Multi-profile material non-woven fabric. Non-woven fabrics The most famous non-woven materials

"Dornit" began in the 70s of the last century. But it began to be actively used only at the present time and has found its application in a wide variety of areas. It is made from 100% polypropylene and heat-treated fibers, and therefore appearance geotextile is presented precisely as a non-woven material. The use of this technology gives the material high resistance to liquids; the roll does not absorb moisture when stored in wet areas, and a variety of chemical compounds. The material also has good resistance to rotting, various fungi, mold, birds, and rodents.

Non-woven fabric is a type building materials, supplied in a compact form, and allowing you to create layers for various purposes. The material has the following qualities: density, reliability, high quality, durability. Temperature The temperature that this material can withstand is from -60 to +100 degrees Celsius.

Another positive attribute This material is that it is convenient to lay and transport, it can be transported in rolls, which quite significantly reduces the cost of transportation and storage, and is also not afraid of destruction if handled carelessly. There are no difficulties in using this material; if necessary, you can easily divide it into parts - just cut it with a regular hand or chain saw. Geotextiles also have the ability to allow air to pass through, which allows them not to become damp and resist rotting processes.

Geotextiles have very high flexibility, which allows them to withstand, as mentioned above, heavy loads and evenly distribute pressure over the entire area. Also, under conditions of small deformations, it can perform the function of reinforcement. The distinctive ability of this material is that damage to a specific area does not lead to damage to the entire material, and it continues to perform its functions.

Also, due to the structure of this material, it can be used as a filter that will prevent particles of dust and earth from penetrating into the small pores of the material and further clogging them. Since it has an advantageous combination of a large number of characteristics, geotextiles are used when equipping anti-erosion structures, such as: road surface, strengthening the line along the coast and much more. In construction, non-woven material is used to strengthen the foundation, for retaining walls, in landscape design- for the construction of fountains, when arranging various clubs, flower beds, for laying tiles. Thanks to the use of geotextiles instead cement screed When laying tiles, you not only save money, but also thereby increase the rigidity of the structure, which will help prevent subsidence in the future. It is also actively used for wrapping perforated pipes, protecting them from contamination and clogging. Its application in this area is very effective measure, since this material does not get wet, does not rot and at the same time acts as a filter. In some cases, it is possible to do without even laying the pipe itself; instead, geotextile material and a large fraction of crushed stone are used.

In addition, non-woven material has found its application in sectorial landscaping. Probably everyone knows that there are soils on which practically nothing grows; the reason for all this lack of productivity is the low content of humus and micronutrients in the soil. In order to increase soil fertility, it is necessary to apply a layer of good fertile soil. In this case, geotextiles are used as a gasket; they are placed between a layer of natural and imported fertile soil; it prevents the layers of earth from being washed out and moving relative to each other. It can also be used as protection for plants or seedlings from the destructive effects of cold and heat. Recently, it has increasingly begun to be used in farming and greenhouse farming.

Geotextiles are also widely used in medicine. Here it is used as a material from which bed linen is made, or for disposable clothing. It is also actively used in production hygiene products, for the production of napkins, diapers, pads.

Recently, geotextiles have become widely used in the furniture industry. There it is used as padding for furniture and for the production of mattresses. It is also used for the manufacture of various containers, containers, household appliances, for the production of packaging, furniture boxes.

The production of non-woven fabric is possible with different densities and with different color palette, depending on the needs and wishes of the client. Geotextiles are delivered to the consumer in rolls, the width of each roll ranges from 1 to 6 meters.

Products made from chemical fibers. There are several types of non-woven coverings available for sale, differing in technical parameters and properties. Similar results were achieved using a variety of manufacturing techniques. To make it easier to decide, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the main types.

Spunbond

The preparation of such material is carried out by pressing pre-prepared raw materials through special dies, the diameter of which is relatively small. Only after this the fibers are thoroughly cooled, drawn out, and laid on a flat surface. In order to connect the prepared and cooled fibers, a calender is used.

