Upper Volta(French: Haute-Volta), Republic of Upper Volta (Republique de Haute-Volta), a state in West Africa. Borders on the north and north-west. from Mali, to the east with Niger, to the southeast. with Dahomey, in the south with Togo, Ghana and the Ivory Coast. Area 274.2 thousand. km 2. Population 5.3 million people. (1969, assessment). The capital is Ouagadougou. Administratively, the territory of V.V. is divided into 5 departments.

Political system. V.V. is a republic. The current constitution was approved in a referendum on June 14, 1970. The head of state is the president, elected by the population for 5 years on the basis of general, direct elections. For 4 years after the entry into force of the constitution, only the highest-ranking army officer can be elected to the post of president. The president has broad powers: he is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, chairman of the Supreme Defense Council, appoints ministers, as well as all senior civilian and military officials, at the proposal of the prime minister, has the right to early dissolve parliament, etc.

Government of V.V. - Council of Ministers. The Prime Minister is elected by Parliament from among those nominated by the President. For 4 years, members of the government must be appointed from the military.

Parliament - the unicameral National Assembly - is elected by the population for a 5-year term. The right to participate in elections is granted to all citizens over 21 years of age. The legislative powers of parliament are limited: it can pass laws only on a certain range of issues.

Local government bodies in cities and rural communities are special delegations, whose members are appointed by the government. Each delegation is headed by a district or district commandant. In 1965, the so-called Regional Development Organization was created in rural areas, consisting of advisory bodies - general councils and governing councils dealing with issues of economic and social development.

The judicial system consists of: the Supreme Court (which also exercises the functions of constitutional supervision), the court of appeal and the courts of first instance. In 1967, an emergency court was established to hear cases of subversion and corruption. Customary courts are retained.

Yu. A. Yudin.

Nature. Relief - undulating plateau (height 200-500 m), above the surface of which rise individual mountains up to 750 m. Most of the territory is composed of crystalline rocks of Precambrian age; to the south-west country, the ancient foundation of the African Platform is covered with Silurian sandstones. The existing deposits of gold, manganese, copper and uranium ores, limestone, and gypsum have not been explored enough. The climate is equatorial-monsoon, with a pronounced dry season (from November to March), during which a dry hot wind blows - harmattan. Average monthly temperatures range from 24-26°C (December or January) to 30-35°C (April or May). Precipitation 500-1000 mm in year. The river network is sparse. The largest rivers are the Black and White Volta with the Red Volta tributary. During the dry season, all rivers become very shallow or dry up. The soils are red and red-brown; Lateritic crust is widespread. The vegetation cover is dominated by typical and tall-grass savannas; there are areas of sparse savanna forests and shrubs. Forests occupy about 9% of the area of ​​V.V. Due to predatory extermination, the number of wild animals is decreasing, but lions, leopards, elephants, buffalo, and antelopes are still found in the savannah. The tsetse fly is common in the southern part of the country.

Population. The bulk of the population (82%, here and below - estimate 1967) belongs to the Gur language group (central Bantoid): Mosi peoples (45% of the total population), Lobi, Mbuin, Ga, Bobo, Grusi, Gurma, Senufo. Certain groups of peoples speak Mande languages (Busa, or Bisa, Sanu, or Samo, Soninke and Diula) and the languages ​​of the Atlantic family (Fulani). The northern regions are inhabited by the Songhai (their language forms a special language family), as well as the Tuareg (the language belongs to the Berber group). There are about 4 thousand Europeans (French) people. The vast majority of the population adheres to local traditional beliefs. Islam is practiced by some of the Mande peoples, as well as by the Fulbe, Songhai, Tuareg, Bobo and others. There are about 140 thousand Christians. (part of Mosi, Lobi, etc.). The official language is French.

Population growth for the period 1963-69 averaged 2.1% per year. The economically active population (1967) is 2.3 million people, 94% of them are employed in agriculture. Urban population 14%. There are about 33 thousand workers and employees, including government officials. Average population density 19 people. by 1 km 2. Most of the population is concentrated in the central regions of the country, where 1 km 2 accounts for from 70 to 100 people; the eastern and northern regions are sparsely populated - 1-4 people. by 1 km 2. The economic backwardness of the country, limited areas of fertile land and seasonality of agriculture. jobs force the population to migrate (estimated at 100-450 thousand people per year) to neighboring countries in search of work. Significant cities (1966, estimate: thousand inhabitants): Ouagadougou (115 in 1969), Bobo-Gyulaso (70), Koudougou (28), Vahiguia (10), Kaya (10). The official calendar is Gregorian (see Calendar ).

Historical sketch. The first state formations on the territory of V.V. took shape in the 11th-14th centuries. The most significant of them are Mosi And Yatenga in the central part of the country and Gurma - in the East. In these states, the emerging early feudal relations were intertwined with tribal ones. In 1896, French troops invaded the territory of V.V., but met stubborn resistance, especially from the Mosi state. Only by 1901 did the French colonialists manage to establish themselves in the country. Local feudal rulers were made completely dependent on the colonial administration. In 1904, the territory of V.V. was included in the French colony of Upper Senegal - Niger. In 1916, an uprising against colonial rule broke out in V.V., caused by the introduction of a forced labor system and the massive recruitment of soldiers into the French army.

