Settings. Concept, components and methods of changing settings

What is a stop loss? This is a type of order whose purpose is to limit trading losses by automatic closing positions when the specified price value is reached. Most traders call this option one of the most important components of profitable and stable trading. This statement has been proven by the disastrous results of beginners who do not use stop loss in their trading, as well as by the successes of professionals who, despite their experience and confidence, constantly use this tool.

IN technically A stop loss is an analogue of a regular pending order, which is executed when a certain price value is reached, but the only difference is that instead of opening a new buy or sell position, a previously open transaction is closed. An unconditional and fundamental advantage is the automation of the order closing process, which eliminates the need to constantly monitor the status of the transaction, and is also often the only way avoid large losses in unusual situations, which will be mentioned below.

Stop loss value for trading.

One of the most famous trading recommendations says: “Cut your losses and let your profits grow.” Following this simple truth has made it possible for many traders to make fortunes. personal experience understood the importance of timely closing of unprofitable positions. Now stop loss is a kind of standard in the matter of “cutting off” losses, and its capabilities are actively used in many trading strategies.

Read: “What is margin?”

But there are traders who have the opposite opinion and generally do not recommend using this tool. To prove their beliefs, they cite cases when the price first went against the price, activated a stop loss, thereby closing the trade with a loss, and then turned around and began moving in the right direction.

This position and disappointment are understandable, but such stories relate more likely to the skills of use, the proximity of the stop loss level directly to the price or important levels, as well as simply random events that in no way indicate a systematic pattern of negative results. The market is not stable, no one knows for sure what will happen in the future, and therefore, if there is an opportunity to protect the transaction, your capital, then it is better to take advantage of it.

It is not uncommon for new traders to follow a minority position and not use a stop loss. Often this happens precisely because of the fear of receiving a premature loss. But any doubts about the advisability of using stop loss are destroyed by the following advantages:

1. Limiting losses per trade is the main advantage, which is the foundation of any money management strategy. With the help of a stop loss, a clear value of the loss is set that a trader is willing to assume as a risk for a given position, which allows flexible trading and maintaining a trading account, avoiding excessively large drawdowns.

2. Protection against force majeure situations is one of most important advantages, thanks to which most traders at least once managed to avoid catastrophic losses during moments of strong and chaotic movements in the market. Sometimes you can open an order in in the right direction, but due to unaccounted for events (for example, the release of some important news), everything can get out of control and, instead of the expected profit, turn into disastrous results. It is in situations like this, when the market can rush 50-100 points in one direction in a second and closing a deal manually is extremely problematic, that we understand the need to use a stop loss.

Read: “What is liquidity?”

3. Taking profit is not a very standard option for using stop loss, when it turns from a tool for limiting losses into an assistant that will allow you to save the profit you have already received. At the same time, it is important for beginners to understand the difference from using another standard tool called take profit. But we’ll talk specifically about how to use stop loss to take profits a little lower.

4. Psychological factor - most of you are familiar with the situation when a deal goes into a loss and processes of “moral support” begin in your head. You are ready to look at the monitor and wait as long as it takes for the trade to go out of the red and reach a small but profit, while convincing yourself of the correctness of your actions. But the loss only gets bigger, and you already blame yourself for not closing the order earlier, while the loss was not so significant. Now you no longer think about profit, you only think about how to close the deal with a smaller loss. Instead of closing it now, a new wait begins best moment... Using stop loss allows you to avoid psychological mistakes and inadequacy of your actions in such emotional states, as well as limit the amount of loss even before opening a transaction.

Setting a stop loss.

Having convinced yourself of all the benefits of using a stop loss, it’s time to familiarize yourself with how to set it, change it, or delete it if you suddenly need it. All actions are extremely simple and will not cause difficulties even for beginners who have just started learning the trading terminal. All stages will be described using MetaTrader 5 as an example.

First of all, it must be said that a stop loss can be set at any time - before or after opening an order. Professional traders recommend setting this option at the time of opening an order, since such a solution is part of a systematic and holistic approach to trading.

Read: “What is support?”

