Wood is a valuable natural product created by nature and it is very important to learn how to use it correctly. After all, just as no person has the same fingerprint, there is no similar tree in a forest area. For many centuries now, humanity has been using wood for various needs: building houses, assembling furniture, skillfully creating decorative interior items and using it for industrial purposes. That's why correct processing cutting down a tree is a very important task facing the masters of their craft. As they say: “If you cut down a tree, then only to create a masterpiece!”

What is wood sawing? In a nutshell: it is the transformation of a valuable natural resource into lumber, i.e. sawing - processing a tree trunk in any way to obtain material suitable for economic, technical and industrial needs.

To get out quality product, the raw materials for its manufacture must also be good. If trees of the required and correct sizes, then cutting a large amount of highly productive material from it will not be difficult. The main thing to remember are three fundamental factors: resource quality, shape and volume of wood And correctly selected types of wood sawing.

A good resource is a fresh resource. It is best to start working with wood immediately after the tree has been cut down. The more knotty and curved the trunk, the harder it is to obtain good lumber from it; therefore, before starting sawing, you need to sort the logs according to their quality characteristics, and only then use equipment for sawing wood.

There are no perfectly round trunks, so it is believed that a log has 4 sides, each of them consists of a quarter of a circle and occupies its full length. These 4 faces do not overlap one another. There is such a thing as a “clean edge”; the higher it is, the greater the value of the wood. This edge is free from various defects: cracks, scars, branches, chips, rot and damage.

Wood sawing technology

On an industrial scale, complex and expensive equipment is used to process trunks, and sawing wood at home takes place with a minimum set of tools: it is manual and electric saw, jigsaw. In order for the products to look neat, you need to know some features of the process.

You can start with sharpening the saw and bending its teeth. Sharpen it with a file. The teeth are set apart different sides so that the saw blade does not jam in the cut. To do this, use pliers, and bend the teeth alternately, then in one direction, then in the other.
Before starting any woodworking you need make markings. To do this, rulers, tape measures, squares and other devices are used, and the line is drawn with a pencil, felt-tip pen, pen or marker. When marking the workpiece, it is necessary to ensure that areas with defects do not fall into the sawing zone.
Sawing wood with your own hands involves fixing the workpiece any of the mounting methods. This can be a clamp or a miter box, when the workpiece is sawed at a certain angle.
The next stage is Sawing It is best to start cutting the workpiece in the longitudinal direction, and only then in the transverse direction. All movements when working with hand saw done in jerks and swings. If the saw is electric, the process will happen faster. For sawing at home, you can use a jigsaw; it is usually used for hardwood or large workpieces to facilitate the worker’s efforts.

Modern woodworking machines allow you to speed up the processing process both at home and in small and medium-sized businesses. A band sawmill is one of the mechanized methods for preparing lumber. Sawing wood for band sawmill occurs along the trunk, so any log can be used to make a beam, board, veneer or gun carriage. Such a machine can work with any type of wood: soft and hard, as well as highly resinous, producing edged and Not edged board. The entire process of work on such a sawmill consists of only 3 steps:

Preparatory stage, when the workpiece is given the required shape and also adjusted to one size.
Actually processing stage, when the operator configures the operating parameters and then presses “start”.
The final stage when a specialist manually corrects minor errors left after the machine’s operation.

Cutting tool for sawing wood V in this case- This band-saw 60 mm wide. The principle of its operation is based on sawing a stationary object fixed between two guides with fixed movable stops and a horizontally moving saw blade. The thickness of the resulting material is set at your discretion. If different types of wood are processed at the sawmill, then you need to carefully monitor the settings for a specific material. It is necessary to monitor correct installation feed speed of the workpiece so as not to break the saw. A system for regulating the supply of lubricating fluid is necessary to ensure that waste from sawing wood (sawdust) does not stick to the saw teeth and saw pulleys. This significantly extends the life of the equipment.

Laser cutting when sawing wood increasingly used for reasons of economy, increased productivity and increased processing accuracy. Thanks to precision cutting, this processing quantitatively reduces waste and minimizes leftovers. Laser cutting of wood produces and heat treatment cutting, so the material can last longer due to the protective layer formed. This industrial processing of the barrel does not require any special effort To perform the operation, you can cut material of almost any thickness. Due to the fact that wood is a flammable element, the laser cutting area must be cooled to prevent fire.
Wood sawing machine used only on an industrial scale. These are large bulky units with high labor productivity, allowing them to work continuously (in shifts) under heavy loads. These machines include:

Circular saw - it is designed for cross-cutting, longitudinal cutting, and angled sawing, with a circular saw as the cutting tool.
Multi saw machine - it is used for sawing and cutting wood materials; several saws are involved in the cutting process sequentially or simultaneously.