The fabric prepared in this way is distinguished by its increased level of density, wear resistance, and strength. This material It is waterproof, easy to store and use. It is quite often used in the process of preparing non-sterile products.

Spunlace

The preparation of this nonwoven material is carried out practically according to the same principle as spunbond. The only difference is that the fibers are intertwined using water jets that are fed under high pressure. This type of non-woven material is made from polypropylene, viscose, and polyester fibers. In some cases, several types of fibers are combined. As a rule, several types of fibers are combined if it is necessary to strengthen certain properties canvases.

This type of nonwoven material has the following advantages:

Excellent tactile comfort.
The coating does not interfere with free air circulation.
The durability of the coating is quite high.
The material has excellent protective properties.
The elasticity coefficient of the coating is quite low.

This type of non-woven material should not be used in excessively humid climates, since it absorbs moisture well, and its weight increases.

Composition of nonwoven materials

Currently nonwovens prepared from:

Natural fibers: wool, cotton, linen.
Chemical fibers: polyamide, viscose, polypropylene, polyester, others.
Secondary raw materials obtained from waste from chemical and other industries.

In order to ensure reliable connection of fibers, manufacturers quite often use lavsan, glass, nylon or metal threads.

Before raw materials go into production, they must be prepared. Preparation processes are determined depending on what kind of raw materials and what manufacturing technique is used.

Properties of nonwoven materials

Nonwoven materials have a number of unique properties:

Uniformity of structure. Due to the fact that the fibers used in production are connected as firmly as possible and are distributed evenly, the load on the material is distributed evenly along the entire perimeter. This eliminates the possibility of deformation, excessive tension of the coating, or violation of its integrity.
Density. Since non-woven materials have a higher level of density, they can be used to minimize the evaporation of moisture from the ground. As a result, watering rates will also be reduced.
The material helps maintain an optimal temperature level, due to which the soil warms up much faster.
High level strength. Neither mechanical load nor chemical components do not affect the basic properties of the nonwoven material. Therefore, it can be used in the most severe conditions.
Long period of use. Most types of non-woven fabric can be used for 10 years or more. Manufacturers managed to achieve similar results by combining Various types fibers, combining them. Do not forget that the service life is influenced by both correct installation and compliance with storage conditions.
Ease of use. The instructions supplied by the manufacturers contain detailed information regarding installation rules. By following them, you can implement everything quite quickly.
All products undergo a certification process.

Nonwoven Density

Manufacturers supply non-woven material of various densities. To make it easier to navigate, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the features of canvases of different densities.

Lightweight non-woven fabrics (14-17 g/m2)

Material with this density can only be white. It can be used without installing additional supports, placing it directly on plants or soil. Such actions will not cause any harm, since the material is lightweight. Its use will create optimal microclimate for plants.

Despite the fact that the coating has a low density, it can be used to provide reliable protection of the root system and plants from insects and rodents.

Medium non-woven fabrics (28-42 g/m2)

A coating with this density is also available only in white. The number of areas in which it can be used is much greater. For example, it is excellent for constructing greenhouses and greenhouses.

Thick non-woven fabrics (60 g/m2)

Nonwoven materials having highest density, are available not only in white, but also in black.

Dense coatings can also be used to mulch soils. Its introduction into the soil makes it possible to prevent the germination of various weeds. If you use a black coating for these purposes, you can provide additional heat to the seedlings.

Not long ago they began supplying innovative two-color fabric. It consists of white and black layers. When laying, the black layer is placed directly on the ground. Since the white layer is at the top, the soil warms up more slowly. The temperature regime is maintained for a long period. This has a positive effect on growth various plants. A denser fabric is advantageous to use when low temperatures, since it partially protects root system from frost.

When buying non-woven fabric, you need to consider various characteristics, technical indicators. Only in this case will it be possible to purchase high-quality material.