Next, we will look at setting stop losses for buy and sell orders using two methods. In the first case, all procedures will be performed during the process of opening a market or pending order, in the second, the stop loss will be set on previously opened positions.

Stop loss for a new order.

Setting a stop loss at the time of opening an order does not present any difficulties, since this parameter is visible by default. All you need to do comes down to this:

1. Order type – in in this case We leave the standard value, i.e. We use immediate execution. We also select the transaction volume and indicate other necessary parameters.

2. Stop loss is the very field with which we need to set a specific stop loss value. Please note that there are restrictions regarding minimum distance from the current price to the stop loss, most often equal to several points. But this is not an obstacle, since the use of such small values is devoid of any common sense. Another point that beginners need to pay attention to is that the stop loss for a buy position is set below the current price value, and for a sell position – above. By the way, it is not at all necessary to write the current price manually. Just click once on one of the vertical arrows near the stop loss window, and the price will automatically change from zero to the current value.

3. Opening a position - after setting all the parameters and values, all that remains is to click the “Buy” button to open a buy order, which will immediately be protected by a stop loss.

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Setting a stop loss for a new pending order is no different from the option described above, with the exception of a few additional fields. First, select the order type – pending (1); subtype – depending on the tasks (2); enter the required stop loss value (3) and place an order (4). Similar to a market order, for a buy position the stop loss will be located below the opening price, and for a sell position – above it.

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Stop loss for an existing order.

It’s okay if you didn’t have time or simply forgot to set a stop loss at the time of opening the order. Thanks to the function of editing the parameters of active orders, setting a stop loss for a position is possible at any time.

First of all, you need to access the list of open positions. This can be done from special panel called “Tools”, which is usually located at the bottom of the trading terminal (you can enable it through the “View – Tools” menu or using the Ctrl+T keyboard shortcut). When the required order is found, you just have to do the following:

1. Calling the menu - first you need to open the editing menu by right-clicking on the required order and select “Modify or delete” (in Metatrader 4 this item may be called “Modify or delete order”).

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2. Setting parameters - after this you have to set the desired stop loss value (1) and save the changes by clicking on the “Change” button (2). As always, for a buy position the stop loss is set below the current price, for a sell position – above.

Click to enlarge.

In a similar way, you can set a stop loss even for a pending order that has been placed, but has not yet been activated, which will be in the same list, but under all active positions. In short, any order can be changed at any time through the editing menu.

Strategies for using a stop loss order.

First of all, it must be said that there are no uniquely correct methods for using stop losses in trading. No universal recipe, which will be equally suitable for all trading strategies and market situations.

Correctly setting a stop loss is a rather complicated procedure in terms of calculation. Technically, the installation process does not take much time and effort, as you have already seen for yourself using the above instructions. But the side of calculating stop loss lies in the plane of the trader’s theoretical competence, completeness of knowledge of the trading strategy used, as well as experience in general. It is the latter that is often a good advisor, since thanks to him the trader better understands market movements and can evaluate possible options developments of events through the prism of previous transactions or specific situations.

Read: “What is volatility?”

It is important to understand that the stop loss value is a local parameter that depends on many variables that exist at a particular point in time. Overall volatility, proximity to important price levels, aggressiveness of trading and many other factors become extremely important in determining the value of the stop loss. In total, there are several general strategies use, but, as you already understood, none of them should be used in pure form without taking into account the specifics of a particular transaction:

1. Fixed stop loss – probably the most common option. Like all strategies, it cannot be called either bad or good, since in one situation its use is justified, but in another it is completely inappropriate. It consists of using a fixed stop loss value equal to a certain number of points from the order opening price. For example, in each trade you can set a stop loss at a distance of 50 points from the opening price (above or below the price depending on the type of order). The method is more relevant for traders who adhere to a strict money management policy.

2. Flexible stop loss – more versatile and reliable method setting a stop loss based on an analysis of the current market situation. The basis for choosing a stop loss value can be previous price lows or highs, graphic levels, or any fundamental reasons. This method is preferable, since the stop loss is more adapted to the market, and the number of random triggers will be significantly less than when using a fixed value.