In 1919 V.V. was separated into a separate administrative unit consisting of French West Africa, but in 1932 the French authorities divided the territory of V.V. between the colonies - Ivory Coast, Niger and French Sudan. Only in 1947 was V.V. restored to its modern borders as an “overseas territory” of France.

After World War II, an anti-imperialist movement developed in WWII, as in other African countries. In 1947 the Voltic Section was founded African Democratic Union (RDA), which, with the support of broad sections of the people, led the struggle for liberation. In 1958, the Voltian section of the RDA, which had recently united with the Party for the Social Education of the African Masses (founded in 1954) and some other political organizations, received the name Voltian Democratic Union (VDU). Also in 1958, the National Liberation Movement party and the local section of the African Regroupment Party were created. National trade union associations began to take shape.

With the growth of the national liberation movement, the French colonialists were forced to change the forms of their rule. In February 1958, a Government Council was created in V.V., headed by the leader of the Voltic section of the RDA, W. Coulibaly. After the majority of participants in the referendum on September 28, 1958 approved the new French constitution, V.V. received the status of a member state of the French Community. The country was declared an "autonomous republic". The first national government was formed, headed by the leader of the VDS M. Yameogo, who in December 1959 also became the president of the country.

The further rise of the national liberation movement forced the French government to sign an agreement granting British independence (June 11, 1960). The official declaration of independence took place on August 5, 1960; On November 30, a new constitution was adopted. V.V. left the French Community, however, concluding a number of agreements with France (April 1961), which retained important economic and political positions in the country for the former metropolis.

On September 20, 1960, V.V. was admitted to the UN. In March 1961, she participated in a conference of 12 French-speaking African countries in Yaoundé and joined the Afro-Malagasy Union founded there (since 1965 - General Afro-Malagasy Organization, since 1970 - Common Afro-Malagasy-Mauritian organization ), maintaining close economic and political ties with France and other Western states. Back in 1959, V.V., Ivory Coast, Dahomey and Niger created an economic and political union called the Council of Concord (Togo joined the Council in 1966).

In the socio-economic sphere, the government of V.V. set a course for the development of private entrepreneurship and attracting foreign capital to the country (from France, the USA, Germany and other imperialist states). In an effort to suppress the opposition, the government banned the activities of all political parties except the VDS, passed laws in 1963 that expanded the powers of the president, etc. However, all these measures did not achieve their goal. The dissatisfaction of the masses with the policies of the Yameogo government, which led to a decline in the living standards of the population, resulted in open protest. On January 3, 1966, a general strike began at the call of trade unions. Anti-government demonstrations took place in Ouagadougou and some other cities. The army command also opposed the Yameogo government, removing President Yameogo on January 4. Lieutenant Colonel S. Lamizana became the head of state and government (since 1964 he held the post of chief of the general staff; in 1967 he was awarded the rank of brigadier general, in 1970 - division general; he held the post of head of government until February 1971). The constitution was suspended, the activities of political parties were temporarily prohibited, and parliament was dissolved. In December 1966, the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces of V.V. decided to maintain power in the hands of the army for 4 years. In December 1969, restrictions on the activities of political parties were officially lifted. As a result of a referendum held on June 14, 1970, a constitution was approved, providing for a gradual transition to a civilian regime and the introduction of the post of prime minister. In accordance with the new constitution, elections were held on December 20, 1970, as a result of which the absolute majority of seats in the National Assembly (37 out of 57) was won by the VDS; On February 13, 1971, the leader of the VDS, J.C. Ouedraogo, became prime minister.

Diplomatic relations between V.V. and the USSR were established in 1967. In February 1967, an agreement on scientific and cultural cooperation was signed between both countries, and in March 1968, a trade agreement.

G. A. Nersesov.

Political parties, trade unions and other public organizations. Voltaic Democratic Union (VDU) (Union Dé mocratique Voltaique), founded in 1947. Until 1966, it held a monopoly position in the political life of VV. It enjoys significant influence among the peasantry. The African Regroupment Party (Parti du regroupement africain), founded in 1958. Enjoys limited influence in the southwest. countries. Movement for National Liberation (Mouvement pour la Liberation nationale), founded in 1958. Advocates for achieving economic independence of V.V. and for developing relations with the USSR and other socialist countries. The trade union association of Volta workers, founded in 1958, is part of the All-African Federation of Trade Unions; maintains contacts with the WFTU. African Confederation of Faithful Workers, founded in 1950; is a member of the All-African Union of Faithful Workers. Voltaic Organization of Free Trade Unions founded. in 1960; is a member of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. There are also sectoral (non-associated) trade union organizations. In total, there are more than 12 thousand trade union members in V.V. General Union of Voltian Students.

G. A. Nepsesov.

Economic-geographical essay. V.V. is an extremely backward agrarian country. French capital maintains a dominant position in the economy (85% of all capital investments), in its hands is foreign trade, most of industry, and the purchase and sale of a significant part of livestock products. The average annual per capita income is 44 US dollars (one of the lowest in Africa). After the declaration of independence, several measures were taken to develop the economy. The industrial development of the country is hampered by the preservation of pre-capitalist production relations, an acute shortage of capital, skilled labor, raw materials, the small capacity of the domestic market, and the high cost of transport costs and electricity.

