Brick houses. Which houses are better - brick, panel or monolithic Brick house pros and cons

People are accustomed to thinking that brick houses generally have only one advantage. In general, of course, this is true, but in addition to the advantages, there are also disadvantages that you should definitely be aware of. Knowledge of such disadvantages brick houses can help people make a choice.

Cons of brick houses

If people need new house urgently, then brick for construction work will not suit them in any way, because brick houses take quite a long time to build, due to small size of this material. This minus applies to absolutely all types of brick, so there is no need to look for exceptions.

Also, brick houses are usually not built in winter period, because then the house will take even longer to build. So winter construction brick house It’s better not to start and wait until the warm season, for example until spring, or until summer.

In order to warm up the house in winter, you will have to spend a lot of time, but this material perfectly retains heat in the house for a long time. long time.

Weight

Due to the fact that brick weighs quite a lot, it can be inconvenient to lay and transport. Workers will take much more for the construction of a brick house Money, because this process will take them a lot of time. Also, brick houses can be extremely inconvenient to pick up and transport to another place, and it will no longer be possible to build from this material good home, because when disassembling the bricks may be damaged. If people are used to frequently moving from place to place, then it is better for them not to choose brick for building a private house.

Due to the fact that brick houses take a long time to heat, the owners of the living space will spend much more time more money on public utilities, and this is a very significant minus.

In addition to building a house, you will also have to spend money on interior decoration walls, and if you build a house from wood, you won’t need to spend money on finishing.

Time

Also, when building a brick house you will have to for a long time wait until the foundation settles. Only after this will it be possible to begin the actual construction of the brick house. In addition to this, you will still need to choose right place for building a house with good soil.

Price

Everyone needs a home, people and pets should live in comfortable and reliable homes. Before you start building a house, you should carefully think and weigh everything, take into account the pros and cons future construction. We invite you to consider the option of a residential building or cottage made of brick, and get acquainted with some of the nuances and opinions of the owners of such houses.

Brick house: reliable and safe

You can build a brick house from a material that meets all construction requirements, that is, high-quality, reliable and inexpensive. Brick making technologies different manufacturers differ, this is due to the constant saving of components during its manufacture. Such unbridled economy reduces quality, resistance to external conditions and significantly reduces the service life of houses. The main condition for construction is to find a conscientious manufacturer, this will solve 50% of all problems.

Which brick to choose? Modern industry is developing rapidly, materials are appearing that can replace brick, but they are expensive, and their use increases the cost of construction, which is not affordable for everyone. So, let's stop at brickwork and choose from what brick factories and factories offer us.

Bricks are produced by:

• construction - they are used for internal and external masonry under plaster;
• facing bricks - their shape is correct, without deformations or chips, with an even color;
• bricks without voids (solid) - very durable, withstands significant additional load;

Red brick house

• hollow or slotted - used for laying light structures;
• silicate - manufactured according to special technology from sand and lime;
• To make ceramic bricks, clay is used, then they are fired in ovens at high temperatures Oh;
• clinker is the strongest of them, durable and frost-resistant, and is processed at ultra-high temperatures;
• figured ones are used for laying complicated configurations of openings for windows and doors, for high-quality finishing of building facades;
• “effective” ones can significantly reduce the mass load of the masonry, but retain thermal insulation better than solid bricks.

There are more than a dozen different types this building material, during construction you may need several varieties.

Attention! Hidden problems that arise during the construction of masonry must be resolved with an experienced mason; his advice will help you avoid serious mistakes that may appear in the near future.

Brick house: advantages and disadvantages

Brickwork has its advantages and some disadvantages (unlike houses made of wood or), let's talk about them in more detail. Positive side brick buildings consists of the following indicators:

1. Construction time is significantly reduced, no need to wait until wooden building will give natural shrinkage, window and door blocks can be installed almost immediately.
2. Bricks do not require special antiseptic treatment, like wood, they do not rot and are not affected by wood bugs.
3. Construction materials can be purchased for more low prices than logs. In regions where there are few forests and cutting timber is prohibited, it is impossible to find cheap timber, and its transportation from forested areas is too expensive.
4. Brick houses are more durable and less susceptible to the destructive effects of an aggressive external environment.
5. Brick walls retain heat well, are safer, fire-resistant and moisture-proof.