Wood sawing line– already a whole complex, which can consist of one or several machines. This is expensive equipment that can only be used if available large quantity raw materials. There are several representatives of this class of machines:

Splitter sawing line allows you to saw and split logs of any type of tree. The work is performed by a disk or chain Saw. This line is distinguished by its ease of operation and Maintenance, well suited for thin gauges and large logs.
Round timber processing line designed for processing timber into the output of edged round timber, sawdust and chips, timbering and processing of boards. They have two saw modules and a pneumatic system for removing sawdust.
Log sorting line designed for sorting logs in order to optimize sawmilling and obtain maximum yield, as well as cutting productivity and in monitoring the volume of purchased logs.
Optimization line automates the supply of timber at the input, replacing completely manual labor when feeding trunks.

If you decide to start your own wood sawing business, then first you should decide on the volume of lumber production, and then you will decide what method and equipment to choose for this.

Wood sawing services

How much does it cost to cut wood?– the question is rather rhetorical, it all depends on who will carry out the work and how it will be done.

Such services can be provided by organizations for the removal of unnecessary green spaces, immediately after the removal of the tree. If the plant was small or there are a number of defects in the trunk, then such wood is used in economic activities or the trunk and large branches are sawed for firewood. When more than one object is removed, for example, for planned construction, and the tree stands are of industrial attractiveness, then we can already talk about the value of such lumber.

In order to start cooperation with a company, sometimes it is necessary to conclude a contract for sawing wood, where all technical points, the timing of the work and the cost of this process. You can draw up an estimate - this is a document that indicates how the work will be carried out and in what way, and also indicates the type of wood, because different types of wood are also cut and processed differently.

There are a great many types and classifications of wood: hard, very hard, soft, seasoned, resinous, with and without knots, etc. It is clear that the harder it is, the more difficult it is to process, and the more knots it contains, the more waste there will be.

When cutting a log, the location of the fibers is also taken into account. Hence, three types of sawing are distinguished:

Radial sawing of wood(with a chainsaw or using longitudinal sawing machines) is a method of processing a trunk in which the fibers in the resulting board run along the direction of the growth rings. This type of sawing gives large quantity The resulting product is superior in strength and hardness to all other types of wood processing. Such lumber is uniform in texture and color, and the inter-ring dimensions are minimal. The resulting radial cut boards are practically not subject to deformation, are more wear-resistant and have a lower percentage of shrinkage.
Longitudinal sawing of wood performed by machines or on a sawmill. With this processing of raw materials, veneer, carriage, edged and unshaped boards, thin gauge, ordinary timber. Small trunks and thin logs are used.
Tangential sawing– this is the processing of material in which the cut plane passes at a distance from the core tangentially to the annual rings of the trunk. This product has a pronounced texture, and the pattern of annual rings is wavy. This type of sawing has a higher shrinkage coefficient, but the price is more affordable than radial sawing.

Home sawing and planing of wood – manual method wood processing. It is used to produce single copies of products and decorative items of artistic value.

Sawing frozen wood

This type of sawing is highlighted in separate category not by chance, since the processing of this type of raw material is quite common, and in terms of quality characteristics it differs significantly from ordinary dry and fresh raw materials. Logging areas are often developed in the cold season, so the flow of frozen wood to processing points practically never dries up.

Manufacturers cutting tool produce saws specifically for working in winter conditions, accordingly, the equipment used for sawing must be configured for frozen raw materials. The fact is that such sawing of wood (price and terms are specified separately) has different physical properties. mechanical properties than usual. Freezing moisture affects the increase in the strength of frozen trunks, therefore the design of the cutting tool must correspond to the processing mode. There may also be a decrease in machine productivity, but the resulting material is more durable, so improving processing mechanisms is the only solution to the problem.

"Arborist" offers a service such as sawing of wood with on-site visits to the customer. This is very convenient way, allowing you to solve your problems without even leaving your site. We can also buy and transport firewood, taking up space near your home. You make a profit and get rid of unnecessary wood. In addition, our specialists can carry out any work on removing unnecessary trees, as well as crowning and trimming dangerous elements using special equipment. All equipment that our specialists work with is certified and adjusted, and our employees are equipped with a license for their services. By contacting our company, you will first receive advice and answers to all questions.