3. Break-even trading – a non-standard use case mentioned above. The essence of the method is to move the stop loss level from the unprofitable zone (fixing the maximum loss) to the guaranteed profit zone (fixing the minimum profit) at the moment when the price has already traveled a sufficient distance in the required direction. An excellent way that allows you to get as close as possible to realizing the idea of break-even trading, which so attracts not only beginners, but also experienced traders. The only downside is that it increases the likelihood of an order being closed prematurely with minimal profit, when overall there is the potential to achieve a significantly greater profit.

4. Trailing stop is an improved version of the previous method, the difference being the use automated system to gradually move the stop loss level following the price. Thus, the value of the minimum profit will increase by as much as the price increases. The main setting of a trading stop is to determine the minimum distance from the stop loss to the new price at the time of transfer. For example, the trailing stop for a sell trade is set to 10 points. If the price drops to a new low, the stop loss will automatically move after it, but no closer than 10 points. For a better understanding, it is worth saying that in this way the stop loss moves only in one direction, the profit side. It does not move in the opposite direction, since it simply does not make any sense.

Conclusion.

A standard opportunity that is so often ignored by novice traders hides enormous potential. The complete absence of a stop loss in trading is fraught with catastrophic consequences, so it is better to calculate or set it incorrectly than not to use it at all.

Read: “What is GAP?”

With the accumulation of experience, the study of various trading systems and, most importantly, the use of imagination and out-of-the-box thinking, stop loss order is able to take trading to a completely different level. Remembering the phrase “cut your losses and let your profits grow,” a comparison of stop loss to a knife comes to mind. In some hands he can injure these same hands, in others he can create something worthwhile, for example, a work of art.

So gain experience, improve your skills, use this wonderful tool, recognizing yourself as the culprit of mistakes and failures, and not him, and then your attitude towards losses and trading in general will undergo incredible positive changes.

The decision to undergo mammoplasty for most women is motivated primarily by the desire to increase breast size. An important point is the choice of one form or another of the mammary gland. But the shape of the future breast depends not only on the type of implant, but also on the method of its installation.

How does the shape of implants affect the appearance of the breasts?

To understand this, you need to know that a woman’s breasts and implants interact with each other and press on each other. The mammary glands already have their own definite shape, and the degree of natural softness and elasticity varies with the same characteristics of breast endoprostheses. All these indicators affect appearance enlarged breasts. However, not only the type of implant and natural form A woman's breasts determine future results. Important role The choice of implant installation method also plays a role: above the pectoral muscle, above the mammary gland. Only experienced surgeons can put all these factors together and predict the final appearance of the operated breast.

Implant installation methods

Submuscular (installation of implants under the pectoral muscle);
Subglandular (installation of implants under the mammary gland);
Subfascial (installation of implants under the fascia of the pectoralis major muscle).

Let's look at the features of each implant location.

Method of installation under the mammary gland

The recovery period when installed under the gland is easier and faster

This method is not very suitable for women with a small volume of the mammary gland. The implant will be palpable and may be visible visually. But the main drawback this method- this is the possibility of complications in the form of fibrous capsular contracture and loss of nipple sensitivity. But in addition to the shortcomings this method There are also advantages.

Advantages:

The pectoralis major muscle is not affected, as a result of which the recovery period is shortened, which passes with minor painful sensations or with their complete absence. Swelling is also minimal, the mammary glands take their final shape in a short time;
At physical activity an implant installed in this way does not deform or move;
The subglandular method makes the breasts appear fuller.

Flaws:

Capsular contracture is possible;
With thin skin on a woman's chest, small quantity adipose tissue and breast deficiency, implants can be seen and felt;
The skin around the implant may develop irregularities in the form of ripples and waves;
Due to the lack of muscle support, large implants can stretch the skin and make the breasts sag;
The risk of infection and loss of sensitivity is higher;
The appearance of stretch marks on the chest;
Difficult blood supply;
Breast asymmetry may appear.

