports facilities (swimming pools, ice arenas, sports and recreation centers);
various public spaces.

Important points

According to reviews from the owners of such houses, we can give advice - do not use permanent formwork from little-known companies. The density of polystyrene foam in it should be at least 25-35 kg/m3. Otherwise it is fraught with:

crumbling or cracking of polystyrene foam blocks, which will subsequently lead to a spill concrete mixture from formwork;
curvature of the formwork under the weight of concrete and, as a result, unevenness of the walls;
inconvenience of laying reinforcement and tying formwork blocks together;
release of toxic substances during building operation;
and ultimately, a loss of time and money.

Before purchasing formwork of this type, be sure to ask the seller to present a hygienic certificate for it.

Other types of industrial permanent formwork

These types include:

Expanded clay concrete blocks. By appearance they look like cinder blocks. This is the very first type of permanent formwork. Today it is rarely used due to high cost and the need for insulation.
Glass-magnesite structures. They are lightweight, but cannot be used for load-bearing walls.
Arbilite structures. Consist of cement and wood shavings. They have high thermal insulation properties, but are quite expensive.

Fixed formwork can be made independently from moisture-resistant plywood, cement-bonded particle boards or sheets flat slate. It turns out to be quite durable and resistant to moisture. However, the wall has low thermal insulation properties. Therefore, insulation of the building will be required, for example mineral wool. You will also need enhanced waterproofing and fasteners.

If you want to quickly and cheaply build a house in the Moscow region, our builders will come to your aid. At modest prices, in accordance with the calculation of the monolithics for a short warm season will be built on your plot of land any house (or other building). Services are provided only by specialists who have undergone special training.

The cost of building a house using permanent turnkey formwork for 1 m2 is 22,000 rubles. with materials.

Technology for installing permanent formwork

Construction technologies using permanent formwork became widespread abroad about 15 years ago. In Russia they began to master it much later. The idea behind the work is that there is no need extra work masons to remove formwork after hardening of monolithic walls.

The formwork serves not only as a frame, but also as thermal insulation, and sometimes external cladding walls The installation of permanent formwork does not require additional reinforcement: the reinforcement is placed in blocks in the factory.

The technology for installing permanent formwork is simple. The individual blocks are connected to each other using the simplest lock connections along pre-calibrated perimeters. Next, the permanent formwork is poured with concrete.

If you have a high-quality solution, erecting the walls of a house with a team of four workers will take no more than two weeks. For the successful construction of walls and installation of partitions from permanent formwork, the most important thing is to carefully prepare the bed (the surface of the foundation or ceiling made of a monolith), accurately align the horizontal position along the line of filling the walls. The surface must be perfectly smooth to avoid waterproofing ruptures.

How to build a house in such a way that you don’t waste too much on materials and maintain high quality performance characteristics? The construction of house walls from permanent formwork is perfect solution for those who are not afraid of experiments and follow the latest developments in the world of construction technologies.

Here are just a few key advantages of this type of design:

Easy to use and time saving. Wall installation reminds the children's designer: the main guide blocks are set, onto which the next level of blocks is installed in the grooves, and so on until full set required height.
High mechanical strength, resistance to possible adverse natural phenomena(earthquakes, landslides, etc.). Reinforcement is tied inside the block structure and in the corners, the structure is filled with high-strength cement mortar, thereby creating a complete monolithic wall with a high threshold of resistance and stability.
Does not require additional insulation and sound insulation. Due to the fact that polystyrene foam itself is thermally insulating and soundproofing material, the walls of the house perfectly retain heat, “breathe” and do not muffle noise.
Savings on heating appliances and heating bills. It has been proven: a house made of a permanent structure has better energy-saving properties than a house with walls made of two bricks (on average by 30%).
The material is not susceptible to attacks by fungus and mold.
Ideally amenable to any processing, due to which it is possible to use almost any finishing materials both for building facades and for interior decoration.
High-quality performance characteristics are maintained for years, and the service life of the object is unlimited.

If you are interested in an offer valid throughout the Moscow region, contact our specialists, find out how much permanent formwork costs and the total cost of the work.

House made of permanent polystyrene foam formwork

What could be more reliable than a monolithic reinforced concrete house? And if such a house is also warm, then this is generally the ultimate dream for a thorough owner. Moreover, such a house can also be relatively inexpensive, and you can build it yourself during your vacation.

There are several types of permanent formwork structures, each of which has its own advantages and features, but despite the differences in technology, the principle of construction itself is the same in all cases. From blocks made at the factory with through cavities, like from a construction set, the frame of the house is assembled, which is laid with reinforcement and filled with cement.

We will tell you how this is done using the example of building a house using permanent polystyrene foam formwork. This type of permanent formwork has earned popularity due to its low price and high consumer qualities that a house built using it acquires. As is immediately clear from the name, it is made of polystyrene foam, the same in appearance as we can see when unpacking a box with a TV or other large household appliances.

The difference is that polystyrene foam for permanent formwork has special additives, thanks to which it becomes completely inedible for rodents and unfavorable for the appearance of mold and other microorganisms on it. With all this, polystyrene foam remains absolutely harmless to humans.

In addition, it is not subject to rotting, does not absorb moisture and does not allow water vapor to pass through, and practically does not burn. The only thing is that polystyrene foam does not particularly like straight lines. Sun rays, under which it turns yellow, however, without losing any other properties. Its last feature is determined by the fact that you will not see houses built using polystyrene foam formwork without external and internal cladding.

The external cladding can be almost anything, from brick to... As interior decoration, they usually use sheets of plasterboard - gypsum board, lining or the same plaster.

