Plants that grow in freshwater bodies. Aquatic plants growing in ponds and their names

aquatic plants, living in garden ponds, are needed not only for decorating the surface of the water and the coastline. Some of them, the leaves of which are on the surface of the reservoir, protect its inhabitants from overheating in extreme heat. Others, being a powerful biofilter, purify water from bacteria and harmful impurities. In addition, aquatic plants also serve as food for the inhabitants of the reservoir.

The area of ​​the water surface occupied by plants should not exceed 20% of the total area of ​​the reservoir. We must also remember that for the successful growth and development of aquatic plants, it is necessary that the surface of the water be illuminated by the sun for 5-6 hours a day.

Aquatic plants are divided into deep-water, floating and shallow-water.

Deep sea plants

The roots of these plants are located in the bottom soil, and the leaves and flowers are located on the surface of the water.

Water lily (Nymphaea) - water lily, a nymphea, without which it is simply impossible to imagine any pond.

Water lilies are cold-resistant aquatic plants that successfully winter in the open waters of our climate zone. Water lilies bloom from about mid-May until cold weather. But the peak of flowering occurs in mid-summer. One flower lives 4-5 days. Faded flowers should be removed along with part of the stem. It is advisable to remove old yellowed leaves with brown spots.

The diameter, color, doubleness of the flower and variegation of the leaves depend on the variety.

The depth of the reservoir necessary for normal growth and development also depends on the variety: for dwarf varieties For water lilies, 20-40 cm is enough, for medium ones - 60-80 cm, for giant ones - 80-150 cm.

Capsule (Nuphar)- in our reservoirs the yellow egg capsule (Nuphar lutea) is mainly used.

Unpretentious yellow egg pods grow and bloom in ponds even with little light. Egg pods can easily overwinter at a very shallow depth - only 30-40 cm, so they are indispensable for shallow water bodies. The planting depth of the egg pods is 30-60 cm.

The egg capsules have beautiful bright green leaves, similar to the leaves of water lilies, and bright yellow flowers, slightly raised above the water, with a diameter of 4-6 cm.

Whiteflower shield-leaved(Nymphoides peltata)or nymphaeum, which received this name for its external resemblance to a small water lily, is a rather aggressive plant in a pond. Its growth must be limited, otherwise it will quickly fill the entire space of the reservoir.

The white flowers are medium-sized (5-6 cm) round leaves with a slightly wavy edge and bright yellow flowers raised above the water, 4-5 cm in diameter with a fringed edge.

The planting depth of the white-flowered shield-leaved plant is 40-80 cm.

floating plants

Due to the ability of these plants to effectively purify water, they are called biofilters. Thanks to the various rosettes of leaves, which grow along the periphery during the summer daughter sockets, floating plants look very interesting. They do not need to be fixed in the bottom soil, since floating plants receive all their nutrients from water, which is absorbed by the roots located in the thickness of this very water.

Frog watercolor (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae) - a real “janitor” in a reservoir, collecting all aquatic debris on its underwater parts. The growth rate is moderate.

It blooms throughout the summer with medium-sized white trefoils, slightly rising above the water. Small leaves with a diameter of 2.5-3 cm are similar to the leaves of a miniature water lily.

The frog's watercolor hibernates in the form of buds formed at the end of the stolons, which in winter time sink into deeper layers of water.

It develops equally well in the sun and in the shade. The branch of peripheral rosettes reproduces in early summer.

Pistia stratiotes- this heat-loving plant, called water lettuce, is one of the best natural filters that can remove excess organic matter dissolved in water from water. The dense rosette of pistia is assembled from dense, drooping light green leaves no more than 15 cm high and up to 30 cm wide. Under the base of the rosette there is a long, highly branched root lobe.

Pistia develops well in a warm sunny pond.

Not winter-hardy in open waters. Overwinters in an aquarium with warm water, or a container with damp moss at a temperature of +4-5 degrees.

Floating pondweed (Potamogeton natans) - a fast-growing floating plant with brownish-green narrow oval leaves 9-12 cm long and 4-6 cm wide. Some of the leaves and long stems are under water. It grows well in both sunny and slightly shaded ponds. Feels great in shallow water.

Floating pondweed reproduces stem cuttings.

Lesser duckweed (Lemna minor) -O A very small plant floating on the surface of the water, consisting of three rounded leaves. Sooner or later, individual “lawns” of duckweed will appear in the pond, but you should not be upset - duckweed grows strongly only in abandoned reservoirs with a high content of organic matter.

Salvinia natans- relict aquatic fern. Textured oval leaves located on short floating stems are green or bronze-green in color. The small roots of salvinia are located on the underside of the stems. Prefers sunny and warm waters. It reproduces by spores that overwinter at the bottom of the reservoir.