Agriculture provides 67% of the gross national product. It has a primitive semi-natural character. The land belongs to the communities, but a significant part of it is in the hands of the tribal elite. The main type of economy is small peasant farming. Farming methods are backward, tools - hoe, plow. Lack of water, soil erosion, and arid climate also hamper the development of agriculture.

Extensive pasture livestock farming plays a leading role in the economy. The number of cattle in 1967/68 was 2.6 million, sheep 1.7 million, goats 2.4 million. Livestock and livestock products are exported to neighboring countries - the Ivory Coast and Ghana. Cultivated lands account for over 9% of the country's total territory. Most of them are occupied by food crops (sorghum, millet, corn, rice, peanuts - partly exported), a smaller part - by industrial crops (cotton, shea butter tree). Millet and sorghum are sown mainly in the north and in the center of the country, rice - mainly in the south, and corn - everywhere. (For the area and harvest of the main agricultural crops, see the table.) Cassava and sweet potatoes also play a significant role in the nutrition of the indigenous population. In the suburbs of Bobo Gyulaso and Ouagadougou - vegetable gardening.

River fishing is developed: the fish catch is 3.5 thousand. T in year. Round wood is harvested - 3.7 million. m 3 (1968).

Industry provides only about 20% of the gross national product. The main industry is agricultural processing. raw materials. Energy base - 2 thermal power plants (Ouagadougou, Bobo-Gyulazo) and 1 diesel station in Vahiguia with a total capacity of 14 thousand. kW Electricity production 22.8 million kWh in 1968. Extraction of manganese ore in Tambao (in the north-east).

Area and harvest of main crops

* Average per year. ** Cotton fiber.. 1669

The manufacturing industry is represented by small and medium-sized enterprises. Industrial enterprises are concentrated mainly in Ouagadougou and Bobo Gyulazo. There are oil mills (production of oil, fats and soap from peanuts and shea kernels) and cotton ginning (factories in Bobo-Gyulaso, Ouagadougou, Koudougou) industries, 2 rice processing plants (Bobo-Gioulaso, Banfora), 2 meat slaughterhouses, a sugar refinery (Banfora) , textile mill (Koudougou), tannery, shoe factory (Ouagadougou), bicycle and galvanized iron factories, sawmill. Handicraft production is developed - carpet products, production of sisal fiber, leather processing, etc.

Transport. Length (1966) of the Abidjan - Ouagadougou railway within the boundaries of V.V. 517 km, highways - about 17 thousand. km, including 9 thousand km with hard surface (paved 65 km). Foreign trade relations are carried out along the road from the borders of Mali through Bobo-Gyulaso, Ouagadougou, Fadan-Gourma to the Republic of Niger. There are 2 large airfields in the country: in Ouagadougou and in Bobo Gyulaso.

International trade. VV exports in 1967 amounted to 22 million US dollars, imports - 36 million. 90% of the value of VV exports was agricultural. products (mainly livestock and livestock products - 40-60% of the value of exports); Imports are dominated by consumer goods, textiles, clothing, kola nuts, and food. Main foreign trade partners (1967): France (45.2% of imports and 13.5% of exports), Ghana (about 2% and 13.6%), Ivory Coast (49.3% of exports). The monetary unit is the African franc. 1 US dollar = 277.71 African francs (July 1970).

N. A. Smirnov.

Armed forces consist of ground forces, air force and gendarmerie. The commander in chief is the president. Direct command of the troops is exercised by the Minister of National Defense and the headquarters of the armed forces. The army is recruited on the basis of the law on universal conscription, the duration of active military service is 18 months. The total number of armed forces (1970) is about 2 thousand people, including about 1 thousand people. gendarmerie. The ground forces (about 900 people) consist of a separate infantry battalion, a reconnaissance squadron, a parachute company, an engineer company and service units. The Air Force (about 100 people) is in its infancy and has no combat aircraft.

Medical-geographical characteristics. In 1969, per 1000 inhabitants the birth rate was 53, the death rate was 30.5; infant mortality - 182 per 1000 live births. Life expectancy for men is 32.1 years, for women - 31.1 years. Infectious pathology predominates. More than 75% of children aged 2-9 years are affected by malaria. Intestinal infections are common, especially amoebiasis (47 cases per 10 thousand inhabitants in 1964), and genitourinary schistosomiasis. Every year there are outbreaks of smallpox and meningococcal meningitis. The mortality rate from measles reaches 4%. The number of patients with leprosy was 142 thousand (1965), onchocerciasis - 280 thousand (1967), trachoma - 700 thousand (1964). As a result of the measures taken, the incidence of sleeping sickness decreased to 0.009% (1965). The most intense foci of schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, wuchereriosis, sleeping sickness and natural foci of yellow fever are located in the southern regions.

In 1967 there were 2 general hospitals with 1.1 thousand beds. The total number of beds was 2.6 thousand (0.5 beds per 1000 inhabitants). Outpatient services were provided in 2 hospital outpatient departments, 23 health centers and 221 dispensaries. In 1967, there were about 70 doctors (1 doctor per 76 thousand inhabitants), over 100 midwives and nurses. In 1962, a school for training nurses was established in Ouagadougou.