Installation of implants under the gland is well suited for trained women

Plastic surgeons do not often choose the over-the-muscle method, but it may be ideal for women who have enough breast volume to cover the implants, have ptosis but do not want a lift, have scarring or degeneration of the pectoral muscle, or have strong muscles from weightlifting. or bodybuilding (trained pectoral muscles can distort the implant).

Valery Yakimets comments:

Leading plastic surgeon, candidate of medical sciences, doctor highest category, full member of OPREH.

There is no perfect way to enlarge breasts. Each installation method has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, when implants are placed under a muscle, the shape of the breast may become slightly distorted when it is tense. If installed under the gland during physical activity, the shape will be more natural. But implants put pressure on the mammary glands from the inside, they become thinner and atrophy, and the implants can become deformed. If breast augmentation under the gland is performed on a female athlete, then the implant will most likely be visible.

Method of installation under the pectoralis major muscle

When the implants are placed submuscularly, they are completely covered by muscles. This method at one time became an alternative to the subglandular one. However, this method also has a sufficient number of significant disadvantages: increased trauma, difficult recovery period, and when the pectoral muscle is loaded, the chest can become distorted and deformed. If implants are placed incorrectly under the pectoral muscle, they may subsequently become dislodged.

Advantages:

The implant is completely covered with muscle (this is suitable for women with breast deficiency);
The implant subsequently remains completely invisible and imperceptible;
Minimal risk of capsular contracture.

Flaws:

Not the most natural result;
The density of the muscles covering the implants prevents the desired size and height of the breast from being achieved;
Deformation and (or) displacement of implants during contraction of the pectoral muscle.

Plastic surgeons do not often use this installation method in their practice.

Method of installation under the fascia of the pectoralis major muscle

Surgeons consider the method of installing an implant under the fascia of the pectoral muscle to be the most optimal

Imperfections in installing implants using the above methods have led to the appearance of optimal method. Complete implant coverage without the risk of deforming the mammary glands has become a possible subfascial method. Fascia is a well-defined layer, a soft layer between the implant and the skin, under which the edges of the implants will not be visible and the pectoralis major muscle will not be injured. The fascia holds the endoprosthesis tightly.

By placing the implant along the fascia, the breast will not be distorted during contractions of the pectoral muscle. Implant displacement is also virtually eliminated. When installing implants using the subfacial method, the result is natural and harmonious. Fascia helps to increase the elasticity of the overlying tissue and reduces the visibility of the edges of the implants.

The subfascial method is used for breast augmentation using various approaches:

Axillary;
Subglandular;
Periareolar.

This is the method that most specialists use for augmentation mammoplasty.

Advantages:

Maximum natural look, breast transition is smooth and smooth;
The risk of developing capsular contracture is reduced;
The fascia supports the implants and prevents them from sagging;
During physical activity there is almost no risk of implant deformation.

Flaws:

Postoperative pain;
Long recovery period;
Displacement of the implant over time (with loose breast skin).

The invention relates to providing geodetic measurements and is used to determine the altitude reference of various buildings and structures and to monitor settlements during their operation. The technical result of the invention is to expand the scope of application of benchmarks in very rough terrain and increase the accuracy of measurements. The method of installing a reference point involves installing a metal reference core in a pre-formed ground cavity. structural elements, anchor, anti-heaving devices of the core, cavity filler. The cavity is formed in the form of a well, the anchor is freely lowered into it, and it is deformed. A core is installed by driving it into the anchor; it is preliminarily rigidly fastened over its entire surface with a plastic clip; the outer surface is lubricated with antifreeze material below the seasonal soil freezing level (SSF), and equipped at the lower end with a metal cone-shaped tip. A tubular shell is put on the core with the holder, the lower end does not reach the anchor, but exceeds the length of the USPG, with the possibility of sliding and providing free space with the holder. The outer surface of the shell is lubricated with antifreeze material. The anchor is filled with a fastening composition and the remaining cavity of the well is filled with local soil material. The benchmark contains a metal core with a cone-shaped tip and an anchor at the end, anti-heaving devices with a lubricant. The core is rigidly fastened over its entire surface to a plastic cage, the outer surface of which is lubricated with antifreeze material. A plastic shell, the length of which exceeds the USPG, is put on the core with the holder so that it can slide and provide free space with the holder. The outer surface of the plastic shell is lubricated with antifreeze material and wrapped in plastic film. The anchor is made in the form of a metal pipe with a diameter less than the diameter of the well. The pipe has longitudinal slots along part of its length, forming strips, and some of the strips are alternately bent into inner space pipe until they close together, the upper ends of the other part of the strips are bent towards the walls of the well. The lower part of the well with an anchor is filled with a fastening compound, such as concrete, and the remaining free space of the well is filled with local soil. 2 n.p. f-ly, 2 ill.

