The first factories appeared in. Difference between factory and factory. Distinctive features of the company

In early America there was more than one kind of frontier and one of the pioneers. They developed large new commercial enterprises that used mechanical equipment to produce products and goods previously produced in the home or small store. Equipment was grouped in factories.

Some of the technology used to form these new businesses came from England, but increasingly it came from American inventors, scientists, and mechanics. The first plant in the United States was started after George Washington became president.

Distinctive features of the company

The plant had 72 spindles equipped with nine children pushing foot pedals, which were soon replaced by water. Three years later, John and Arthur Schofield, who also came from England, built the first wool mill in Massachusetts. From the textile industry the plant spread to many other areas. In Pennsylvania large ovens and rolling mills replaced small local forges and blacksmiths. Pewterware and clocks were made in Connecticut. Reapers and sewing machines will be made soon.

The invention of interchangeable parts allowed factories to create watches like this one in mass quantities. At first, these new factories were financed through business partnerships, where several people invested in the plant and paid business expenses such as advertising and product distribution.

In a corporation, individual investors are financially responsible for the business's debts only to the extent of their investment, not to the full net worth of the business, including its home and property. First used by bankers and builders, the corporation concept extended to manufacturing.

Over the next 15 years, they targeted additional companies in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Lowell and his partners hoped to avoid the worst evil of British industry. They built their own production capacity in Massachusetts. To work in the textile factories, Lowell hired young unmarried women from New England farms. The "mill girls" were accompanied by matrons and adhered to a strict curfew and moral code.

Although the work was tedious, many women experienced a sense of independence they had not known on the farm. At that time, wages were three times the rate for a domestic servant. The impact of the creation of all these factories and corporations was to drive people from rural areas to the cities where the factories were located. This movement continued as a result civil war. With a huge and growing market unaffected by European traditions to hinder their development, the corporation became a central force in America's economic growth.

new level

, hitherto unseen. Plants and factories have appeared in all states that produce a huge number of consumer goods. These concepts are not just used as synonyms, but are completely identified. How important is it to differentiate between these categories? The Death of American Manufacturing Factory-made textiles led to cheaper clothing for the masses, but also led to the first American sweatshops. Globalization and outsourcing are killing our industry icons. This turned the tide of World War II and hastened defeat

Nazi Germany ; he subsequently helped rebuild Europe and Japan; this allowed the United States to survive the Soviet empire during the Cold War. At the same time, it met all the material needs of the American people. Many American icons were born during this period. American manufacturing has become synonymous with quality and ingenuity. On the flip side of this industrial production America's middle class has grown. In turn, high-paying jobs helped create a robust and growing economy that relied little on foreign countries for

However, manufacturing as a share of the economy is falling sharply. Given America's prodigious record of manufacturing achievements and the vulnerabilities associated with foreign dependence when the country lacks strong domestic manufacturing, it is alarming when economists warn that the US faces "the gutting, hollowing out and shutting down of American manufacturing forever."

The loss of the manufacturing industry is most evident in job losses. According to the economist: “For the first time since the Industrial Revolution, manufacturing now employs less than 10 percent of American workers.” But even this figure is likely twice the actual percentage, since many workers in a typical manufacturing firm have service-type jobs.

More recently, these job losses and loss of American manufacturing have been confirmed in the auto industry. According to its goals, the decision was an attempt to "get its costs in line with major global competitors" and "return North American operations to profitability as quickly as possible."

It's now five steps below investment grade. Ford, another American icon, is also cutting jobs. However, the auto industry is just one example of the overall decline in American industrial power over the past few decades. S. has lost 3 million manufacturing jobs, as anyone in Pittsburgh can tell you how unprofitable the steel industry has been over the last 20 or so years. Production losses occur due to globalization and outsourcing.

Globalization is the increased mobility of goods, services, labor, technology and capital around the world; Outsourcing is manufacturing activity in another country that was previously done by a domestic firm or factory. At the dawn of globalization, the removal of trade barriers opened up access to foreign markets for American manufacturers in exchange for building factories abroad. Over time, more and more manufacturers set up shop overseas, producing goods to sell to Americans.

Today, the trend is so severe that analysts predict that some industries may see between a quarter and half of all jobs displaced. Currently, Mexico is the world leader in the production of auto parts and one of the largest producers TVs in the world.

Asia has also been a long-time recipient of American manufacturing outsourcing. China has also gained hundreds of thousands of outsourced jobs. While this argument may be superficially compelling, it ignores the dangerous long-term consequences of production losses.

In fact, outsourcing is making Americans poorer over time because America's wealth and technology are slowly migrating to other countries. America's prosperity grew as profits from domestic production were reinvested in buildings, machinery, and technological change.

But now outsourcing is diverting that income to foreigners. America can access cheaper products through outsourcing, but also has attendant problems, including downward pressure on wages. Displaced manufacturing workers largely move into low-wage service sector jobs. S. fell for the first time in 14 years.

If America doesn't produce and sell goods, then money leaves the country. Unfortunately, this trend shows no signs of abating. Even in agriculture last year there was a deficit in living memory. Every time a US manufacturer closes and then reopens elsewhere, foreign country receives American technology. Without having to spend resources on developing technology, foreigners can focus on improving or beating up.