A. E. Belyaev, T. A. Kobakhidze.

Veterinary business. The main economic damage is caused by trypanosomiasis (85 outbreaks in 1962-68), bovine peripneumonia (38 outbreaks in 1964; 84 in 1968) and pasteurellosis (255 outbreaks in 1962-68). Infectious agricultural diseases are common. animals (anthrax, emphysematous carbuncle and foot and mouth disease). Desert and typical savannas are characterized by pasteurellosis, peripneumonia, cattle plague, rabies, and helminthiasis; for tall grass savannas - trypanosomiasis (carrier - tsetse fly). A network of veterinary control points has been organized (on livestock routes), and the fight against plague and peripneumonia in cattle is underway.

M. G. Tarshis.

Education. The long colonial rule of France had a negative impact on the state of culture and education in the country. In 1962, 98% of the population was illiterate. After the declaration of independence, the government paid great attention to the development of public education. The education system in V.V. developed under the influence of the French. Teaching in educational institutions is conducted in French. The network of preschool institutions is still insignificant (in 1965 there were only 1.1 thousand pupils in kindergartens). Since 1965, primary education has been declared compulsory and free for children aged 6-14 years. The duration of study in primary school is 6 years (2-year preparatory, elementary and secondary courses). There are also 3-year rural schools that do not provide complete primary education. To enter secondary school, you must pass entrance exams after 6 years of primary school. The full course of study in secondary school (lyceum) is 7 years (4 + 3). The first 4 years of study correspond to junior high school (college). Vocational training is carried out mainly on the basis of primary school for 1 to 5 years. Teachers for primary schools are trained in pedagogical courses with a 5-year training period on the basis of primary schools. In the 1967/68 academic year, there were about 130 thousand students in primary schools, about 32 thousand students in rural schools, over 10 thousand students in secondary schools, over 2 thousand students in the vocational training system, and pedagogical courses - 1447 people. Young people receive higher education abroad. A cultural mutual aid society and a youth house with a small library have been created in Ouagadougou.

V. Z. Klepikov,

Print, radio broadcasting, television. The following are published in Ouagadougou: the weekly newspaper Carrefour Africain, since 1960, circulation 2.5 thousand copies (1970); daily bulletin “Bulletin Quotidien d' Information”, circulation 1.2 thousand copies; weekly official newsletter “Journal officiel de la Republique de la Haute-Volta” (“Journal officiel de la Republiquede la Haute-Volta"), since 1959. All newspapers mentioned are controlled by the government.

Radio broadcasting has been conducted in V.V. since 1959; radio stations in Ouagadougou and Bobo Gyulazo; broadcasts are conducted in French and 13 local languages ​​(More, Dioula, Grusi, etc.). Since 1963, a small television studio has been operating in Ouagadougou. In 1959, a government service was created - Volta Radio Broadcasting and Television.

G. A. Nersesov.

Folk art. In the creativity of the peoples of V.V., the main place is occupied by traditional wooden sculpture associated with the cult of ancestors, the expressiveness of which is achieved by emphasizing the geometrization of volumes and rhythms, and the sharp comparison of vertical and horizontal planes. Figurines and masks are sometimes decorated with images of antelope horns or a long vertically mounted bar with carved polychrome ornaments. Less common are metal figurines depicting ancestors and scenes from the life of the gods. Metal jewelry covered with floral patterns and amulets-pendants in the shape of scaly snakes are common. They also make artistic products from the skin of snakes, crocodiles (bags, briefcases, belts) and from the skins of animals, decorating them with embossed or traced patterns. The walls of dwellings (round or rectangular in plan, with conical or flat roofs) are sometimes decorated with paintings or ceramic bas-reliefs.

Lit.: Verin V., Yesterday and today of the Upper Volta, M., 1962; Dim Delobsom A. A., L "Empire du Mogho-Naba, P., 1932; Gé rardin B., Le dé veloppement de la Haute-Volta, P., 1963; Hammond P. B., Jatenga. Technology in the culture of a West African Kingdom , N. Y. - L., ; Guilhem M., Toe S., Ré cits historiques, P., 1964; "Afrique", P., 1966, no. 2, p. -56; Kabore (Gomkoudougou V.), Organization politique traditionnelle et evolution politique des Mossi de Ouagadougou, P., 1966; Skinner E. P., The Mossi of the Upper Volta. ); Tauxier L., Le Noir du Jatenga, P., 1917; Nouvelles notes sur le Mossi et le Gourounsi, P., 1924; Pedier F. I., West Africa, L., 1959; -Volta, “Notes et é tudes documentaires”, 1960, No. 2693; Paulme D., Les sculptures de l'Afrique noire, P., 1956; EIisofon E., The sculpture of Africa, N. Y., 1958.

The USSR is Upper Volta with missiles.  

The West did not care deeply about culture, philosophy and other lofty matters. Russia is simply a colony that somehow accidentally acquired nuclear weapons, and therefore it was impossible to occupy it by military force, like other colonies. Therefore, it was necessary to remove the missiles. It turned out to be simply Upper Volta.  