Shallow water plants (coastal plants)

This is the largest group of plants that can grow at different degrees of soil moisture: some grow directly in the shallow water zone at a planting depth of 5-20 cm, others on heavily moist periodically flooded soils, but without immersion in water.

Common calamus (Acorus calamus) - fast growing unpretentious perennial with hard, belt-shaped leaves up to 120 cm high. The photo shows the variety Variegatus, which grows more slowly and has a wide cream stripe.

Calamus perfectly purifies water and is an excellent biofilter. They grow well both in the sun and in significant shade.Planting depth 5-20 cm.

Marsh calla (Calla palustris), marsh calla - an absolutely unpretentious plant with dark green shiny heart-shaped leaves that decorate the pond throughout the summer. In May-June, the calliper appears a fairly large white “veil”, which is mistakenly considered a flower. Small flowers marsh whitefly are collected into a short cob. At the end of summer, the calliper bears bright red fruits.

In excessively nutritious swamp water, the whitefly can become an aggressor, so in such cases its growth must be limited, especially in small ponds.

Grows well in both sun and shade. Planting depth 10-15 cm.

THE PLANT IS POISONOUS!

Three-leaf watch (Menyanthes trifoliata)- an unpretentious, spectacular perennial with bright green trifoliate leaves. In May and June, pinkish buds appear at the trifoliate, from which white flowers with ciliated edges of the petals open. The flowers are collected in racemes up to 20 cm long.

Prefers sunny places, but tolerates some shading. Propagated by dividing rhizomes and seeds.

Planting depth 5-10 cm.

Swamp iris (Iris pseudacorus) - a powerful, rapidly growing perennial up to 120 cm high. Marsh iris has bright green, strap-shaped leaves and yellow flowers that appear en masse in early summer.

It can grow in both sun and shade, but blooms poorly in the shade.

At the moment, many varieties have been bred with double flowers and variegated leaves.

Planting depth 10-20 cm.

Marsh marigold (Caltha palustris)- Very ornamental plant, blooming in early May. Dark green shiny round-heart-shaped leaves with pronounced veining beautifully set off large (4-6 cm) bright yellow flowers with a waxy coating.

Prefers sun or light partial shade. Propagated by dividing the bush at the end of summer or by seeds.

Planting depth 5-10 cm.

Lake reed (Scirpus lacustris)- this plant can be found under the name "kuga". An unpretentious rhizomatous perennial up to 3 m high with narrow dark green leaves, hollow inside. It blooms in the second half of summer with brownish-brown spikelets collected in paniculate inflorescences.

Planting depth 5-20 cm.

Forest reed (Scirpus silvatica)- a plant often found in very humid places in our region. Forest reed has fairly wide, light green, belt-shaped leaves collected in rosettes. It blooms with very attractive loose panicles. Nice plant for a small pond.

Planting depth 5-20 cm.

Forget-me-not (Myosotis palustris)- a perennial, fast-growing plant for shallow waters. Blooms in summer with characteristic small blue flowers. Plant height 25-30 cm.

Prefers well-lit places. Propagated by stem cuttings or seeds.

Planting depth 5-10 cm.

Pontederia cordata - Very spectacular plant with bright green leaves beautiful shape. It blooms in mid-summer with bluish-purple flowers collected in dense inflorescences.

Prefers places well warmed by the sun. It is not winter-hardy in our climate zone, as it needs a warm winter. It is easier to grow it in a container and put it away winter storage to a warm room.

Propagated by division of rhizomes.

Juncus effusus is a wonderful fast-growing graceful perennial with long needle-shaped leaves and graceful inflorescences. A good choice for shallow water.

It is noteworthy that in winter, the spreading rush is an excellent conductor of air under the ice of a reservoir. Grows well in both sun and partial shade.

Propagates by self-sowing. Planting depth 5-10 cm.

Common arrowhead (Sagittaria sagittifolia)- a very hardy and fast-growing perennial plant. At the beginning of summer it blooms with large lilac-white flowers collected in dense cone-shaped inflorescences. The arrowhead has a very decorative fruits- round bumps.

Prefers sunny places. It reproduces by buds that form at the ends of stolons, as well as by seeds.

Planting depth is 15-20 cm. When planted deeper, arrowhead may stop blooming, and the leaves may lose their arrow-shaped shape.

Umbrella squirrel (Butomus umbrellatus)- an elegant, unpretentious, rather tall (80-120 cm) perennial with narrow dark green leaves. It blooms in loose, umbrella-shaped inflorescences of pale pink flowers on long, bare stems. Flowering continues almost all summer. Grows well in both sun and shade. Common ponytail (Hippuris vulgaris) or water pine- a perennial unpretentious plant with vertical stems covered with whorls of leaves-needles. The shoots look like small pine branches.

Prefers well-lit places.

Planting depth 5-10 cm.