NONWOVEN MATERIALS, fabrics and products made from fibers, threads and/or other types of materials (textiles and their combinations with non-textiles, for example films) without the use of spinning and weaving. Compared to traditional production methods in the textile industry - weaving and spinning - the production of nonwoven materials is characterized by simplicity of technology (including a reduction in the number of technological stages), increased equipment productivity and, therefore, lower capital and labor costs, and a variety of assortments canvases, diet possibilities. use of various raw materials, lower production costs, the possibility of max. automation of production, i.e. creation of production lines and automatic factories, and the nonwoven materials themselves have good performance. St. Therefore, nonwoven materials have become one of the main. types of modern textile products, although large industrial. their production appeared only in the 40s. 20th century World production of nonwoven materials is approx. 16 billion m 2 (1985), with the United States accounting for 59% of all capitalist production. countries of nonwoven materials, the share of Western countries. Europe - 32%, Japan - 9%.

There are non-woven materials such as (canvas-stitched, thread-stitched, fabric-stitched, needle-punched, glued, combined) and batting (canvas-stitched, needle-punched, glued), as well as household and technical.

appointments.

The properties of nonwoven materials depend on their structure and production method, and the nature of the raw materials. Nonwoven materials are produced from nature.

(cotton, linen, wool) and chemicals. (for example, viscose, polyester, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene) fibers, as well as recycled fiber raw materials (fibers regenerated from scraps and rags) and short-fiber chemical waste. and other industries. The fibrous canvas layer (surface density 10-1000 g/m2 and more) is most often obtained from fur. method: on a carding machine, a comb or fleece is formed from fibers 45-150 mm long (a continuous thin layer of fibers with a surface density of about 20 g/m2), which is made using special. the devices are stacked “on top of each other” at different angles, resulting in a longitudinal or longitudinal-transverse orientation of the fibers in the canvas.

With aerodynamic method, combed fibers are carried away by the flow and transferred through a channel () to a mesh or conveyor, where they are laid to form a canvas of a layerless structure (non-oriented arrangement of fibers). Hydraulic (wet) method, the canvas is formed from short waterspun fibers on the paper machine wire. Electrostatic In this method, canvas is obtained by laying charged fibers in an even layer on a conveyor having a charge of the opposite sign. Using the fiber-forming method, the canvas is obtained by laying continuous fibers (threads) on the mesh surface of the conveyor immediately after they are molded from or solution.

The fibrous base of threads (system of threads) is formed by laying several. layers of yarn or ready-made chemicals. thread ordering, e.g. in the form of a grid, or chaotically.

Production and use of nonwoven materials. Fiber base physical-mechanical, physical-chemical. or combined methods.

Fiz.-kh and m. methods of fastening the fibrous base in the production of nonwoven materials are the most common; They are used to produce glued nonwoven materials. Fibers (threads) in the canvas into a single system due to adhesive (autohesive) interaction. at the contact boundary there is a fiber (thread). They are used as thermoplastic and in the form of dispersions, solutions, fusible and bicomponent fibers. Sometimes they don't use it;

There are several. basic methods for producing glued nonwoven materials. The method of impregnating canvas with liquids (dispersions and solutions of acrylonitrile butadiene, acrylic, etc.) is widespread. Impregnation methods are varied: the canvas is immersed in soda; fed into the gap of two shafts, through which the canvas continuously passes; sprayed onto the surface of the canvas special. devices; applied by printing using engraved rollers, templates (similar to applying a pattern to). After impregnation, the fabric is subjected to heat treatment with hot or IR radiation in a special manner. cameras or on .

Using the paper-making method, nonwoven materials are produced from short fibers (2-12 mm), to which wood is sometimes added, on conventional paper-making equipment (see) and from fibers of increased length (40 mm or more) on paper-making machines with an inclined mesh. -synthetic , low-melting fibers (usually polyvinyl chloride), fibrids (see) and bicomponent fibers are introduced into the web before or after it is cast on a paper machine.