The level of economic development of a country is understood as the volume of production of material goods per capita and, above all, national income. For example, Russia is considered one of the most economically powerful states, since it ranks fifth in the world in terms of gross national product production (after the USA, China, Japan, and Germany). At the same time, in terms of production per capita, it is on a par with the most backward countries in Asia and Africa (at the level of Upper Volta), i.e. its level of economic development is very low. It may be the other way around. A small country (for example, the Netherlands) may have little economic potential and little economic power. And at the same time  

UPPER VOLTA (Republic of Upper Volta) - state in the West. Africa, b. colony of France, part of the French Zap. Africa. Independence of transportation  

The arrangement of instruments on the panel of the 4AN-700 unit does not meet the requirements for optimal selection (Fig. 30). In the upper continuous row there is a volt-ammeter (3.99 bits), i.e. 0.1 higher than the upper limit in the lower one - a tachometer (4.59 bits) and a pressure gauge of the pumped liquid (3.32 bits). The lower devices do not form a continuous row. Ergonomic conditions  

The foreign press publishes forecasts for the growth of electricity generation from 7 to 15%, but even such high rates do not ensure an increase in energy consumption to a sufficiently high level in the coming years. Thus, if we proceed from the high rates of average annual growth in electricity generation, then in 1975 compared to 1970, electricity consumption per capita in the Republic of Ivory Coast will increase (taking into account population growth) from 105 to 160 kWh, in the Republic Upper Volta from 5 to 13.5 kWh, in the Da-Gome Republic - from 11 to 27 kWh, in the Republic of Mali - from 8 to 20 kWh, in the Niger Republic - from 9 to 20 kWh and etc. Let us recall that in 1970, in the industrialized countries of Western Europe, electricity production per capita ranged from 2151 (Italy) to 14,893 kWh (Norway). Even in the economically less developed countries of Western Europe, electricity production per capita in 1970 was tens of times higher than projected for many countries of the African continent in 1975 (Greece - 1071, Portugal - 746, Spain - 1671 kWh) .  

For individual countries of these continents, electricity production per capita in 1963-1965. characterized by the following data (in kWh per year) Africa - from 1934 (South Africa) to 4-5 (Upper Volta, Niger, Somalia, Mali, Dahomey, etc.) Asia - from 1815 (Japan) to 10-14 (Laos , Afghanistan, Indonesia, Cambodia), Latin America - from 902 (Venezuela) to 54-146 (Paraguay,  

Congo (Ninshasa) f)Al p" Morocco - Sierra Leone - Nigeria - Ethiopia - > Dahomey - Mali - Upper Volta - G11-1 - ee. JS g SP - > - co  

The foreign press publishes forecasts for the growth of electricity generation in African countries at an average annual growth rate of 7 to 15%, however, even such high rates do not ensure an increase in electricity consumption to a sufficiently high level in the coming years, since even after 10 years electricity consumption per capita will remain at an extremely low level. Thus, in the Republic of Ivory Coast it will increase (taking into account population growth) from 43 to 160 kWh, in the Republic of Upper Volta, respectively, from 4 to 13.5 kWh, in the Dahomey Republic - from 5 to 27 kWh, in The Republic of Mali - from 5 to 20 kWh; in the Republic of Niger - from 4 to 20 kWh, etc. Let us recall that in 1964, in the industrialized countries of Western Europe, electricity production per capita ranged from 1500 (Italy ) up to 12,000 kWh (Norway). Even in the economically underdeveloped countries of Western Europe, electricity production per capita in 1964 was tens of times higher than what was projected for many countries of the African continent in 1975 (Greece - 445, Portugal - 525, Spain - 919 kWh).  

In the second volume of the Financial and Credit Dictionary, all factual, legislative and digital material is presented for the USSR, mainly as of January 1, 1964, and for foreign countries - as of July 1, 1963. The volume contains reviews of 7 union republics of the USSR and 52 foreign countries Mauritania, Malaysia, Mali, Malagasy Republic, Morocco, Mexico, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Netherlands, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Norway, United Arab Republic, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, El Salvador, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Syrian Arab Republic, United States of America, Somalia, Sudan, Sierra Leone, Thailand, Tanganyika, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, Philippines, Finland, France, Ceylon, Central African Republic, Chad, Czechoslovakia, Chile, Switzerland, Sweden, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Yugoslavia, South Africa, Japan. In addition, the Appendix provides reviews of the following countries that recently won independence, for which the Editors did not have sufficient data for inclusion in Volume I or which gained independence after its publication: Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, Gabon, Dahomey, Cameroon, Congo (Brazzaville ), Congo (Leopoldville). The Appendix also includes new reviews on Algeria and Cuba, since after the publication of Volume I of the Dictionary, radical socio-economic transformations took place in these countries.  

Upper Volta Gabon Haiti CFA franc 5= 100 centimes. . CFA franc 5 =100 centimes. . gourde = 100 centimos. ...... 0.177734 246.85 246.85 5.00 - -  

State z zap. parts of Africa, which until August 1984 had the official name Upper Volta. Gerritooia - 274.2 thousand km Population - 7.9 million (1986 estimate) mine, Gurunsi, Gourma, Senu-Fo, Fulani, etc. Capital is Ouagadougou (340 thousand inhabitants. State language - French. Traditional honest people prevail cults (75%), Muslims - 20%, Catholics - 5% of the population.  