It is known that 2/3 of the surface of our planet is occupied by water spaces. It is not surprising that there were many representatives of the plant world who mastered aquatic environment and having for this purpose only their inherent biological characteristics.

Strictly speaking, only a small group of plants that are constantly in the water column are truly aquatic. Some of them are attached to the bottom by roots (hydrophytes), like elodea (Elodea) or urut (Myriophillum). Others, completely devoid of roots, are in a free-floating state (plestophytes) - hornwort (Ceratophyllum), pemphigus (Utricularia).

Deep-sea plants absorb nutrients to a greater extent through the stems than through the roots, so the stems are branched and their surface is greatly increased. This is clearly observed in the examples of hornwort, uruti, and bladderwort.

In some aquatic plants, a clear dimorphism is observed in the structure of the leaves; underwater and floating ones do not resemble each other in any way. This difference is well expressed in floating pondweed (Potamogeton natans) and, especially, cereal pondweed (Potamogeton gramineus)– their underwater leaves are poorly developed. Needing, like other flora, sunlight, many aquatic plants place their main photosynthetic apparatus - leaves - in a floating state on the surface of the water. At the same time, they take root at the bottom and carry the leaves to the surface of the water on long stems, like a water lily (Nimphea) or egg capsule (Nuphar), or they float along with the roots without even touching the ground, such as the frog's watercolor (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae) or marsh turkish (Butomus umbellatus).

The floating leaves of deep-sea plants have one characteristic feature- the stomata on them are located not on the bottom, but on the top side of the leaf - where they come into contact with air, and not with water (water lily, water lily, marsh flower, brazenia). The leaves themselves are thick, leathery, covered with a waxy layer to protect them from excess moisture.

The water lily, or nymphea, is rightfully considered the most luxurious and exquisite plant for a pond. In addition to several natural species, there is a wide variety of varieties that decorate the water surface with their blooms for two months. The most winter-hardy of them come from the quadrangular water lily, which is found in our nature all the way to the Arctic Circle, and overwinter under thick ice. Heat-loving varieties, obtained with the participation of tropical water lilies, often larger and more interesting in the color of flowers and foliage, require a frost-free room for wintering.

Many aquatic plants used to decorate garden ponds are representatives of the Russian flora - marsh flower, bladderwort, pondweed, bagel, salvinia, telores, turcha, wolfia, duckweed - they are well adapted to our harsh climatic conditions.

The organs of aquatic plants located in an airless environment experience a constant deficiency of oxygen and carbon dioxide necessary for life. In this regard, most of them have loose ventilation tissue (aerenchyma), which compensates for the lack of air exchange. It is present in the thickened petioles of water lilies (Nymphea), and Eichornia (Eichornia) and chilima (Trapa) also acts as a float and promotes their mobility. For the same reason, the stems of many aquatic plants are hollow.

All aquatic plants used today to decorate garden ponds came to us from nature, where they mastered completely different ecological niches - from small puddles and small streams to huge lakes and rivers. Understanding the ecological differences between wet habitats provides clues successful cultivation plants - from choosing a place for planting and soil conditions to principles of care.

Artificially created garden ponds, as a rule, have a controlled inflow and outflow of water. In nature, standing and flowing reservoirs are created for plants various conditions. Plants with long stems are not found in large lakes due to the great depth, but grow in small ponds, regardless of depth.

Large leaves are found on plants that live in stagnant or slow-flowing waters, for example, yellow egg capsule (Nuphar lutea), knotweed amphibian (Polygonum amphibium). In flowing bodies of water (rivers, streams, springs), plants must withstand mechanical loads created by the flow, so they usually have medium-sized foliage. Some plants that prefer cold water springs, do not take root well in heated garden ponds. A underwater plants streams and springs, where water near the surface has constant contact with air, do not tolerate the oxygen-poor water of stagnant bodies of water.

The most reliable assortment of aquatic plants for temperate climates is the local natural flora. Among them is the quadrangular water lily (Nymphaea tetragona), bogweed (Nymphoides peltata), amphibious knotweed (Polygonum amphibium), float bagel (Trapa natans), telores aloeides (Stratiotes aloides), salvinia floating (Salvinia natans). They alone may be enough to decorate a pond.

However, more can diversify the flora of a garden pond. heat-loving plants. Getting not winter-hardy species, you need to think about their wintering. Heat-loving hybrid water lilies are placed in a cool basement, covered with sphagnum moss.

Plants such as salvinia aurica can overwinter in an aquarium. (Salvinia auriculata), azolla carolina (Azolla caroliniana), Pistia lamina (Pistia stratiotes), Eichornia pachypodina (Eichhornia crassipes).

It is worth mentioning separately about mini-reservoirs arranged in containers. It is in them that some exotic plants living in aquariums are most often used.

For all those who cannot afford the luxury of having a garden pond, even a miniature pond with 3-5 species of plants will bring a lot of joy and become an interesting garden object.