Then the canvas is dried and subjected to heat treatment, as in the previous impregnation method.

The resulting nonwoven materials are paper-like; the use of longer fibers improves their textile properties. This method produces (at high productivity up to 300 m/min) non-woven disposable materials, for example. tablecloths, bed linen, . The method of thermal bonding is more advanced than impregnation, because the use of liquids is eliminated, wastewater treatment is not required, etc. In this case, it is possible to obtain nonwoven materials of various types. structures and holy The canvas is formed from the so-called. base fibers - polyamide, viscose, polyester or their mixtures with fusible (polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride) and bicomponent fibers. Special coatings are applied to the canvas or individual layers of comb. devices of resins (phenol- or melamine-form-aldehyde) and (or) or only a solution for the surface layer of fibers. After this, the canvas enters the heat chamber, and then onto the surface as a result of pressing.

The spunbond method of producing nonwoven materials from solutions is developing at an accelerated pace (it already accounts for 30% of the production of nonwoven materials from their total volume). This method combines the production of chemicals. fibers and nonwovens. The fibers (threads) in the canvas formed on the mesh of the receiving, moving conveyor (after the fibers exit the dies) are glued to each other at the intersection points autohesively, if they have not lost their “stickiness”, otherwise by knitting, needle-piercing or any physical-chemical way. Using the spinneret method, you can form a canvas from fibers of any length, even almost infinite. Increasing the length of the fibers sharply increases the coefficient. using them in nonwoven materials, which allows reducing the requirements for the substance or reducing its content in the material, resulting in an increase in material. Spinning machines can be used for forming with high speed not only canvases, but also products of complex configurations.

Naib. glued nonwoven materials produced using new technology from films (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide), excluding the production of fibers. The essence of the method is that it is split into fibrils (using a needle-punching machine or special fibrillators) and then .

Glued nonwoven materials are used as heat and sound insulation, filter, container and wiping fabrics, as a basis for polymer coatings(artificial, linoleum, oilcloth) and abrasive materials, such as cushioning materials for clothing, canvases for printing, materials for reinforcement.

F and z.-m e x. Methods: knitting, needle-piercing, felting.

Knitting-stitching non-woven fabrics are produced on a special basis. machines by knitting fibrous canvases (thread-stitched non-woven materials), thread systems (thread-stitched non-woven materials), as well as their combination with other materials (frame-stitched non-woven materials), with threads or bundles of fibers, for example. with (fabric-stitched), films (film-stitched). On all machines for the production of knitting-stitched nonwoven materials, the process of looping is carried out, as in the production of knitwear, except that a separate thread is laid for each. All machines move simultaneously, pierce the fiber base and return to initial position

Naib. The canvas-stitching method is economical, and thread-stitched nonwoven materials are similar in properties to knitwear. The range of fabrics produced using this technology is unusually wide: substitutes for clothing, terry towels, art. fur, decorative fabrics, etc.;

in heat and sound insulation technology. materials, base for synthetic. coatings, etc.

Needle-punched nonwovens are produced on needle-punched machines. The bonding of fibers in canvas occurs as a result of their fur. tangling when repeatedly piercing the jagged canvas. Features of needle punching machines, nozzle design. This method is used to produce, for example, filter cloths for decomposition. environment, heat and sound insulation. and tech. cloth, floor coverings, geo

textile materials , having high permeability (like sand) and (they are used as drainage and filter material in the construction of roads, dams, bridges, buildings, etc.). The felting method produces non-woven materials from pure wool fibers or a mixture of them with chemicals (up to 40%) using fur. impacts on the fibrous layer in a humid environment at elevated temperatures. Under these conditions, wool fibers are felted (moved, intertwined, compacted), forming felt. The resulting semi-finished product is subjected to decomposition rolling. machines for further compaction, shrinkage and giving it

given form and sizes. Then the felted fabric or product is sent to wet finishing, and dry finishing. This method produces felt, felted and felt products (shoes, hats).