The invention relates to providing geodetic measurements and is used to determine the altitude reference of various buildings and structures and to monitor settlements during their operation.

Famous geodetic benchmarks in the form of metal protective shells do not ensure the stability of the reference points of geodetic networks (see, for example, Information leaflet No. 100-74 of the Novosibirsk Inter-industry and Territorial Center for Scientific and Technical Information and Propaganda, 1974, “Economical designs of anti-heave benchmarks”).

The disadvantages of the described structures are the limited soil conditions in which such benchmarks can be installed, as well as the failure of these structures, which require repair after the first winter period. This occurs due to the fact that the soil gradually settles after heaving, starting from upper layers, and the lower layers are still frozen and do not allow the protective shell to return to its original position and it remains in the position of maximum soil rise.

This disadvantage has been overcome constructive solution according to a.s. USSR No. 1286901 dated 04/17/85

The disadvantages of this design are the lack of description of the method of immersing the finished reference, on which the safety of the structure depends, in particular, ensuring reliable anchoring, as well as the multi-part nature, labor-intensive manufacturing, insufficient reliability and fragility in operation due to weak anchoring of the tip. In most cases, the soil becomes heaving due to water content, and the described tip design is not able to hold the core in a stationary position in wet soil.

The proposed method of installing a reference point, which consists in installing a metal reference core in a pre-formed ground cavity with structural elements, an anchor, anti-heaving devices of the core, and a cavity filler, is carried out in the following sequence:

the cavity is formed in the form of a well, drilled, for example, by drilling with a pneumatic punch, an anchor is freely lowered into it, it is deformed, then, by driving into the anchor, a core is installed, previously rigidly fastened along its entire surface below the seasonal freezing level of the soil (USFS) with a plastic cage, lubricated on the outer surface with anti-freezing material, and equipped at the lower end with a metal cone-shaped tip, a plastic tubular shell is put on the core with the cage, providing free space between them, the lower end not reaching the anchor, but exceeding the length of the USPG, the outer surface of the shell they are also lubricated with antifreeze material and wrapped with plastic film, the anchor is concreted and the remaining well cavity is filled with local soil material.

A benchmark installed in a well, containing a metal core with a cone-shaped tip and an anchor at the end, anti-heaving devices with a lubricant and a well filler, is made in the form of a core, rigidly fastened over its entire surface below the seasonal freezing level of the soil (USPG) with a plastic holder, external the surface of which is lubricated with an antifreeze material, for example, graphite grease, a plastic tubular shell is placed on the core with a holder with the possibility of sliding and the presence of free space, the length exceeding the maximum USPG, the outer surface of the plastic tubular shell is lubricated with an antifreeze material and wrapped in plastic film, the anchors are lowered to the bottom of a pre-drilled well and made in the form of a metal pipe with a diameter less than the diameter of the well, longitudinal slots are made in the pipe along part of its length, forming strips, and some of the strips are alternately bent into the internal space of the pipe until they close together, the upper ends of the other part of the strips are bent into side of the well walls, the core is inserted by driving to the bottom of the well, overcoming the resistance of the strips bent inward until the tip passes completely through the strips, the lower part of the well with the anchor is filled with a fastening compound, for example, concrete, and the remaining free space of the well is filled with local soil.

The method and design of the benchmark are illustrated by drawings, in which figure 1 shows the proposed design of the benchmark, ready for use, general form; Fig. 2 - anchor design, side and top views.

The proposed method is carried out as follows.