Photo: Maxim Minin, Rita Brilliantova

To improve the garden area, aquatic plants are used, which have a number of features in their anatomical structure. Water flowers decorate artificially created ponds and home ponds. Aquatic plants for the pond make up a part of the environmentally friendly system, not inferior to other crops in their decorative qualities.

The appearance of turbid sediment and “blooming” of water indicates the increased proliferation of unicellular algae and various cultures of bacteria. At high temperature the water acquires a swampy tint very quickly, which affects the quality of the reservoir. And the rapid growth of grass in the pond leads to the appearance of silt.

Features of anatomy and physiology of aquatic crops used for pond water purification:

• leaf plates of plants for a pond in the country are usually differentiated into parts, in the form of a thread;
• there are cavities with air inside the stem;
• Pond plants have a poorly branched root system.

When creating a decorative pond, it is important to take into account the main characteristics of the space in which aquatic vegetation will be located. Crops that do not require careful care are more in demand.

The choice of river crops depends on the following:

• the ability of plants to calmly endure the cold season, as well as the preservation of all soil components near the shore of a fresh reservoir;
• methods of planting and plant viability;
• degree of need for care.

Compiled flower arrangements should not cover the beautiful background of the pond. It is advisable to decorate the recreation area with low vegetation. If there are at least four square meters free zone, then you can plant reeds, cattails, angelica, rhubarb, various types reeds The small area of ​​the reservoir allows you to plant daylily, chastukha, arrowhead, calamus, and bracken. The viewing area of ​​the pond is constructed using cinquefoil, marigold, and watercress.

To keep the water fresh and clean for a long time, oxygen generators are planted at the bottom of the reservoir. They thoroughly clean the pond without being beautiful in appearance. Some floating crops also prevent water blooms.

Hornwort performs the function of saturating water with oxygen. However, with strong growth this type vegetation can create cloudy sediment.

River seedlings

The floating vegetation of a small lake is used to protect the water surface from temperature changes. But this type of seedling requires careful care and pruning of unnecessary shoots in due time. To properly plant floating crops, experienced gardeners It is recommended to use baskets.

Deep-sea plants of fresh water bodies

Characterized by the location of sections of the root system in the thickness of the soil, the stem and leaf blades. If you do not purchase deep water cultures, the bacterial strains will multiply rapidly, forming a cloudy sediment. Ornamental vegetation of this type includes nymphaeum, water lily, yellow capsule, eichornia and water lily.

Swamp vegetation does not require special care and grows in places with excess lighting. Swamp culture It is necessary to plant it sometimes, as it multiplies quickly. This group of plants includes marsh violet and forget-me-not, butterwort, hedgehog and vaccinium.

Coastal vegetation

The culture of the coastal zone should be unpretentious in care and harmoniously fit into the composition. You can plant absolutely any seedlings around a pond, because the coastal soil is well protected from water by a plastic form or cellophane. The group of crops in the coastal zone is represented by astilbe, polygonum, and loosestrife.

It is advisable to place each individual plant in the coastal zone in a separate container. If the lake has large banks, then seedlings can be planted without a special container.

How to plant a pond correctly

Principles for designing a lake with all kinds of aquatic crops:

Single-celled green algae, strains of bacteria and fungi, ornamental fish, and pond plants can live in one ecological aquatic system. However, plants cannot occupy more than half of the total volume of water. The most popular aquatic crops include duckweed, calamus, water lily, elodea, swamp grass, rush grass and cattail.

Rate

Ponds and rivers are not only an integral element of modern design, but also an essential part of the ecological system of reservoirs, necessary to stabilize the balance of the ecosystem. The presence of higher plants that purify the waters of reservoirs is especially important for small-sized and stagnant mini-ponds, as it helps prevent “blooming” and turbidity. Such processes develop especially quickly in warm and sunny weather, and decomposing organic matter, unicellular algae and bacterial flora are capable of creating a pond in the yard or on garden plot unsuitable for use. For the purpose of cleaning in this case, some water solutions are used. higher plants having certain characteristics and characteristics:

• the foliage of aquatic plants is characterized by a dissected, thread-like shape;
• the stem part is represented by air-bearing cavities;
• The root system is rather poorly developed.

Criteria for choosing plants for an artificial pond

If available on garden territory artificial reservoir must be taken into account total area and depth, as well as characteristics of the surrounding landscape. It is advisable to give preference to the most unpretentious species that do not require special care.

• the ability of an ornamental crop to survive the winter in a body of water or soil near it;
• timing and methods of planting, as well as the durability of vegetation;
• need for care.

If the pond has a main perspective, then the plant composition should be arranged in such a way that vigorous vegetation does not obscure the view of the reservoir. It is better to decorate the recreation area with low-growing or ground cover crops. At usable area in four square meters, reeds, hogweeds, cattails, reeds, as well as angelica and rhubarb are used. Too small ponds are decorated with arrowhead, calamus, bracken, daylily and chastuha. The viewing part is decorated with low-growing cinquefoil, bergenia, marigold and watercress.