K o m b i n i r. methods for producing nonwoven materials, including several. methods of bonding the fibrous base are used to produce nonwoven materials of improved quality (for example, greater dimensional stability, increased strength, with better deformation properties). Thus, elcl-flocked nonwoven materials are produced by oriented application in an electric field. field

Lit.: Bershev E.N., Kuritsina V.V., Kurilenko A.I., Smirnov G.P., Technology for the production of nonwoven materials, M., 1982; Ozerov B.V., Gusev V.E., production of nonwoven materials, M., 1984.

V.M. Gorchakova.

The most common textile materials include non-woven fabric, which includes huge variety species. Made from one or a combination of materials, non-woven fabric is a bonded structure of elements. It does not contain knitted or woven fabrics.
One of the most famous materials of this type is geotex, which contains polypropylene fibers.

History of creation

Subsequently, the most different materials. The demand for non-woven fabric grew instantly, its properties were so unusual and useful. Depending on the type of fibers that formed the basis for the creation of a new material, it was possible to obtain a variety of properties.

In France, they developed not only new types of machines, but also modernized the old ones for more advanced types of non-woven fabric. To this day best characteristics in equipment for creating such densities are the main advantage of French machines.

To date, many varieties of nonwoven material have been developed. Now the non-woven fabric can be used as a drainage, filter or membrane tool.

Until the end of the 20th century, the main producers of geotex and similar materials remained the countries of Europe, the USA and Japan. But soon they not only joined them, but also began to overtake Asian countries in terms of quantity and quality of production. In particular, non-woven fabric is now supplied in huge quantities by Uzbekistan.

In our country, non-woven fabric was initially produced only for household purposes and was used in the clothing industry. In the 90s, oddly enough, the rapid development of this industry began, and GOST began to actively develop and improve standards.

This development was caused by a shortage of cotton fabrics, and many woven materials in the most different areas were forced to replace it with needle-punched non-woven and other similar types. Thus, the need to improve this industry arose. There is a huge demand for modern non-woven fabric, which is growing steadily.

Production

Geotex and other non-woven fabrics are produced in three stages:

Forming the foundation. For this, a frame made of threads or fibrous canvas is used.
Fastening the base.
Finishing finished material.

To form the canvas, a mass of natural and chemical fibers is used in different proportions. The finished fibers are mixed and purified. After combing them, a fibrous canvas is formed. The thread frame is a mesh in the form of threads laid parallel to each other.

The base fastening can be of three types: needle-punched, knitting-stitching and adhesive. Needle-punched fastening is done on machines using needles. The needle, passing through the thickness of the entire layer, captures the fibers and pulls them through. This is how interlayer bonding occurs. The knitting-stitching method involves knitting canvas with yarn. And finally, non-woven fabric is produced using the adhesive method. In this case, the canvases are held together using polymer substances. There are two types of gluing: wet and dry. Wet involves applying a liquid substance to canvases and then layering them on top of each other. For dry gluing, powder, thread, film or spatula fibers are used that have a lower melting point than the canvases being bonded. After application binder canvases are subject to heat treatment.

Geotextile fabric must be finished.

Basic properties

When assessing the quality of such materials, it is necessary to proceed from the area of their application. The filter non-woven fabric should have high strength, and good aesthetic characteristics for photography will be useful, but nothing more.

Some types of material have high requirements for density, strength, and elasticity. And excellent external characteristics, perfectly demonstrated in the photo, allow nonwoven materials to successfully compete with fabrics. Taking into account the economic component, the advantage in most cases is given to non-woven fabrics.

Areas of use

Geotextile fabric is used for a variety of needs. In the clothing industry, this material is used to make clothes for all kinds of purposes: dresses, suits, underwear, bathrobes, coats, swimsuits, children's clothes. Geotex materials are often used for insulation.