Upper Volta was captured by French colonialists at the end of the 19th century and was part of the colonial federation of French West Africa. In 1958 it became a republic - a member of the French Community. O.VIII was proclaimed an independent state in 1960.  

Significant disagreements have also emerged within the EEC. The Netherlands opposed the conclusion of a new convention with Africa. countries, France - for the closest association, it was supported by Belgium and Luxembourg. All of France's partners sought to weaken its economic rights. and political influence in the association. Germany, which is in dire need of external markets, defended the ideas of expanding the association beyond the former colonial empires of France and Belgium and introducing less rigid trading restrictions in relation to economically backward countries that do not have a common agreement with the EEC. Negotiations between the EEC and Africa. countries dragged on and were repeatedly on the verge of collapse. 20 Jan. 1962 in Brussels a decision was made to renew the association. In 1963, a new association convention (the first Yaounde Convention) was signed in Yaounde (Cameroon). It included 18 Africans. states Ivory Coast, Burundi, Upper Volta, Gabon, Dahomey, Zaire, Cameroon, People's Republic of Congo, Mauritania, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, Togo, Central African Republic, Chad. Officially, the main goal of the convention was to strengthen the economic independence of African partners and create conditions conducive to the successful development of international trade (Article 1). In reality, the convention pursued neocolonialist goals: the abolition of customs and quantitative restrictions on the import of goods from member states of the EEC to Africa, the removal of obstacles to the free flow of capital from Europe to associated countries and profits in the opposite direction. The provisions of the convention prevented the independent development of Africa. state, slowed down industrialization, clearing the way for foreigners. goods for internal market, facilitated the direct penetration of monopolies. capital to associated countries. Association for African countries means a partial loss of national sovereignty in the field of foreign affairs. trade and internal economical politicians. Associated states are obliged to take into account the interests of the EEC member countries and consult with them when resolving issues regarding the establishment of customs duties.  

Upper Volta, Gabon, Dahomey, Zaire, Cameroon, Kenya, Mauritania, Mali, Malagasy Republic, Nar. Republic of the Congo. Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Central African Republic, Chad) and the overseas territories of France and the Netherlands.  

Africa, formerly part of France. Zap. Africa. Agreement on the creation of Z.-A. t.s. signed in June 1959 by Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, Dahomey, Mauritania, Niger and Mali. After gaining independence, all these countries confirmed their decision to unite. In the beginning. 1970 in Z.-A. t.s. included Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, Dahomey, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Mali.  

T.s. are also organized between developing countries in order to combat imperialism. powers and their associations. In 1959, T. s. were established. between Western countries Africa (Benin, Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, Niger, Mauritania, Mali, Senegal) and Center. Africa (People's Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Central African Republic, Chad).  

Bangladesh (Dhaka). ..... Bahrain (Manama). ..... Burma (Rangoon). ....... Brunei (British: Bandar Seri Begmwan). .......... Bhutan (Thimphu). ....... Vietnam (Hanoi). ...... Upper Volta (Ouagadougou) Gabon (Libreville). ......  

The Lomé Convention is a legal form of regulation of trade and economic relations between the EEC countries and the ACP countries of Benin, Ivory Coast, Botswana, Burundi, Upper Volta, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Kenya, Congo, Comoros, Djibouti, Lesotho, Liberia, Mauritius, Mauritania, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Cape Verde, Rwanda, Swaziland, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Somalia, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Seychelles islands, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Chad, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea, Bahamas, Barbados, Grenada, Guyana, Dominican Republic, Belize, Saint Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Fiji, Kiribati, Papua - New Guinea, Western Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu.  

Electrothermal recording uses special electrothermal materials (papers). Electrothermal paper has a complex, usually three-layer, structure. The top, light gray layer is close to dielectrics in its properties, the base of the paper is black - it is a paper pulp saturated with graphite and has good electrical conductivity. A voltage of several hundred volts applied to the paper causes breakdown of the top layer. As a result, an electrothermal reaction occurs in this layer, leading to the formation of a dark deposit at the recording sites, the optical density of which is proportional to the strength of the recording current.  

(Haute-Volta) - state in the West. Africa, republic. Pl. 274.2 thousand km 2. Us. St. 4 million hours (1961, estimate). Basic population - Mosi and other peoples of the central Bantoid group (Lobi, Grusi, Gurma, Senufo, etc.). The Fulani and peoples of the Mande language family also live here. The highest body of legislators. authorities of V.V. (according to the constitution of 1960) - National. Assembly; The head of the state and government is the president. The capital is Ouagadougou (founded in the 15th century).

On the territory V.V. around 11th century. the first state education. In 1896-1901 French. colonialists occupied V.V. Feod. The rulers of the states in Ouagadougou, Yatenga, Gourma were made completely dependent on the colonial authorities. In 1916, a people's war broke out in V.V. revolt against the colonies. domination caused by the massive recruitment of soldiers into the French. army.