Good result provides a contrast between long-leaved plants: cattail, calamus, daylily and reed and round-leaved water lily, lotus, bergenia and chastuha. Peri-aquatic and aquatic flowers are also widely used. To ensure all-season flowering, such crops can be placed in decorative containers.

What plants to choose for a pond (video)

Characteristics of the best plants for a pond

Absolutely all varieties and types of aquatic vegetation are representatives of the flora, capable of growing in the water column of not only natural, but also artificial ponds.

Aquatic floating on the surface

The foliage of such an ornamental crop floats on the surface. A characteristic difference is the lack of attachment of the root system to the soil. Above-water vegetation protects the water surface and thickness from overheating and uses organic compounds, which prevents the “blooming” of water. Floating plants can grow very quickly, so they need to be provided with quality care, including pruning and timely removal of excess shoots. Growing in special floating baskets gives good results.

Near-water (coastal)

Coastal perennials are also very popular when decorating ponds. In order for the vegetation of the reservoir to look interesting and attractive, the coastal area also needs to be designed accordingly, as a result of which those planted on the shore moisture-loving crops, will be the connecting link.

All kinds of decorative elements look organic and very picturesque on the coastal zone. cereal crops, as well as blooming daylilies and irises, bathworts, meadowsweet, loosestrife and valerian. The varieties of ferns look incredibly elegant.

Swamp

The qualitative characteristics of water affect the growth and development of flora, so the reservoir must be cleaned regularly. This category includes swamp forget-me-not, Magellanic sedge, burberry, butterwort, crowberry, vaccinium and swamp violet.

Oxygenators

A significant part of such perennials, useful from the point of view of the ecosystem, are in the water, and the flowers are above or below the water. They help prevent water pollution and also serve as food and spawning grounds for fish.

Underwater foliage absorbs mineral salts and carbon dioxide. Several plants planted at the bottom of the pond in spring and summer can significantly improve the appearance and condition of the pond water.

deep sea

Root system located in the bottom soil, foliage on the surface of the water, and flowers on the surface or above the water. Some deep-sea crops can purify water, and their absence can cause uncontrolled proliferation of algae and bacteria.

Most often, this group of decorative perennials is represented by marsh flower or nymphaeum, water lily, yellow capsule, eichornia, watercolor, hornwort and duckweed.

Planting rules and design features of various types of reservoirs

In reservoirs that are small in volume and size, it is necessary to plant a couple of species of plants of each type, distributing them in small groups:

• deep-sea and floating vegetation should cover no more than half of the entire water surface;
• It is important to plant aquatic plants according to their adaptability to certain depth indicators;
• When planting marsh ornamental crops, drainage is mandatory.

How to care for plants in a pond (video)

The design of reservoirs can consist of a soil or container method of cultivation and planting, carried out in the following sequence:

• After draining, add ten centimeters of fertile soil substrate, represented by compost, sand and rotted mullein, to the bottom after draining;
• coastal tall vegetation needs to be planted closer to the shore, and deep-water crops are planted in the central part;
• the bottom surface should be sprinkled with a five-centimeter layer of medium-grained river sand, which serves to protect the root system and soil from erosion.

Heat-loving crops quite often freeze completely in winter, so it is advisable to dig them up and move them to storage. No less popular in our country is container cultivation of aquatic plants, which allows you to move them with the onset of severe cold weather in the cellars:

• for cultivation, a fairly spacious, lattice-type planting tank is used, which allows the root system to actively reproduce;
• It is best to use containers that are not brightly colored and will blend in with the surroundings;
• It is recommended to effectively protect the bottom and walls from washing out the nutrient substrate with burlap, and sprinkle the surface of the soil with gravel.

As a rule, all aquatic vegetation is planted from the last ten days of spring to mid-summer. You need to approach the design very carefully and responsibly.

Of course, on large bodies of water you can diversify the design and plant a significant number of plants. Spring flowering opens with cinquefoil, marigold and bergenia, after which water lilies, angelica and hogweed bloom, and the parade of colors is completed by brown-yellow daylilies, marshmallow and angelica. However, even small ponds can look very attractive. Experts advise combining the cultivation of several types of aquatic and terrestrial plants, which allows you to get the most decorative results.

Plants for the pond: varieties (video)

Municipal budgetary institution additional education

"Children's Ecological and Biological Center" Kolpashevo

« Flora of fresh water »

Kovaleva T.D. – additional teacher

education,Iqualification category

Kolpashevo

2016

Subject: Flora of fresh water.

Target: acquaintance with diversity of fresh water flora.

Tasks:

Educational: reveal the features of the life activity of aquatic plants.