Geotextile fabric has found wide application in other areas. Geotex is used in road construction, drainage installation, residential development and interior decoration. In addition, geotex can even be used to decorate residential areas. For example, geotextile fabric can be seen on the reverse side of table oilcloths or linoleums.

In terms of its properties, the described material is in many ways superior to its fabric counterparts. And he is constantly improving. So it will not be surprising that soon this matter will be needed absolutely everywhere.

The first samples were created in Europe. These were canvases made of viscose fibers, bonded together with chemical binders. Somewhat later, other methods of producing them were developed, differing both in the type of raw material and in the method of bonding.

Classification

Nonwoven materials, depending on bonding methods, are divided into four classes:

mechanically fastened;
bonded by physical and chemical means;
fastened in a combined way
thermally bonded (thermal bonding).

Feedstock

Nonwoven materials are produced from both natural (cotton, linen, wool) and chemical fibers (for example, viscose, polyester, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene), as well as recycled fiber raw materials (fibers regenerated from rags and rags) and short-woven materials. fibrous waste from chemical and other industries.

Receiving technologies

Basic technological operations obtaining nonwoven materials:

Preparation of raw materials (loosening, removing impurities and mixing fibers, rewinding yarn and threads, preparing binders, chemical solutions, etc.).
Formation of a fibrous base.
Bonding the fiber base(directly obtaining nonwoven material).
Nonwoven fabric finishing.

Methods for producing nonwoven material

The main stage of producing nonwoven materials is the stage of bonding the fibrous base, obtained by one of the methods: mechanical, aerodynamic, hydraulic, electrostatic or fiber-forming.

Methods for bonding nonwoven materials:

Chemical or adhesive bonding ( glue method) - the formed web is impregnated, coated or irrigated with a binding component, the application of which can be continuous or fragmented. Binding component, as a rule, are used in the form aqueous solutions, in some cases organic solvents are used.
Thermal bonding - This method takes advantage of the thermoplastic properties of some synthetic fibers. Sometimes the fibers that make up the nonwoven material are used, but in most cases they are specially added to the nonwoven material at the molding stage. a small amount of fibers with a low melting point (“bicomponent”).

Mechanical (friction) fastening:

needle-punched method.
knitting and stitching method.
hydro-jet method (Spunlace technology).

Spunlace technology

Spunget technology

A technology in which final fixation occurs using high-pressure water jets. The strength of the finished material is incomparably higher than that of non-woven fabric bonded by any other means.

Thermopol technology

The essence of technology is impact high temperatures(up to 260°C) to polyester (including hollow, "hollow+fiber") and other chemical fibers using multi-section ovens in which the fibers different types They are melted and tightly connected to each other by vulcanization in an environmentally friendly, glue-free way.

Strutto technology

"Strutto" means vertical laying fibers in the production of nonwoven materials.

AirLay technology

AirLay technology is a system for producing fibers ready for needlepunching and heat setting. This technology is intended as a replacement for outdated carding machines and canvas layers. The productivity of such a line allows the production of about 1500 kg finished products at one o'clock. The size of the produced material varies from 150 g/m² to 3500 g/m². The uses of AirLay technology are varied. For example, the automotive industry Agriculture, cushioned furniture(Bi-Coconut material), construction, clothing and packaging.

Airlaid technology

Airlaid is a type of nonwoven material that gets its name from the method of its production - air laying (laid). Airlaid material is a non-woven fabric made from natural cellulose coniferous species wood, bicomponent staple fiber and additives. Unlike the conventional fiber making process, Airlaid does not use water as the medium to produce the fiber.

Technology Aerodynamics

With the aerodynamic method, combed fibers are carried away by the air flow and transferred through a channel (diffuser) to a mesh drum or conveyor, where they are laid to form a canvas of a layerless structure (non-oriented arrangement of fibers).