As dept. adm. unit within the French. Zap. Africa VV existed in 1919-32 and 1947-58. Until 1919 (since 1904) it was part of the Upper Senegal-Niger colony, and in 1932-47 its territory. was divided between Ivory Coast, Niger and Franz. Sudan.

Long colonial rule of the French. imperialism and the preservation of feudal-patriarchal relations intertwined with capitalist. forms of exploitation, led to extreme economic. backwardness V.V. It belongs to the least developed, purely agrarian. Western countries Africa. Basic The occupation of the population is cattle breeding (especially in the northern part) and agriculture. A large number of residents of V.V. go to work in Ghana, Mali, Ivory Coast, and Dahomey.

After the 2nd World War in V.V. that means. anti-imperialist intensified. a movement that could not be stopped by the repression of the colonies. authorities; in 1947, a local section of the Democratic Union of Africa (now the Voltic Democratic Union) was formed. Franz. the government was forced to change the forms of its rule. After the referendum on September 28. 1958 V.V. received the status of a state member of the French. Communities. In March 1959, the country's first constitution was adopted. Further rise of national liberation. The movement was forced by the French. On June 11, 1960, the government signed an agreement with V.V. to grant it independence. The declaration of independence took place on August 5. 1960. 30 Nov. In 1960, a new constitution was adopted, creating a presidential regime in the country. Maurice Yameogo, the leader of the ruling party Volta Democratic Union, became the president of V.V. The new state came out of the French. Communities. Having concluded a series of agreements with France (April 1961), retaining important economic economies for the former metropolis. and political positions in the country, V.V. refused, however, to sign the so-called. joint defense agreement.

In 1961 V.V., together with 11 other former French. colonies joined the African-Malagasy Union, whose members are economically and politically connected with France. V.V. is also a member of the Council of Concord (together with Ivory Coast, Dahomey and Niger), created in May 1959.

At the same time, V.V.’s administration maintains contacts with some African countries. countries that are not members of the African-Malagasy Union. In June 1961, an agreement was concluded with Ghana on the elimination of customs barriers between Ghana and V.V.

Lit.: Verin V.P., Yesterday and today of the Upper Volta, M., 1962; Gavrilov N.I., West Africa under the yoke of France (1945-1959), M., 1961; Subbotin V. A., Colonial policy of France in the West. Africa (1880-1900), M., 1959; La Haute Volta. Afrique occidentale française. Gouvernement-général, P., 1931; Dim Delobsom A. A., L "empire du Mogho-Naba, P., 1932; Gatelet A. L. Ch., Histoire de la conquête du Soudan française (1878-1899), P. - Nancy, 1901; Cornevin R., Histoire des peuples de l "Afrique noire, P., 1960; Marc L., Les pays Mossi, P., 1909; La République Haute-Volta. Notes et études documentaires, 19 August 1960, No. 2693; Tauxier L., Les noires du Jatenga, P., 1917; by him, Nouvelles notes sur le Mossi et le Gourounsi, P., 1924.

Mr. A. Nersesov. Moscow.

Sometimes sonorous, sticky names emerge that survive due to their imagery. They are not related to the ideological characteristics of individual countries or nations. That is, the world perceives them unambiguously. For example, there is a saying: “Upper Volta with rockets.” Oddly enough, it is now associated with Russia. Even the President of the Russian Federation used this expression in his interviews. Let's figure out what this means and where it came from.

Let's deal with words

If everything is clear with rockets, no one will interpret this term in two ways, then “Upper Volta” requires clarification. The fact is that this name has survived the formation that it meant. It was a small West African country. From the sixtieth to the eighty-fourth year of the last century it was called Upper Volta. With the missiles, by the way, it was not only bad, but not bad at all. The poorest state, and also unstable. Nowadays we can find it on the map under the name Burkina Faso. With the change of name, little has changed in the state.

In special publications you can find information about life there. She's depressing. The country has no economy; the laws are more reminiscent of those established in the jungle. There is no talk at all about science and more or less acceptable education. The country can be safely described as the edge of civilization, which is quite enough for our reasoning. This is how it was and remains today - Upper Volta. It seems that it will never exist with missiles.

Author of the statement

Due to the mega size of the information space and the same number of interpreters and “insiders,” some confusion has arisen. Everyone agrees on one thing. The Upper Volta with rockets was first called the USSR. Some defend the authorship of the former British Prime Minister. In fact, this is a formal “slander”. This respectable lady could think so, even agree that the USSR was Upper Volta with missiles, but her upbringing did not allow her to say this out loud.

Aristocrats in those days were strictly taught not to show their contempt to the public through “loud” expressions. The Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (until 1982) called the Upper Volta with missiles a superpower that had already sunk into oblivion. Some inquisitive researchers decided to find the original source. Nowadays we don’t particularly imagine what life was like in Germany. And the Germans are unlikely to remember the nuances. But we still managed to get some information.

The results were even more confusing

As it turned out, West Germany only seemed to be a very free country. In reality, everything was, to put it mildly, somewhat different. Schmidt could not pronounce the expression “Upper Volta with missiles” out loud to the USSR. As they say, if this really happened, it would only happen in the dead of night, under a thick blanket. The Federal Chancellor, a man far from stupid, was clearly aware of what a powerful army stood at his side.