Educational: continue to develop skills and abilities independent work; promote the development of comparison skills.

Educational: cultivate a caring attitude and love for nature.

Type of lesson: learning new material.

Equipment: cut-out pictures, texts about plants with drawings, tables, slide presentations, microscopes, glass slides, living duckweed specimens.

Progress of the lesson.

I . Organizational moment.

II . Updating knowledge

a) Blitz survey. - What bodies of water do you know?

(Slide 2)

What is the difference between artificial and natural?

Let's remember what natural bodies of water exist? River, stream, sea, lake.- Which artificial reservoirs do you know? Pond, reservoir, canal.

Humans use water for:

Household needs - drinking - transportation of goods - watering and irrigation - for recreation - for food (fish and seafood)

III . Learning new material.

1. Our green friends - plants have also populated the aquatic environment. Plants grow and develop in rivers, streams, canals, lakes and ponds. The flora of reservoirs is very diverse.Today we will get acquainted with some of them and find out their features.

Goal (Slide 3). Try to remember plants and learn to recognize them in nature. In their studies, scientists came to the conclusion thatAll plants of fresh water bodies can be divided into groups depending on their growing conditions: (Slide 4)

Coastal aquatic plants:-sedge, cattail, reed, arrowhead, reed.

Free-floating: duckweed, watercolor, pondweed.

Attached to the bottom: water lily, egg capsule.

2. Working with cut pictures . Collect puzzles and match texts to your drawings.

3. Familiarization with the text for further presentation.

After each performance, the guys fill out the table.

Free floating

Turn a hare into a plant by replacing the letter “P” with “C” (Slide 5).

WITH Umbrella barbel- a perennial herbaceous aquatic plant with a leafless and erect stem up to 60-120 cm high and a creeping thick rhizome with numerous thin roots. The leaves are thin, elongated-lanceolate, dark green, extend directly from the rhizome. Susak blooms in early summer, the flowers are light pink and white-pink, on long round peduncles, collected in an inflorescence - an umbrella. Fruit - collection leaflet. Grows along the banks of lakes and rivers , streams and other bodies of water, but only in clean water, not contaminated with organic impurities. Fat, rich rhizomes have long been different peoples were used as food, and Before becoming familiar with Russian bread, they served as the main source of plant food. The rhizomes are dried, ground into flour and baked into bread; They are also eaten steamed and baked. The old name of this plant is “bread plant” . The leaves can be used to make mats, mats and other wickerwork. Seeds and rhizomes are used as a folk medicine. (Slide 6)

Solve the puzzle (Slide 8).

Common arrowhead . Grows in bodies of water with stagnant and slowly flowing water,along the banks; often forms extensive thickets. It can go to depths of up to 5 m, but at greater depths it does not form flowers and has only underwater leaves. The triangular leaf closely resembles an arrowhead. Its leaves and stems die off by winter, and only the rhizome remains alive. The short rhizome forms thin long side shoots, ending with buds. By autumn, the end of the side shoot begins to thicken and turns into a nodule the size of a small nut, with a bud-spout. These nodules will overwinter and produce new plants in the spring. The tubers contain up to 35% starch; the rhizome itself is also edible. It is eaten baked or boiled

Pollinated by a variety of insects, as well as snails. Arrowhead fruits have air-bearing tissue, therefore they have the ability to float on the surface of the water for several months, spreading with the help of water birds, and being carried with lumps of soil on the legs of an animal or person. The stalks of the plant contain milky sap, and if you tear off a leaf or flower, a whitish liquid will flow from the stem (Slide 9).

Solve the puzzle (Slide 11).

Broadleaf cattail - inhabitant of coastal waters of various reservoirs. From its powerful long rhizomes, cylindrical stems up to 2 meters high with long broad-linear leaves extend upward, which usually rise above the inflorescence. Air channels are clearly visible on the cross section of the leaf. They enable the cattail to live “knee-deep” in water. The inflorescence is a spadix up to 30 centimeters long. By autumn, the fruits ripen, surrounded by hairs - fluffs. Thanks to these hairs, small cattail fruits are driven by the wind across the surface of the water for several days. When the hairs get wet, the fruits fall to the bottom of the reservoir, where they germinate. In the rhizomescattaila lot of starch, they are edible. Leaves, and especially the “fluff” of mature cobs, are used as packaging material. Pillows and mattresses are stuffed with “down”. Mats, baskets and even shoes are woven from cattail stems and leaves: light house slippers. Like reeds, cattails are useful for roofing and fuel. (Slide 12, 13).

Practical work.

There is a plant in Petri dishes.