An anchor 2 is freely lowered into a pre-drilled well 1, for example, using a pneumatic punch, then it is deformed with the same punch, running again along the finished well 1 to a depth not reaching the bottom of the well 1. After removing the pneumatic punch, a core 3 is inserted into the anchor 2 with a rigidly fastened over the entire surface of the core 3 with a length below the level of seasonal soil freezing (USFG) with a plastic clip 4, which is lubricated on the outer surface with a non-freezing material 5, for example, graphite solid oil, and equipped at the lower end with a metal cone-shaped tip 6, on the core 3 with a clip 4 and with lubricant 5, a plastic tubular shell 7 with a length exceeding the USPG is put on, ensuring free space with a holder, and, lubricated on the outer surface with a non-freezing material and wrapped around the lubricant with a plastic film 8, insertion is carried out with the force of the core 3 with a tip 6 to the bottom of the well 1, filled with concrete 9 anchors 2 and backfilling of well 1 with local soil 10.

The benchmark includes a metal core 3 with a plastic holder 4 rigidly fastened along its entire length, lubricated on its outer surface with a non-freezing material 5, for example, graphite solid oil, and equipped at the lower end with a metal cone-shaped tip 6; a plastic tubular shell is put on the holder 4 7 with the possibility of free sliding, the outer surface of which is lubricated with anti-freezing material and covered with a plastic film 8, the cage 4 and the shell 7 are made in length exceeding the USPG. To anchor the core 3, an anchor is used in the form of a metal pipe 2 with a diameter smaller than the well 1, in which longitudinal slots 11 are made along part of the length of the pipe 2 with the formation of strips, and one part of the strips 12 is alternately bent inside the pipe 2 until they close together, and the upper ends alternately the other part of the strips 13 are bent towards the walls of the well 1, the core 3 is lowered to the bottom of the well 1 until the cone-shaped tip 6 with the strips 12 snaps into place. The upper end of the core 3 is equipped with a centering head 14 and is protected from damage by a pipe with a cover 15 located in the pit at the level surface of the earth. The pit must be concreted.

The technology for installing and installing the benchmark is as follows.

After drilling the well 1 and lowering the anchor 2 into it, the pneumatic punch is re-launched, which, when in contact with the strips 13, bends and embeds them into the soil of the walls of the well 1, thereby anchoring the anchor. After removing the pneumatic punch, a reference core 3 is inserted into the anchor 2, equipped at the lower end with a cone-shaped tip 6 and anti-heaving devices, until the tip 6 strips 12 are driven through. The anchor 2 is filled with fastening material 9, for example concrete, and the hole is backfilled with local soil 10. The tip 6 can be made from metal waste, for example from scarves, as shown in Fig.1. As the practice of exploiting benchmarks has shown, existing structures even with anti-frost devices they cannot withstand repeated freeze-thaw cycles. The reasons for the loss of stability of the reference points are, first of all, insufficient anchoring of the reference core, which in most cases forces the core to be buried by two dozen meters. In addition, frost heaving of waterlogged soil is capable of compressing the core with such force, despite the presence of lubricant, that under conditions low temperatures and a decrease in the viscosity of the lubricant, as well as hardening of the elastic cage, not only cause the core to move, but even deform it. Horizontal movements of the soil occur due to the heterogeneity of its layers.

The proposed implementation of the method and device makes it possible to reduce the length of the reference point to a minimum due to an increase in the anchoring force. Described anti-heaving devices with two layers lubricants and in the presence of free space between the holder and the shell, they guarantee the integrity of the entire structure of the reference frame under conditions of uneven and multidirectional action of the forces of frost heaving of the soil, and increase durability during multiple “freezing-thawing” cycles. The proposed method and design of the benchmark are carried out by simple means and materials, which significantly expands the scope of application of these benchmarks in very rough terrain due to the installation of a large number of them. This leads to increased measurement accuracy. An important factor is that the head of the benchmark is flush with the surface of the ground, which protects it from various damages, especially from intentional ones.