Disadvantages are revealed only if you compare brickwork of regular size with the construction of walls made of block materials:

• labor costs for masonry (payment for masons) and the cost of 1 cubic meter. meters of brick higher than when laying blocks;
• cost increases additional work and costs for the purchase of related materials;
• you need a foundation that can withstand massive walls without forming cracks and shrinkage beyond the norm, which means you will need expensive and high-quality concrete to build the foundation.

Advice. When starting to build a house, take into account all the pros and cons, evaluate your strengths and capabilities, and then decide what material is best to build a house or cottage from, so that it will last a long time and serve your children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

Brick buildings: reviews from owners

• Andrey (37 years old, Kostroma) - “I built my brick house myself, with help from friends and a couple of hired specialists. He hired heavy equipment on the side, and in some places got by with the help of friends. Now I am proud that I was able to overcome such work. My home is my castle. By the way, I expected to spend much more, but it turned out to be more economical.”

• Maria (33 years old, Vologda) - “When building a brick house, my husband and I paid great attention to protecting it from moisture, made high-quality waterproofing, and hired specialists for this work. The main basis the foundation of the house was also done by professionals. Everything else, the walls and roof, were done by my husband and father; he is a high-class mason.”
• Sergey (46 years old, Saratov) - “We live in the city of Saratov, but country cottage area we have in the area, 3 hours drive to it. The round trip time is about 6 hours. We decided to build a brick house on the property so that our grandchildren could come and have a place to spend the night. The whole house was raised with my own hands, has been standing for 10 years, has never had any repairs done, and is not needed yet. We come in winter, we’ll turn on the stove, it gets warm, there’s no draft, it’s good.”

Building a brick house is not an easy task; it requires a serious approach, determination and perseverance. A man who built his own hearth can be proud of himself; he did not live his life in vain, he gave shelter to his children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. We wish them good luck and happiness in their new home.

Brick remains a popular material for individual construction, despite the cost and development of alternative technologies. What is this connected with? Let's take a closer look at brick houses, the advantages and disadvantages that influence the choice of material.

Advantages

If you are planning to build a brick house, the pros and cons must be studied long before ordering the project.

The question arises - why aren’t all the houses around made of brick?

1. Expensive. Construction from this material is the most expensive construction option. individual house. For many, this circumstance is the decisive factor in abandoning bricks.
2. Technical difficulty. Brick building requires competent calculation of the project and, which leads to an increase in the labor intensity of construction. For most heavy buildings you have to do.
3. Construction speed. Building a house involves a long cycle and the masonry itself also takes a long time to complete, compared to other construction methods.
4. In most cases it is required

Conclusion

Over centuries of use of the material, the advantages and disadvantages of brick houses have been well studied. In most cases, the only negative that really affects is the high cost of construction.

If you are planning to build a house out of brick, the pros and cons of this material should be studied in advance. Ultimately, the operational characteristics and cost of the entire construction depend on what the walls of the future home will be built from. Let's take a closer look at the advantages and disadvantages of ceramic bricks.

Houses made of ceramic bricks have been in high demand for a long time, because... have outstanding performance characteristics and demonstrate the level of status of the owner of the house.

Features of the material

Ceramic (red) brick - popular modern material, produced from fine clay with the addition of various impurities.

The type and quantity of additives are strictly regulated depending on the characteristics required from the output units. The brick acquires its final properties after firing in special kilns.

Types of ceramic bricks:

1. To size. Standard ceramic material has the same length and width - 250x120 mm. The name and marking of the brick depends on the height of the product. They produce: single brick (height 65 mm), one-and-a-half or thickened (height 88 mm), double (height 140 mm). Another type of material is euro brick (250x85x65 mm) and ceramic blocks of fourteen types.
2. By standard classification bricks are distinguished: class I (used for the construction of load-bearing walls), class II (used for ordinary buildings, interior partitions, enclosing structures), class III (used for cladding buildings).
3. By surface type: smooth and corrugated.
4. By structure (presence of voids): solid (without holes) and hollow (with holes in the form of circles or squares).

There is also a special fire-resistant ceramic brick that is used in the construction of fireplaces, stoves and chimneys.

Variety of types and wide range of applications ceramic material are an undoubted advantage when building a house, since there is a brick for building the foundation, and for erecting walls, and for final cladding.