Sawing wood video

Wood is valuable natural material which was created by nature itself. People have been using this wonderful raw material for many centuries to build houses, create furniture, decorative items interior, and also used for industrial purposes. For these reasons, proper processing of a felled trunk is an extremely important task. Sawing and planing wood are the most important operations with wood. In this article we will talk about what wood sawing is and what types of sawing exist.

Log sawing is the process of converting valuable natural raw materials into lumber. When sawing wood various methods lumber can be obtained in various sizes. To obtain high-quality products, you need to choose high-quality, even logs that are not damaged by pests.

Types of wood cutting

The quality of the final product depends on large number factors - type of wood and quality of raw materials, professionalism of workers, proper drying. However, there is another important aspect - this is the method of cutting timber.

There are the following cutting methods:

tangential
radial
rustic
longitudinal
transverse.

Rustic is a cut that is performed under acute angle to the direction of the fibers. This method is used in the production of lumber for rustic flooring, which can be called the most heterogeneous and original in pattern and shade.

During tangential cutting, the cutting plane lies tangentially to the annual layers of the material at a certain distance from the core. Since wood fibers are most often located in different directions, a natural pattern in the form of fancy “arches”, “curls”, “rings” is obtained on the surface. The structure of the board with this cutting option is heterogeneous; wood pores may be present. At the end of the tangential cut, the boards are characterized by an increased coefficient of shrinkage and swelling. Also, this log sawing scheme makes it possible to increase the useful yield coefficient, which causes a reduction in the cost of the final product.

Sawing wood blanks using the radial method is carried out perpendicular to the annual rings. Thus, a homogeneous board is obtained with the smallest gaps between annual layers. This creates an attractive pattern and also increases the strength of the lumber. Radial materials are characterized by high resistance to deformation and wear resistance. Also, such boards have lower rates of shrinkage and swelling compared to tangentially cut lumber. That's why finished goods, For example, parquet board, batten, block house, lining, practically do not crack on the front part, but tangential sawing materials are susceptible to such phenomena. Glued laminated timber is created only from radial and semi-radial cut boards, because the mechanical and geometric parameters are directly dependent on the resistance of the fibers. This resistance increases during gluing of layers with multidirectional annual rings at an inclination angle of no more than 45°.

Only 10-15% of radial boards can be obtained from a single log. Therefore they have a high cost. The best performance is demonstrated by material having an angle between the annual layers and the cutting plane from 80 to 90 degrees.

Sawing wood across the grain

The technology of sawing wood across the grain is the most common method of processing timber in carpentry. At the same time, such sawing can be called the simplest. Longitudinal sawing of wood requires much more effort and certain skills.

Tools for cross-cutting timber are selected depending on the required accuracy, the amount of work and the conditions available in each individual workshop. You can use:

electric circular saw. She makes neat and fast cuts. For household use Great suitable model with a 1000 W motor and a disk cross-section of 180 mm. Most of circular saws have a combined blade included, which can be used to implement the most various works. The teeth of this blade are something between the teeth of the transverse and longitudinal saw. For long work It is better to take a blade that is coated with carbide. Its cost is higher, but it takes 10 times longer to dull
miter box and tenon saw. They are used for finishing. These tools can be used to make the most precise cuts.
circular saw
cross saw. When purchasing, please note that the teeth of such a tool should be alternately positioned to the left and to the right of the blade itself. They must be well sharpened and beveled. The most popular is a saw with 10 teeth per 25 mm blade. With 8 teeth, the saw will cut faster, but will create rough cuts.

For many centuries, humanity has been using wood as a building material and, despite the constant emergence of new ones, modern materials, popularity natural wood does not decrease at all.

How to choose the right lumber from a huge assortment? What causes the differences in price and quality?

Quality finished materials made from wood depends on many parameters - the type of wood and the quality of the original timber, the professionalism of the machine operators, compliance with the technology of drying lumber and the production of finished products. Another factor that has a significant impact on the quality and appearance lumber, as well as its mechanical properties, is the method of cutting the wood, which determines the texture of the board.

There are several types of wood cutting - tangential, radial, rustic and transverse, of which the first two are most widespread. To understand the difference between types of cuts, you need to have a good knowledge of the structure of wood and understand the technology of sawing wood.