The main advantage of expanded polystyrene is its high thermal insulation properties. Thus, a wall built using polystyrene foam permanent formwork, according to this parameter, is equivalent to one and a half meters brick wall or a wall made of timber half a meter thick. Thus, the house turns out to be very, very warm, which allows its owner to reduce heating costs by three times. After some time, these savings on heating will exceed the initial costs of building a house, which makes it possible to talk about such a house as a very profitable investment.

The concrete frame of the building makes it very durable, and the concrete is protected with polystyrene foam from the inside and outside outside ensures minimal temperature fluctuations load-bearing wall. In turn, protection from temperature expansion and moisture (the material has high water and frost resistance) prevents the appearance of cracks and chips in the concrete.

How are polystyrene foam blocks made?

Polystyrene granules are poured into the storage hopper of the foaming agent, from which they are fed into the foaming agent by a screw feeder, where, with continuous stirring, they are foamed by a stream of steam at a certain temperature and pressure. During the foaming process, the volume of the granules increases. From the foaming agent, the sub-foamed polystyrene is fed by a fan through a pneumatic line into the storage bunker, where it is kept for 24 to 48 hours to equalize the internal pressure and finally stabilize the shape of the granules. From the aging hopper, polystyrene is fed by a fan through a pneumatic line into the storage hopper of the mold, from where it is fed into the mold by injectors fixed in the mold lid until it is completely filled. Inside the mold, during heat treatment with steam, the polystyrene granules once again increase in volume. Since the form has a closed volume, the granules mutually deform each other, filling the voids, and “weld”: the process of molding the finished product - a polystyrene foam building block - occurs. After cooling the mold with water ready product is automatically removed from it and stored by the operator.

The polystyrene foam blocks themselves for the walls are cast at the factory. Their production consists of three stages: foaming, drying and intermediate curing, block molding by secondary foaming

intermediate blocks for the wall;
wall blocks with a cap at the end, which are installed in the places of window and door openings;
wall blocks with thin walls for internal partitions or utility rooms;
corner blocks;
small plugs for unusual places;
blocks for walls with oblique angles.

The blocks are actually very Lego-like in that they have special locks on the top and bottom. In the upper part there are convex squares, and in the lower part there are depressions of exactly the same size.

As is the case with brickwork, the blocks are installed on top of each other in a checkerboard pattern, so that each block of the next row fastens two blocks of the previous row. Laying is carried out with an offset multiple of 250 mm, which ensures that the vertical voids (niches) in the blocks coincide.

Technology of building a house using permanent polystyrene foam formwork

Now let's move on directly to the description of how a house is built using permanent polystyrene foam formwork.

	As with building any home, it all starts with the foundation. Optimal view the foundation for this kind of buildings is monolithic slab on a gravel-sand bed. It is also possible to have a shallow, tape, monolithic foundation. In any case, reinforcement outlets for fastening to the walls are removed from the foundation monolith.
	The laying of polystyrene foam blocks begins on a foundation carefully leveled horizontally, directly on a layer of waterproofing made of two-layer roofing felt on mastic or waterproofing cement mixtures. Expanded polystyrene blocks are placed along the foundation, placed on the reinforcement terminals from the foundation in those places where the wall is supposed to be erected.
	The installation of blocks begins from the corners that determine the configuration of the building or structure in plan. For oblique corners, special corner blocks with a hinge are intended, but you can simply cut polystyrene foam blocks with a regular hacksaw under the right angle. All that remains is to connect them later.
	Between all the rows, in special grooves of polystyrene foam blocks, horizontal reinforcement rods are placed, which will then give the reinforced concrete wall the maximum possible strength. In addition to horizontal rods, vertical reinforcement is also installed in the wall. The connection of the rods is carried out using a knitting wire.
	After the first three rows have been assembled, the geometry of the corners and the vertical of the wall are checked using a plumb line. After which it is time to pour concrete into the cavity made from polystyrene foam blocks of the wall. It is not recommended to pour more than four rows at a time, as there is a possibility that there will be voids in the bottom layer where the concrete cannot flow.
	Concrete can be poured either using a special concrete pump with a low-pressure nozzle that delivers it to Right place, or just a bucket, fortunately there is more than enough time to pour several crowns before the concrete sets.
	A wall made of polystyrene foam blocks is quite airtight and has no gaps through which concrete could leak. While the concrete is liquid, it is vibrated (compacted) using the vertical pinning method (for example, reinforcing rod). This is done to make sure that there are no air pockets left inside.
	All pipes and cable channels can be walled up directly into the wall, so as not to spoil the appearance in the future.
	In door and window openings special blocks with plugs at the end are used, and to form the top of the opening, temporary formwork is installed, which allows you to lay polystyrene foam blocks over it and fill them with concrete.
	After the concrete has hardened, the temporary formwork is removed.
	In this way, all the walls of the first floor are assembled. Blocks after filling with concrete are monolithic reinforced concrete wall 150 mm thick, covered on both sides with insulation 50 or 100 mm thick on each side.
	Interfloor ceilings can be either wooden or concrete.
	In the case of concrete interfloor slabs, special formwork is built.
	Monolithic reinforced concrete is made on top of the formwork interfloor covering. To ensure that the ceiling is integral with the walls, inner wall In the foam polystyrene formwork of the walls, a cut is made along the entire perimeter, where the reinforcement is inserted and through which cement is poured. The cut is made horizontally, in the center of the block, so that it remains upper layer, which will be necessary to connect to the next row of wall blocks.
	Next, according to the scheme described above, the second floor is assembled, reinforced and poured with concrete.
	The finished walls are sheathed on the outside with siding or blockhouse.
	The inside of the walls is usually sheathed with plasterboard (gypsum board) panels.
	The walls can also be covered with plaster. The plaster is placed on a special reinforcing mesh, directly on the polystyrene foam wall. Both external and internal walls can be plastered.
	Upon completion of all finishing works construction of the house is completed.