Main advantages

A house made of ceramic bricks built by professionals will delight its owners high quality and durability. And all this thanks to the undoubted advantages of the building material.

Advantages of ceramic bricks:

1. Long service life. According to manufacturers, a well-built brick house can last a very long time. Modern brick and monolithic buildings made of ceramic block have a service life of 125-150 years.
2. Ease of laying. The construction of walls and partitions from ceramic bricks does not require special skills that differ from conventional masonry of brick buildings.
3. Variety of sizes. Allows you to realize any conceived architectural solution.
4. High strength. Internal and external brick walls are highly resistant to various external influences.


5. Fire resistance. Ceramic block and the brick does not burn, which means it protects the home from the occurrence and spread of fire.
6. Frost resistance. Ceramic brick houses show high values performance characteristics in harsh cold climates.
7. The ability to effectively accumulate heat. Brick house has good performance heat capacity. The walls of such housing slowly give off heat in winter (they cool down for a long time and retain heat) and heat up slightly in summer. Ceramic walls smooth out fluctuations in air temperature and humidity, increasing the comfort of residents.
8. Environmental friendliness of the material. All components of the mixtures from which ceramic bricks are made are natural, absolutely safe for humans and environment.
9. Good sound insulation. Thickness interior walls in the house, even half a brick muffles almost all sounds, allowing each family member to enjoy peace and relaxation.
10. Wide range of colors and aesthetics. A brick house is beautiful. Modern variety shades of facing ceramic bricks opens ample opportunities for decorating a building, allowing you to bring to life the most original projects.

Ceramic brick and the block is unpretentious in maintenance, not prone to the formation of mold and fungal deposits on the surface (without additional treatment).

Main disadvantages

A brick house, the pros and cons of which must be carefully weighed before starting construction, still has a number of disadvantages. These include:

• quite tangible cost of quality material;
• more long term construction (using standard bricks);
• susceptibility to chemical corrosion (manifests itself in the form of efflorescence on the surface of white plaque blocks);
• difficulty in selecting brick shades when purchasing material from different batches or from different manufacturers.

Other disadvantages may be due to the poor quality of the brick. Possible problems:

• geometry violation;
• fragility (especially if a low-quality ceramic block is used);
• low compressive strength;
• high moisture absorption (does not allow the use of ceramic blocks in rooms with high humidity and significantly reduces the number of freezing-thawing cycles of the masonry).

When building a house from ceramic bricks, the pros and cons of which we have examined, you should remember that only quality material, purchased from a reputable manufacturer, will allow you to erect the building of your dreams. And such a house will stand for centuries, delighting grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

kubkirpich.ru

People are accustomed to thinking that brick houses generally have only one advantage. In general, of course, this is true, but in addition to the advantages, there are also disadvantages that you should definitely be aware of. Knowing such disadvantages of brick houses can help people make their choice.

Cons of brick houses

If people urgently need a new house, then brick for construction work will not suit them, because brick houses take quite a long time to build, due to the small size of this material. This minus applies to absolutely all types of brick, so there is no need to look for exceptions.

Also, brick houses are usually not built in winter, because then the house will take even longer to build. So in winter it is better not to start building a brick house and wait until the warm season, for example until spring, or until summer.

In order to warm up the house in winter, you will have to spend a lot of time, but this material perfectly retains heat in the house for a long time.

Weight

Due to the fact that brick weighs quite a lot, it can be inconvenient to lay and transport. Workers will take much more money to build a brick house, because this process will take them a lot of time. Also, brick houses can be extremely inconvenient to pick up and transport to another place, and it will no longer be possible to build a good house from this material, because the bricks may be damaged during disassembly. If people are used to frequently moving from place to place, then it is better for them not to choose brick for building a private house.

Due to the fact that brick houses take a long time to heat, the owners of the living space will spend much more money on utilities, and this is a very significant minus.

In addition to building a house, you will also have to spend money on interior decoration of the walls, and if you build a house from wood, you will not need to spend money on decoration.

Time

Also, when building a brick house, you will have to wait a long time for the foundation to settle. Only after this will it be possible to begin the actual construction of the brick house. In addition, you will still need to choose the right place to build a house with good soil.

jurnalstroyka.ru

Advantages

If you are planning to build a brick house, the pros and cons must be studied long before ordering the project.