1. A method of installing a reference point, which consists in installing a metal reference core in a pre-formed ground cavity with structural elements, an anchor, anti-heaving devices of the core, a cavity filler, characterized in that the cavity is formed in the form of a well, drilled, for example, by driving with a pneumatic punch, in the anchor is freely lowered into it, it is deformed, then, by driving into the anchor, a core is installed, pre-rigidly fastened over its entire surface with a plastic cage, the outer surface of which is lubricated with anti-freezing material below the seasonal soil freezing level (USPG), and equipped at the lower end with a metal with a cone-shaped tip, a plastic tubular shell is put on the core with the holder, the lower end does not reach the anchor, but exceeds the length of the USPG, ensuring the possibility of sliding and the presence of free space with the holder, the outer surface of the shell is also lubricated with anti-freezing material and wrapped with a plastic film, concreting is carried out anchors and filling the remaining hole cavity with local soil material.

2. A benchmark installed in a well, containing a metal core with a cone-shaped tip and an anchor at the end, anti-heaving devices with a lubricant and a cavity filler, characterized in that the core is rigidly fastened over its entire surface to a plastic holder, the outer surface of which is lubricated with an anti-freezing material below level of seasonal soil freezing (USF), for example, graphite-solid oil, a plastic tubular shell is put on the core with a holder with the possibility of sliding and the presence of free space, the length exceeds the USF, the outer surface of the plastic tubular shell is lubricated with anti-freezing material and wrapped in plastic film, the anchor is made in in the form of a metal pipe with a diameter less than the diameter of the well and lowered to the bottom of a pre-drilled well, longitudinal slots are made in the pipe along part of its length, forming strips, and some of the strips are alternately bent into the internal space of the pipe until they close together, the upper ends of the other part of the strips are bent to the side walls of the well, the core is inserted by driving to the bottom of the well, overcoming the resistance of the strips bent inwards until the tip passes completely through the strips, the lower part of the well with the anchor is filled with a fastening composition, for example concrete, and the remaining free space of the well is filled with local soil.

Similar patents:

The invention relates to the field of creating on the earth's surface points of a reference boundary network (MBN), which is a geodetic network special purpose, necessary for coordinate support of the state land cadastre, land monitoring, land management and other operations for managing the land fund of Russia.

The invention relates to the field of creating on the earth's surface points of a reference boundary network, which is a special-purpose geodetic network necessary for coordinate support of the state land cadastre, land monitoring, land management and other operations for managing the land fund of Russia.

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The invention relates to mining, in particular to means for monitoring the condition of anchor support and displacements of host rocks in horizontal and inclined underground mine workings secured by anchor support. The anchor support control device contains benchmarks, each of which is connected by a flexible connection to its corresponding indicator, and a wellhead tube. In this case, the indicators are fixed on flexible connections with clamps, located one inside the other or independently of each other. Also in the anchor support control device: the reference is made in the form of a spring with bent ends; indicators on the outer surface have horizontal three-color markings, which are applied with paint or made from individual or combined strips on a sheet or shell. The indicators have an additional shell made of polymer material; flexible connections are made of stainless steel steel cable or from polymer or composite materials. The wellhead tube is made of metal, or polymer, or composite materials. The technical result of the invention is to simplify installation, increase the information content and reliability of monitoring the condition of roof bolts and displacements of host rocks in horizontal and inclined underground mine workings. 5 salary f-ly, 9 ill.

The invention relates to providing geodetic measurements and is used to perform altitude reference various points earth's surface, buildings, engineering structures and technological equipment, as well as for monitoring vertical deformations during their operation. The technical result is a reduction in the cost of producing a benchmark and its relaying, a reduction in the time required for performing measurements and an increase in the accuracy of measurements when monitoring the altitude position of points. The ground reference consists of a metal reference pipe 1, which, within the seasonally thawed layer, is made in the form of a tapering truncated cone, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the magnitude of the tangential buckling force. An anchor 2 is attached to the lower part of the pipe, and a movable mark 3 is attached to the upper part. The height of the mark 3 is changed along the screw thread 4 with fixation by a lock nut 5. To rotate the mark along the screw thread, a hexagonal cross section 6 under wrench. To measure changes in the height of the reference point, a metal ruler 7 with millimeter divisions is attached to the movable mark. The change in the height of the mark is measured relative to the fixed index 8, welded to the reference pipe 1. 1 il.