– What is the name of this plant? (Duckweed)

Examine duckweed under a microscope. And answer the question: how did duckweed adapt to life in water? (There are bubbles filled with air)

Onsurfaces of many reservoirs we can find such a plant asduckweed , which is a small flowering plant. In appearance, it is a dark green leaf, reaching 1 cm in diameter. But itsthe green blade is not a leaf, but a leafless stem. A thin root extends vertically down from it, enclosed in a so-called bag. Spine length up to 10 millimeters. The role of this root is not so much in nutrition as in imparting stability on the water surface. Rarely blooms.Reproduction of duckweed occurs by overwintering buds, which spend the winter at the bottom of reservoirs, and by budding. The most common habitat for duckweed is ponds with standing water. The growth rate of this plant is high, so over time it completely covers the surface of the water. But it grows most quickly in polluted water bodies (Slide 15).

Solve the puzzle (Slide 17)

Watercolor , found in slow-moving or stagnant waters,free floating on the surface. Sometimes it completely covers large spaces, but more often grows in small groups together with duckweeds. The lush green leaves are almost round, with a deep heart-shaped cut at the base, up to seven centimeters long and five centimeters wide. Their upper side is smooth with a waxy coating.The long adventitious roots of Vodokras are covered with fine hairs.Flowers are up to 2 centimeters in diameter, three white petals with a yellow tint. Reproducesby the formation of long shoots in the axils of the leaves, at the ends of which buds appear, developing into daughter plants.So many daughter plants are formedthat in a short time they, like duckweeds, can cover a significant surface. In autumn, overwintering buds appear on the plant, whichThey sink to the bottom and float up in the spring.This plant also reproduces by seeds, the flowers are pollinated by wind and insects. Ripe fall to the bottom of the pond and germinate (Slide 18).

Guess : There is not a soul in the swamp, only... .(Slide 20)

Bulrush forms extensive thickets in the coastal parts of slow-flowing and standing water bodies. The plant is often submerged in water, sometimes to a depth of one meter. This is a perennial herbaceous plant 100-200 cm high, with a long rhizome. The stem of the reed is almost leafless, cylindrical. On the cross section of the stem you can see air passages - voids in which there is always air. - Since air-conducting bundles are present not only in the stem, but also in the rhizome, oxygen freely flows to the roots, and reaches the most distant underground organs, flooded with water and buried deep in silt. Thus, he receives a sufficient amount of oxygen for breathing. - The flowers are small, greenish, collected in corymbose-paniculate inflorescences up to 10 cm long. (Slide 21, 22).

Solve the puzzle (Slide 23).

Yellow egg capsule - perennial herbaceous plant. It has a very powerful creeping rhizome, reaching a length of 3-4 m. It extends from the rhizome large number roots. The rhizome is located horizontally, it is cylindrical in shape, flattened from top to bottom, greenish on top, whitish below, covered with numerous scars from dead petioles and pedicels. Some leaves float on the surface of the water, others are underwater. The surface leaves are dark green, leathery, have very long petioles (up to 2.5 m), oval-round in shape with a heart-shaped base. The leaves that are in the water column are slightly folded, translucent, have wavy edges. Stomata are located on the top of the leaves. Flowers yellow, single, large, located on long peduncles protruding from the water. There are five sepals, they are yellow and large, they serve to attract pollinators. They are often mistaken for petals. The yellow egg pod can bloom all summer. The fruit is a prefabricated nut covered with a juicy shell shaped like a jug.The seeds have air bag, with the help of which they spread through water over fairly long distances.The plant reproduces both by seeds and vegetatively (by rhizomes).This plant is especially valued by fishermen, because its presence is the first sign of the presence of fish in a reservoir, because pike, perch and other types of predatory freshwater fish like to hide in the thickets of egg capsules (Slide 24).

Solve the puzzle (Slide 25).

Common reed Tall, up to 2, less often up to 3 m high, perennial coastal aquatic herbaceous plant. Grows mainly in shallow part reservoirs, forming vast thickets. The rhizome is long, horizontal, thick. The stems are leafy to the top and end in a large (up to 50 cm long), spreading, dense, drooping, dark brownish or purple, less often yellowish. Under gusts of strong wind they can bend down to the water surface, practically touching it, but never break. The leaves are linear, long and flat, hard, sharp along the edges, cutting. Seeds are dispersed by wind and water. In addition, it is known to be carried out through. Reed thickets have an important ecological significance: having settled in marshy or swampy places, the reed over time turns them into drier areas: a large mass of leaves and stems evaporates a lot of moisture, as if pumping it out of damp soil. Common reed – excellent material for the production of baskets, mats, light garden furniture. This is a natural raw material for making cardboard and paper (Slide 26).