The question arises - why aren’t all the houses around made of brick?

1. Expensive. Construction from this material is the most expensive option for constructing an individual house. For many, this circumstance is the decisive factor in abandoning bricks.
2. Technical difficulty. A brick building requires competent design calculations and a reliable foundation, which leads to an increase in the labor intensity of construction. Most heavy buildings require deep foundations.
3. Construction speed. Building a house involves a long cycle of planning and foundation works. The masonry itself also takes a long time to complete, compared to other construction methods.
4. In most cases, interior finishing is required.

Conclusion

Over centuries of use of the material, the advantages and disadvantages of brick houses have been well studied. In most cases, the only negative that really influences the choice in favor of another material is the high cost of construction.

stroikadialog.ru

Brick houses- bright, beautiful. Brick is the most solid, durable material, which is not afraid of fire and can be easily finished with plaster. Such a house is little susceptible to atmospheric and biological influences. Brick is environmentally friendly: it is manufactured. from fusible clays and loams in pure form or mixed with sand, ash, sawdust. After firing or steaming, they acquire stone-like properties.

A brick house is well protected from fire, but if a fire does occur, the brickwork loses up to 60–70% of its strength.

However, this material also has disadvantages. First of all, the price is high. It applies both to the high-quality brick itself and to the remuneration of qualified specialists required for high-quality masonry of brick walls. Brick walls require a strong and massive foundation. A common soil - loam - swells in winter, that is, due to freezing of water, the volume increases. This swelling is uneven. And brick walls are very sensitive to even minor vibrations. In these conditions, the foundation must be made very strong.

Brick has high thermal conductivity, which means that although it warms up quickly, it does not additional insulation It will be worse to retain heat. In addition, building a house from stone is much more expensive than from wood.

If you like this material, think about all the details. It is very important to consider for what purpose the house is being built.

For example, if it is a dacha. In winter it is cold. You come to snowmobile or ski and warm up the house. The wooden one will warm up quickly. Brick requires a minimum of six hours. But even so, it will only warm up inside. If the winter is cold, then the wall will also remain cold. Then moisture will form in the middle of the wall, at the border of heat and cold. Water will get into the cracks of the brick, and before it has time to dry, it will begin to evaporate. After you leave, the house will cool down. Inside brickwork the water will freeze. And when you come back in one or two weeks, light the stove or turn on the heating, the moisture will accumulate even more and harden again. Gradually cracks will appear and the brick will collapse. So brick is more suitable if you will live in the house permanently. But the tree is also suitable for summer residents.

What is a brick? At first, rectangular clay blocks were simply dried in the sun. Later they began to be fired in kilns, thanks to which they became more durable. This technology has reached us almost unchanged.
They build from bricks and multi-story houses and small cottages, churches and factories, fences and bridges. But today brick is used less often: an alternative has appeared.

BRICK'S COMPETITORS

Reinforced concrete structures make it possible to build houses of great height, with spans of many meters. Thanks to such technologies, brick began to disappear from industrial construction. As a rule, brick workshops can be seen in factories built before the mid-20th century.

When constructing one-story workshops modern enterprises lightweight “sandwiches” made of metal and insulation are often used.

IN housing construction a significant market share is occupied by block and monolithic structures, there are quite a few new brick high-rise buildings. It is difficult to build a building taller than 16–20 floors from brick, because... the structures are too heavy.

In the construction of low-rise buildings, competitors became cellular concrete(foam and aerated concrete), wood, frame structures. They are more affordable, weigh less, and therefore do not require such a strong and deep foundation. Concrete blocks are larger, which means construction progresses much faster. Their thermal conductivity is lower, therefore the walls can be thinner.
Houses made from calibrated and laminated timber are assembled directly at the factory. They are then disassembled, transported to the construction site and quickly assembled.

Various options for technologies using a frame also allow you to build a house quickly.

The weight of the building is reduced, the amount of work is reduced, workers are needed with a lower level of qualifications, and construction times also become shorter. All this shook the position of the brick.

The construction of brickwork is labor-intensive work that requires appropriate qualifications. The seams should look smooth and beautiful, especially if finishing is not intended.