He would not have teased Brezhnev. The consequences could be dire. In any case, there was no (serious) evidence of his authorship. By the way, this phrase has been attributed to him since 1993. The book was written by a group of American Sovietologists. Maybe it was they who coined the term “Upper Volta with rockets”?

Another version

If you look for traces of this expression in printed sources, you will come across an article published in the Financial Times. It is called “Soviet technology export”. Author - David Buchan. Date of publication: 09/14/1984. Perhaps this is the first non-oral mention of this loud and offensive nickname. In the said material, Buchan criticized the superpower for increasing its military power without paying attention to the needs of the population (perhaps rightly so).

What does "Upper Volta with rockets" mean?

Who said such a phrase first, in the end, is not so important. It spread around the world, becoming generally accepted. They use it nowadays to address the Russian Federation when they want to emphasize the underdevelopment of its economy, backwardness, and inferiority. And if some time ago the offensive nickname was practically forgotten, now it has surfaced again. The reason for this is a propaganda campaign directed against the “aggressor country.” It goes on in the West without stopping, and not just like a raging storm, but like tsunami waves, covering the information consumer. If we take into account the fact that the Russian Federation constantly conducts, by the way, very successful, then the term has found its second life.

Nowadays, its use is associated with the idea of ​​instilling in Western (and not only) peoples the idea of ​​the complete collapse of Russia as a state, its lack of chances for stability and return to world politics. If in the eighties this expression showed the level of civilization of a power that actively influences processes that are vital for all of humanity, now they want to “take them away from the real state of affairs.”

Why was the expression put into circulation again?

Let's start with the fact that in 2014 the world began to change rapidly. Perhaps the process started earlier, only it was presented to humanity with the Maidan events. This is a kind of visual starting point in the process of tightening the confrontation between the Russian Federation and the West. It can also be considered the beginning of a “restructuring” of the world order. That's what experts say, anyway. The West is trying in every way to prove to its citizens (and the rest of the world) the inferiority of the Russian Federation, its failure as a leader. Hence the revival of the expression “Upper Volta with rockets.” There’s no point in guessing what it means in the mouths of critics. Can be interpreted literally. They present the Russian Federation as an extremely backward country possessing the most terrible weapons. If we follow this logic, we come to a disappointing conclusion: it must be neutralized. Division and deprivation of the “nuclear button,” as it seems to these caring propagandists. How should Russia respond to this? Yes, our bloggers and journalists did not stand aside. Nowadays you can find a lot of materials about the “Upper Volta” on the Internet. But in them she finds herself not only with missiles, but also with new technologies, formidable weapons, gold, and so on. Others, acting in the vein of Western propaganda, add “with loans”, “with debts” and so on. This is what you like. Or, if you dig deeper, who has what homeland.

Accent placement: UPPER VOLTA

UPPER VOLTA, Republic of Upper Volta(Haute Volta) is a state in West Africa. Until 1958 - possession of France, in 1958 - 60 - a republic with limited internal autonomy within the French. Communities, since Aug. 1960 - independent state. Area - approx. 275 thousand km 2. Population - approx. 4.4 million people. (1962). The capital is Ouagadougou. State language - French.

Education. The long colonial rule of France had an extremely negative impact on the development of culture and education in the country. Only 8% of the population is literate. The school system is modeled after the French one. Private schools, owned mainly by religious organizations (Catholic or Protestant), play a significant role. The bulk of schools are five-year beginning. schools. Beginning School is considered compulsory and free, but covers only 6% of school-age children. In 1961 there were 288 beginnings. schools (of which 185 are public and 103 are private); number of students - approx. 40.5 thousand people (of which only 11.4 thousand are girls), Beg. the school includes a one-year preparatory course (subjects of teaching: reading, writing, French, arithmetic, singing, drawing, physical education, morality), a two-year elementary course (subjects of teaching are the same), a two-year secondary course (history and geography are added to the subjects of teaching , natural science and manual labor), Since the country is in dire need of increasing the number of literate population, the government has developed a plan for the development of education for 1962 - 67, which provides for the construction of rural areas. schools with a shortened, 3-year period of study.

A full course of secondary general education is provided by 7-year colleges and lyceums with modern and classical education. departments; their completion leads to obtaining the title of bachelor. Shortened (4-year-old), so-called. additional courses have only a modern department with agricultural, commercial and other specializations (in accordance with local needs). In the 1959/60 school year. There were only 7 lyceums and colleges (2 state and 5 private). The number of students in secondary schools was approx. 1.4 thousand people

There is a certain number of state and private professional-technical uch. establishments. State apprenticeship centers (3-year) and evening classes for those engaged in this profession (stenographers, auto mechanics, etc.); the total number of students studying there is approx. 500 people Private - home economics schools (4-year) for girls, industrial training schools for boys Teachers beginning. schools prepare junior teachers. courses (5 years); age of applicants is 13 - 15 years for boys, 13 - 16 years for girls, students receive state. scholarship and are required to work for 10 years. Teachers Wed. schools, as a rule, are French; there are no institutions of higher learning; OK. 100 students study outside the country.