In cross-cutting, wood is cut across the grain. The method is used in the production of artistic parquet. A rustic cut is any cut made at an acute angle to the direction of the grain. The method is used in the production of lumber for rustic flooring - the most heterogeneous and original in pattern and shade.

With a tangential cut, the cut plane runs tangentially to the annual layers of the tree at some distance from the core. Since wood fibers, as a rule, do not have a single direction, they create natural patterns on the surface of the board in the form of fancy “arches”, “curls”, “rings”. The texture of the resulting tangential cut board is uneven and may contain wood pores. On some of the dry boards after finishing planing Delaminations may form on the surface. After tangential cutting, boards are characterized by higher coefficients of shrinkage and swelling; moreover, such a scheme for sawing logs allows an increase in the useful yield, which in turn leads to a reduction in the cost of the board.

For radial cutting of wood, the cutting plane is located perpendicular to the annual rings. With this method, the texture of the board is quite uniform with minimum distance between annual layers. This not only creates beautiful drawing, but also helps to increase the strength of lumber.

Radial cut boards have good resistance to external influences, have greater resistance to deformation and wear resistance than tangential cut boards.

The shrinkage and swelling coefficients of radially cut lumber are 0.18% and 0.2%, respectively, which is almost two times better than that of tangentially cut lumber. The reason for this phenomenon is that for radial cut boards, shrinkage and swelling occur along the thickness of the material, in contrast to tangential cut boards, in which dimensional changes occur along the width of the board. This explains the fact that in finished products (parquet boards, floor boards, block houses, imitation timber, lining) made from radially cut lumber, there are almost no gaps on the front surface, which is not excluded in products made from tangentially cut lumber. To obtain laminated veneer lumber by splicing wood without knots, blanks and boards of radial and semi-radial cuts are used, since mechanical and geometric characteristics beams depend on the resistance of the fibers, which increases when gluing layers with multidirectional annual rings with an inclination angle of up to 45°.

The average useful yield of radial cut boards is only 10-15%. This explains their high cost. Radial cutting includes lamellas in which the angle between the annual rings and the blade is 60-90°. If the specified angle is in the range of 45-60°, such boards are classified as semi-radial cut. The best performance properties are found in lumber in which the angle between the annual layers and the cutting plane is 80-90 degrees. Taking into account semi-radial cut boards, the useful yield coefficient can reach 30%.

Typically, when radial sawing, the log is initially sawn into quarters, and then from each quarter, boards are sawn off alternately from two layers. For sawing logs in a radial way, for example, UP-700 longitudinal sawing machines can be used. The microprocessor control and optimization system UP-700 is important, which is used by technologists to determine the percentage of yield of radial cut boards based on the criteria for optimizing the maximum yield finished products, as well as the conditions of radial and semi-radial cutting.

Comparing radial and tangential types of cuts, several conclusions can be drawn:

Radial lumber has best properties shrinkage and swelling.
Radial cut boards have better mechanical characteristics and dimensional stability.
The wood of radial cut boards has a uniform shade and uniform texture, which gives a special decorative value to finished wood products.
Due to their characteristics, radial boards are more widely used, although they have a higher price.

The main products of sawmill production are sawn materials. Minor – sawdust and wood chips, which are used for the manufacture of particle boards, fuel pallets, etc.

Types of materials produced on a sawmill

If you follow the “letter” of GOST 18288-77, the materials that are produced at the sawmill include:

1) Lumber

Lumber– wood blanks with two plane-parallel layers and certain dimensions specified in the standards.

Bars– lumber, the width and thickness of which is more than 10 cm, is widely used in the construction of houses, as load-bearing structures, for internal and exterior finishing, manufacturing stairs, windows, etc.
Bruschi– lumber in which the width does not exceed double the thickness. By geometric parameters There are square and rectangular bars. Depending on the length, these lumber are used as floor joists, bases for wall cladding, in the construction of gazebos, bathhouses and other small architectural forms, in furniture production.
Boards- lumber in which the width exceeds the size of double the thickness. Depending on the presence of bark on the side edges, they are divided into trimmed and unedged. Edged boards are more in demand for the manufacture of furniture, windows, doors, for various finishing works- in a word, where not only the strength qualities of wood are important, but also aesthetic parameters. Unedged material It costs an order of magnitude cheaper, so it is bought either for independent processing into edged boards to reduce the cost of production, or is used in construction as an auxiliary material (for lathing roofs, for making decking, etc.).
Sleepers– beams of a set size and shape, which are made as a support for railway rails;