White water lily, or water lily, has a flower of incredible beauty, truly worthy of worship. Therefore, the white water lily bears the proud titles of “queen of waters” and “northern.” The habitat is standing and slowly flowing waters. At the bottom of the reservoir, it develops a powerful rhizome with a tuberculate surface, reaching 5 cm in thickness. White cord-like roots extend down from the rhizome, and flexible, succulent petioles and peduncles rise to the surface of the water. The leaves are 20-25 cm in size, rounded and deep neckline at the base. Petals dazzling white with a delicate aroma, reaching 10 and sometimes even 15 cm in diameter. Flowering of water lilies sometimes continues until the first frost, the peak of flowering occurs in July-August. Each water lily flower lasts approximately 4 days. After flowering, a fruit develops under water that resembles a jug. When ripe, the capsules open, and seeds covered in mucus and resembling fish eggs spill out; they float for a while, and after the mucus is destroyed, they sink to the bottom and germinate. The water lily also reproduces vegetatively (Slide 27).

Solve the puzzle (Slide 28).

Pemphigus vulgare – a floating plant, loves the sun and clean waters. The stem of the plant is completely submerged in water and reaches a height of up to 1 meter, while it is highly branched and has no roots. The leaves are pinnate, dissected. Peduncle, 20-40 cm long, can display from 5 to 15 bright yellow flowers with orange veins. The stems are almost completely covered with leaves, and they store many round bubble traps about 3-4 mm long. Each trap has a greenish valve that opens inward. When prey touches the sensitive bristles, the valve opens, and the fry or fish is trapped. The careless flower lover dies and begins to decompose. Bladderweed has the fastest reaction among other carnivorous plants. Scientists claim that it takes only 0.5 milliseconds to catch prey. In autumn, wintering buds form. They tear off from the main stem, gather into a ball, become covered with a thin layer of mucus and sink to the bottom. In the spring, new bladderworts will develop from them (Slide 29).

Pondweeds - perennial aquatic plants. In the ground they develop a long rhizome. It overwinters, and in the spring elongated shoots grow from the wintering buds. Individual shoots or parts thereof may break off andfree to swim in water, continuing its development. Pondweed feeds on aquatic mollusks, insects, and fish. Many fish spawn in the pondweed thickets. Dead shoots fall to the bottom. As they decompose, they turn into fertile silt. Pondweeds present an exceptional variety of leaf patterns, from oval to ribbon-shaped. At the base of the leaf, free or fused with the petiole, transparent membranous stipules protrude. They bloom in the air, displaying spike-shaped inflorescences of marsh-colored unsightly flowers above the water in July - August (Slide 30).

The importance of aquatic plants : They release oxygen necessary for breathing and purify water from pollution. In addition, aquatic plants provide food and shelter for some animals.

Fizminutka (Slide 31).

IV . Consolidation of knowledge.

1. Checking the table (Slide 32)

2. Correct errors in the text (Slide 33).

How beautiful and interesting our lake is! Bright yellow water lilies are visible from afar. Plants with leaves that look like arrows attract attention. This is pemphigus. Reeds float along the surface of the water from one shore to the other. Here is a pike hiding in the duckweed thickets. And the frog is resting on a wide sheet of reeds, having eaten enough fish. At night, the lake is given a special beauty by the egg capsules, which attract moths with their whiteness and aroma.

3. Label the aquatic plants. F alka, duckweed, chamomile, pine, water lily, raven eye, bladderwort, pondweed, St. John's wort, maple (Slide 34).

4. Recognize the plants on the slide (Slide 35, 36, 37).

5. On which side of the leaf are the stomata of a water lily? (Slide 38).

V . Bottom line.

Features of pond plants (Slide 39).

Aquatic plants are classified depending on their growing conditions. Many of their biological characteristics are also associated with this indicator.

Perennial herbs, the main propagation is vegetative, inThey nourish water-soluble nutrients throughout their entire surface; many have stomata only on the upper surface of the leaf and have air-bearing bundles.

Leaves - long, narrow or flat, leathery, oval-shaped, “lying” on the water.

Stems - dlinear flexible durable.

Roots (rhizomes) - Tthick, long, branched, attached to the ground, or small, thin, short - an organ of balance that allows the plant to float on the water.

Flowers - Tolarge bright ones or small inconspicuous ones.

VI . Reflection (Slide 40).

Trace your palm and paint the nail of the finger that matches the text on slide 40.

Appendix 1

Handouts

1. Cut pictures of plants

2. Tasks for consolidation

1. Correct errors in the text.

How beautiful and interesting our lake is! Bright yellow water lilies are visible from afar. Plants with leaves that look like arrows attract attention. This is pemphigus. Reeds float along the surface of the water from one shore to the other. Here is a pike hiding in the duckweed thickets. And the frog is resting on a wide leaf of reeds, having eatenfish. At night, the lake is given special beauty by water lilies, which attract moths with their whiteness and aroma.

2. Label the aquatic plants. Faloe, duckweed, chamomile, pine, water lily, crow's eye, bladderwort, pondweed, St. John's wort, maple.

3. Table

Coastal water (shallow water)

Attached to the bottom (deep sea)

Free floating