The invention relates to providing geodetic measurements and is used to determine the altitude reference of various buildings and structures and to monitor settlements during their operation

Installation is complex work on installation, assembly of buildings and structures, utility networks or their individual components. The reliability and durability of the structures being created depends on it by 50%. Therefore, when performing work, specialists are aware of what needs to be done high-quality installation. Installation methods tend to differ depending on the objects that are being assembled at the time. As a matter of fact, in each area in which they are carried out there are several types of assembly. For example, installation methods building structures, depending on the purpose, there are four types and are subject to certain principles.

Building construction. Installation methods

For building structures, proper installation plays an important role in durability. Installation methods in this case are divided into several - it all depends on the type and purpose of the object. They all require various equipment performance of work and various specialists. Methods for installing building structures are:

1) Element-by-element. During one stroke of the lifting mechanism, only one component of the object is lifted and installed. This type of wall installation is most often used in civil engineering.

2) Large block. In one stroke of the lifting mechanism, several wall elements are lifted and further installation is carried out. Installation methods in large blocks are most often used in the construction of buildings and structures for industrial purposes.

3) Separate. Installation is carried out according to the principle of uniformity of structures - first one type, then another, etc.

4) Complex. The cells in this case constitute the main unit for installation. Installation methods based on this principle imply that first one cell is completely installed, then the next one.

5) Longitudinal and transverse. Work is carried out along the structure or across it, depending on the project and functional purpose object.

Construction of walls during the construction of buildings and structures

The most widespread and frequent installation of walls is carried out during the construction of construction projects using the build-up method. The upper structures are installed on the already fixed lower ones. All elements are consistently built up throughout the entire area of the building. In this case, separate or mixed installation methods are used.

The method of growing is to install walls from top to bottom. The lower ones are sequentially attached to the topmost floor or structural element. First, all the floors of the building are arranged, and then the walls are built.

The methods of sliding, turning and vertical lifting are based on the primary assembly of a large unit on the ground and then its further movement to a permanent location.

Network engineering. Cabling

The concept of installation technology

Not a single constructed facility can be completed with high quality without design and compliance. Installation technology and its observance contribute not only long-term operation subsequently, but also guarantee the absence of work to correct the defect. The technology looks like this:

Creating a project.
Preparation for installation. Includes checking compliance with the project, product quality, and installation marks.
Enlargement of nodes. This type of work is performed if provided for by the project. The product is partially assembled for the next step.
Arrangement of scaffolding and scaffolding for the work of the installation team.
Slinging and delivery of the structure to the work site.
Temporary installation, checking compliance with the project conditions, unfastening of structures.
Bringing the structure to the design location.
Final fixation of the object in the intended place.

Instructions for installation work

Whatever product or structure requires installation work, there are installation instructions. For each object, its own provisions and methods are developed, which combine the provisions of GOST and modern developments of equipment and tools for performing work. The instructions contain:

Introduction. general description object to be installed.
General installation instructions. The general methodology for performing work is described, without taking into account the characteristics of the object.
How to carry out preparatory work.
Instructions for installation and connection. Instructions on the specifics of performing work and connecting to other elements.
Adjustment and final docking.
Adjustment and checking.
Delivery of an assembled object or product.

Safety precautions when performing installation work

When performing any related installation work Safety precautions must be observed. It is prohibited to allow persons under 18 years of age to perform them. Among the workers, it must be carried out. On the site, proper storage of materials and components, fencing and signs in hazardous areas must be ensured. All workers performing installation at height must be provided with helmets and

Before lifting the object to the installation site, the reliability of all fastenings is checked. It is prohibited to move the object above the workers who are currently performing installation. The structure can only be delivered to the installation site with outside building. After delivery of the structure, it is first temporarily secured and then freed from the lifting mechanisms.

During the construction and installation of structures for various purposes must be observed installation technology. If the method is correctly selected (at the design stage) and installation rules are followed, the object will have high performance characteristics.