2) Blanks

Blanks– edged lumber with wane and edges that are sawn perpendicular to the facets in whole or in part. These include plates (half sections of logs) and quarters;

3) Obasexual

Lagging– material with an internal sawn and an external unsawed (or only partially sawn) face. Plank obapol - with a convex part sawn half or more, used for the production of fence pickets and in the construction of formwork, scaffolding, strengthening mine workings;

4) Croaker

Gorbyl– the outermost parts of the log that remain during sawing. The croaker differs from the obasexual in that certain ratios of thickness, width and minimum requirements by lenght. Most often used as an environmentally friendly fuel or for the production of wood chips.

Lumber elements

Plast– wide longitudinal surfaces of sawn logs and any side of square lumber. The inner surfaces are those closest to the core of the log, and the outer surfaces are the surfaces that are farthest from the core.

Edges – narrow surfaces, the processing method of which determines the division of lumber into edged, partially edged and unedged;

Edge– the intersection of adjacent two sides of lumber;

Ends– surfaces perpendicular to the edges.

Classification of lumber according to sawing method

Depending on the location of the layers to the annual layers, lumber is divided into:

1) Made by radial sawing

A radial cut is a cut in which the cut passes through the core of the log, at right angles to the rings. In this case, the surface of the layers is uniform in texture and color, and the distances between the annual rings are minimal.

Boards made by radial sawing have excellent quality indicators (swelling coefficient 0.2%, shrinkage coefficient 0.19%). That's why radial lumber are in demand for the manufacture of parquet, timber, lining, block house - the finished products have practically no gaps, in comparison with similar products made from tangential cuts.

Lumber made by radial sawing is the most durable and expensive. They are used in construction, in the production of massive panels and window beam, The yield of a radial board is usually small (30% is already good indicator), and depends on the method chosen for cutting the log. Optimal scheme cutting to obtain radial and semi-radial boards is considered as follows.

2) Made by tangential sawing

When cutting a log tangentially, the saw passes tangentially to the annual layers of the trunk without touching the core of the tree. Such lumber has a wavy pattern, which clearly shows the patterns of annual rings and beautiful wood structure.

For tangential boards, the coefficient of shrinkage and swelling is at least twice as high as that of radial material, so their cost is more affordable and the quality of the products is lower. Such boards are not used for the main building elements - the wood can be deformed and the product will “lead”. But, nevertheless, due to its high aesthetic qualities and low price, the demand for tangential wood is high - it is used for decorative finishing furniture, doors, building elements.

Since time immemorial people have known about high technological and decorative qualities that wood has. Indeed, nature has truly rewarded us valuable material, available for processing by the most simple tools(for example, with a knife or saw).

Talking about positive properties of this material, primarily focus on its low thermal conductivity. In addition, wood is distinguished from many other materials by its fairly high strength and resistance to various substances, ease of processing.

Wood is a “breathing” material. If it is impregnated with a protective solution, it can be protected from rotting. For finishing work wood material is also of interest because it has a unique texture pattern that decorates finished products and gives them an attractive appearance. The characteristics and properties of wood of various species as a building material are simply invaluable. For example, it can be noted that timber lumber, as well as round wood withstand the loads that fall on the entire structure of the house. The only difficulty you may have to face is initial stage, is to decide on the choice of wood suitable breed for making beams, rafters, various kinds racks and joists, trusses. In addition, select suitable material will be necessary before you begin making stairs, windows and doors. Should be prepared in advance wooden boards for covering the ceiling and floor, constructing partitions.

Read also: Kinds door hinges and their correct choice

The tree trunk provides a source of material for making basic building elements such as beams and boards. All other parts of the tree - branches and roots - can be used, but to a limited extent due to the complexity of their shape and the difficulties that arise during processing (for example, in the manufacture of fittings, small household items).

Types of wood cutting

In order to obtain high-quality boards and beams, it is necessary to perform the sawing correctly. There are 3 types of cuts: radial, transverse and tangential. Types of wood cuts are shown in the figure.

On a cross cut you can see concentric circles, on a radial cut - longitudinal stripes, a tangential cut is presented in the form of cone-shaped winding lines. Identify the growth rings on different types cuts, as we see, do not seem difficult.