Normally, for heat conservation, a wall made of solid brick should be about one and a half meters wide. Hollow brick - 770 mm. From porous large-format bricks - 510 mm. This is if you do not use insulation. For economic reasons, it is always used today. It is much easier to build walls from other materials and finish them with a layer of facing bricks, decorative tiles or large decorative panels, which look like a masonry area.

Among the advantages of high-quality brick are strength, durability, and environmental friendliness. Over the years, this brick only becomes more attractive. Aging artificial materials or concrete is rarely so noble. Therefore, brick in our time has become a material for wealthy architectural gourmets.

BRICK CHARACTERISTICS

The brand of brick is indicated by the letter “M” and a digital index. The number indicates how much load 1 sq.m. can withstand. such a brick.

Depending on the compressive strength, brick is divided into grades: 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300 and higher.

Bricks of grades M75 and M100 are suitable for the construction of 2–3 storey building; grades higher than M125 - for walls of multi-storey buildings. Grades from M150 are used in foundations and plinths. It should be borne in mind that the strength of the masonry depends not only on the brick, but also on the brand of mortar and the quality of the masonry. Note that brands of hollow and solid bricks are measured on the same scale: hollow and solid bricks of the same brand have the same strength.

The frost resistance of a brick is measured by the number of freeze-thaw cycles that the product can withstand; in the documentation it is designated by the letter “F”. It largely depends on the degree of moisture absorption by the material. In the Central region of Russia, it is recommended to use building bricks with frost resistance of at least 15–25 cycles.

TYPES OF BRICKS

— Ceramic brick. It is made of clay (usually red). It is fired in a kiln at temperatures up to 1000°C. It is used in the foundation, used for load-bearing and interior walls, buildings are also lined with it and they are finished from the inside, stoves and fireplaces are made from it (with the exception of places in direct contact with fire). This brick is resistant to environmental factors. Ceramic bricks can be hollow, solid, embossed, smooth and cladding bricks. It can be red-brown, yellow, apricot or almost white– it depends on the color of the clay.

— Sand-lime brick. It is made from sand and lime. It can be solid, hollow and porous. Its color is most often white. Sometimes pigments are added to it to create a different color.

Sand-lime brick is less durable in compression, less frost-resistant, and absorbs water more easily than ceramic brick. Its advantage is high sound insulation characteristics. Therefore, it is suitable for the construction of internal and load-bearing walls of cottages. It is also used as facing. It is categorically not recommended for foundations.

— Clinker brick produced almost like ceramic, but at a higher temperature (1200°C). In addition, refractory clays are added to it. Due to the high temperature during firing, foreign inclusions and voids are eliminated, the brick is highly durable. Such bricks do not come below grade M 400. Clinker bricks also have increased frost resistance, resist moisture and are almost unaffected by alkalis and salts. All this allows them to pave paths for them, patios, drainage devices. It is used to solve a variety of problems landscape design. Special facade clinker can be of any color, at the request of the customer.

TYPES OF BRICK (HOLLOW, PORIZED AND SOLID)

Solid bricks - without holes - are used in foundations and plinths, sometimes they are used to line external walls, but to ensure the necessary thermal conductivity, such walls must be thick, about two meters.

Hollow bricks have through holes, which reduces the thermal conductivity of the material - the more voids, the less it is. Walls made of hollow bricks can be made much thinner, about 1.2 m, and the house will still be warm. By reducing the weight of the masonry, the load on the foundation is reduced.

Porous brick has the best thermal conductivity properties. Special components are added to the clay from which it is made, which burn out during firing, leaving tiny closed pores. Pores do not affect strength, and the product becomes lighter. The first and second allow you to increase the size of the brick, simplify the masonry, and build walls faster. On the side faces porous brick they make tongues and grooves, which improves the thermal insulation of walls, reduces mortar costs and eliminates the need to make vertical mortar joints. The wall can be plastered or face brick laid. A wall made of porous bricks, guaranteeing excellent thermal insulation characteristics buildings can be 50 cm thick.

BRICK FINISH

By virtue of unique properties Bricks are used in the construction of stoves and fireplaces. This beautiful material. It evokes many associations and creates a mood. All this gives rise to a huge assortment facing bricks.

It can be of a regular shape or long and narrow, as thick as a normal brick (solid or hollow) or thin as a tile. Color ranges from soft pastel tones to juicy flowers. The surface can be smooth, textured, matte, shiny glazed. From this variety you can compose and lay out the most complex drawings. Classic version is a seemingly chaotic combination of bricks of similar shades: from light orange to brown or from white to yellowish. Such diversity enlivens the most boring wall.

The technology for making finishing bricks is no different from the technology for making regular bricks. In ancient kilns, bricks that were closer to the fire were sintered and melted. The surface of such bricks darkened and streaks appeared on it. The fact was that the temperature in the kiln at that time was impossible to regulate so finely that all the bricks would be in the same conditions. Burnt bricks were written off as a manufacturing defect and thrown away. However, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, architects decided to use it as an unusual and beautiful material for finishing buildings and paving paths.

Those same old, defective, burnt bricks are very popular today among collectors and architects. Just like those bricks that were used, because each manufacturer put a special stamp on the bricks, so the briquettes have their own face. Some companies are engaged in the search and sale of collectible bricks. Sometimes they find such large quantities that they are enough to decorate the entrance to a building, a section of a wall, or even the entire house.

www.master-way.ru

In 2001, I built myself a cottage on a plot allocated on the site of a former state farm. The state farm went bankrupt, the land changed hands, and I got the plot by chance. It was impossible not to buy, it was sold cheap. So I bought it.

We started building a cottage. There was already some kind of shack made of cheap red brick and I didn’t like it. Workers demolished it in a couple of weeks. Several Kamaz trucks removed construction waste and debris. The previous owner did not spare cement; the walls did not collapse well. We even had to hire an excavator for demolition and loading. But that's not the point.

What was built instead?

The foundation was well made. The foreman promised that he would stand there for a hundred years. They didn’t touch it, and it’s not clear how to dig it out - the monolith and the fittings. Moreover, he defended himself. The problem arose due to the extension, that is, there was no dressing with the old base.

I bought more beautiful and more expensive bricks, facing brand M150, hollow. They brought it on pallets, in packs of 880 pieces, if my memory serves me correctly. I remember that it was inconvenient to count in thousands and cubes. They lifted the brick with a crane.

My masons are great. Where did the foreman get these? They scrubbed each brick with a sweatshirt sleeve and, most importantly, told how they started and ruined their first project, and then learned nothing and got to the facing brick. As foreman Sergei said: “A normal mason will not come close to facing bricks, the responsibility is too high and it is difficult to work with them.” It is not clear how they themselves, their team, approached working with him, but this remained behind the scenes, they did not have time to tell.

What else? I brought them river and mountain sand, but it took a couple of truckloads of clay. The solution was mixed manually with shovels. They did not trust either the imported mortar or the concrete mixers. Periodically, the solution was rejuvenated, shoveled, and a certain amount of clay, sand, or water was added. Clearly they are true professionals in their field. The cottage grew by leaps and bounds. Over the summer, they gave me two floors. They made brick patterns, multi-colored.

Then the walls were plastered, there was a lot of dirt, wallpaper was put up by the finishers, and most importantly, a fireplace was installed. My wife wanted it.

The renovation is now complete, a little personal plot We poke around, we come there periodically. We live in an apartment ourselves.

srbu.ru

Description of material

Ceramic brick is made by adding impurities that affect the properties of the material to fine clay and then exposing it to high temperatures. Brick can be assessed according to the following characteristics:

• Size. Each block meets the standard - 250×120 mm. By height, bricks are divided into single (65 mm), one and a half (88 mm) and double (140 mm).
• Marking. The brand consists of the letter “M” and numbers that indicate the maximum load per 1 m² of construction. Strength is indicated by grades 75, 100, 125 and from 150 +50 units for each subsequent grade.
• Classification. Class I bricks are used to build walls, class II bricks are used for partitions and fences, class III blocks are suitable for cladding.
• Frost resistance. This indicator is measured by the number of freezes and thawings that will not damage the brick and allow the material to retain its original properties. Symbol- the letter “F” and the number of defrost cycles.
• Structure. Allocate full and hollow brick. Solid block is used more often due to its strength and small percentage of voids (no more than 13%). It is used mainly for supporting structures (columns, walls). The hollow block is suitable for lightweight structures (partitions).
• Surface. The block can be smooth or corrugated.

There is a special fire brick that is suitable for fireplaces and stoves.