The syntactic role of negative pronouns in a sentence. Meaning and grammatical features of pronouns: features and rules

Pronoun is an independent part of speech that indicates on objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them: I, myself, yours, so much and etc.

Pronouns answer the questions of nouns (who? what?), adjectives (which? whose?), numeral names (how many?): He laughs my Brother, some pencils.

Morphological And syntactic The characteristics of pronouns also depend on what part of speech they replace in the text.

Syntactic role of pronouns

The pronoun can be any part of the sentence:

I I want to sleep(subject) .

This she (predicate) .

Misha - my Brother(definition) .

The teacher called his (addition) .

How long this will continue(what included in the circumstance) ?

Pronoun grades

A. Places of pronounsPabout grammatical features (depending oninstead of what part of speech they are used).

1. Pronouns - nouns (I, you, we, you, he, who, what, someone, no one, yourself and etc.). Their features:

point to objects;
answer questions about nouns (who? what?);
change by case ( someone, something used only in the form I.p.; no one, nothing, yourself do not have the form I.p.);
are associated with other words in a sentence, like nouns.

2. Adjective pronouns ( my, yours, ours, yours, which, some, this, that and etc.). Their features:

indicate the characteristics of objects;
answer questions about adjectives (which? whose?);
are associated with nouns, like adjectives;
change, like adjectives, in numbers, gender (singular) and cases ( what does not change by case; possessive his, her, their do not change at all, unlike homonymous forms of personal pronouns his, her, their);

pronoun which adjoins adjective pronouns (it changes according to gender, number and cases), but sometimes, like an ordinal number, it indicates the order of objects when counting ( - What time is it now? - Fifth).

3. Numeral pronouns ( how many, as many, several). Their features:

indicate the number of items;
answer the question How many?;
are associated with nouns as cardinal numerals;
usually change by case.

B. Classes of pronounsby lexical meaning.

1. Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate participants in the dialogue ( me, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects ( he, she, it, they).

2. Return: myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject with the person or thing named by the word myself (He won't hurt himself. Hopes were not justified).

3. Possessives: my, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object ( This is my briefcase. Its size is very convenient).

4. Demonstratives: this, that, such, such, so much, this(obsolete), this one(obsolete). These pronouns indicate the attribute or quantity of objects.

5. Definitive: himself, most, all, every, every, any, other, different, everyone(obsolete), all kinds(obsolete). Determinative pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.

6. Interrogatives: who, what, which, which, whose, how many. Interrogative pronouns serve as special question words and indicate persons, objects, characteristics and quantity (Who came? Whose ticket? What time?).

7. Relative: the same as interrogatives, but they serve to connect parts of a complex sentence, these are the so-called (I found out who came. This is the house that my grandfather built).

8. Negative: no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one's. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute, a pronoun; formed from interrogative pronouns using prefixes neither-, no- (No one answered. No one to blame).

9. Undefined: someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefix some- or postfixes - That, -or, -someday: someone, someone, anything and etc. ( Someone called. Someone will be fired).

Notes:

1) Pronouns that, himself, pronouns this, all in singular form, neuter ( this is all) and some others in certain contexts can act as pronoun-nouns, like substantivized adjectives ( He is no longer dangerous to us; He will come himself; This is a book; Everything ended well).

Plan for morphological analysis of pronouns

1. Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.

2. Initial form.

3. Constant morphological characteristics:

category in relation to another part of speech (pronoun-noun, pronoun-adjective, pronoun-numeral);
category by meaning (personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, demonstrative, attributive);
person (for personal pronouns);
number (for personal pronouns of the 1st person and 2nd person).

4. Variable morphological characteristics:

case;
number (if any);
gender (if any).

5. Role in the sentence (which member of the sentence is the pronoun in this sentence).

Samples of pronoun parsing

Imagine to myself joy some botany, which unexpectedly ends up on a desert island, where these since no human foot has set foot, and where He can enrich my collection all sorts of outlandish representatives of the flora(N.S. Valgina).

(Imagine)to myself

to whom?

2. N. f. — myself.

3. Constant morphological features: pronoun-noun, reflexive.

4. Variable morphological features: used in the dative case.

5. There is an addition in the sentence.

some (botany)

which one?

2. N. f. — some.

3. Constant morphological features: pronoun-adjective, indefinite.

4. Variable morphological features: used in the singular, masculine, genitive form.

which

1. Pronoun, indicates the subject; answers the question Who?

2. N. f. — which.

3. Constant morphological features: pronoun-adjective, relative.

5. The sentence has a subject.

(before) these (por)

1. Pronoun, indicates a characteristic; answers the question which ones?

2. N. f. — this.

3. Constant morphological features: pronoun-adjective, demonstrative.

4. Variable morphological features: used in the plural form, genitive case.

5. The sentence contains part of the adverbial time.

draw(leg)

1. Pronoun, indicates a characteristic; answers the question whose?

2. N. f. — nobody's.

3. Constant morphological features: pronoun-adjective, negative.

4. Variable morphological features: used in the singular, feminine, nominative case.

5. The sentence has an agreed upon definition.

1. Pronoun, indicates the subject; answers the question Who?

2. N. f. — He.

3. Constant morphological features: pronoun-noun, personal, 3rd person.

4. Variable morphological features: used in the singular, masculine, nominative case.

5. The sentence has a subject.

my(collection)

1. Pronoun, indicates a characteristic; answers the question whose?

2. N. f. — mine.

3. Constant morphological features: pronoun-adjective, possessive.

4. Variable morphological features: used in the singular, feminine, accusative form.

5. The sentence has an agreed upon definition.

all sorts of (representatives)

1. Pronoun, indicates a characteristic; answers the question what?

2. N. f. — any.

3. Constant morphological features: pronoun-adjective, attributive.

4. Variable morphological features: used in the plural form, instrumental case.

5. The sentence has an agreed upon definition.

Sources:

Section “Pronoun as a part of speech” in the manual by E.I. Litnevskaya “Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren”
Section “Pronoun” in the manual by L.V. Balashova, V.V. Dementieva “Russian language course”

Additionally on Guenon:

Students are already well aware that the distribution of words into parts of speech is based on three groups of features:

General lexical meaning.
Morphological characteristics.
Syntactic role of the word.

When considering the syntactic function of pronouns, one should proceed from the fact that this is a syncretic part of speech in nature, combining the features of the pronoun itself, as well as the features of a noun, adjective, numeral, adverb or impersonal predicates (state category words), i.e. the student must learn to relate pronouns to nouns, adjectives and numerals.

This part of speech goes in two directions:

Awareness of the syntactic role of pronouns in phrases and sentences.
Mastering the norms of using pronouns in speech.

Syntax function personal students are familiar with pronouns.

In this case, it is necessary to bring children to the generalization that personal pronouns in a sentence play the same role as nouns (they are not only addresses).

Considering returnable pronoun myself, students learn that the reflexive pronoun myself For myself to live is to smolder.

Starting to study interrogative pronouns, it is advisable to repeat interrogative sentences and practically become familiar with interrogative pronouns in the role of various members of a sentence. Consolidation of the syntactic function of interrogative pronouns is provided when comparing them with relative pronouns.

relative pronouns as members of a sentence, but also the use of these pronouns as cohesive means in complex sentences. Children's attention should be drawn to the technique of distinguishing between relative and similar in sound and spelling interrogative pronouns (determining their syntactic function). Students should be firmly aware that relative pronouns

Work on uncertain pronouns begins with clarifying the semantics of indefinite pronouns - uncertainty. Indefinite pronouns can act as the main word of a phrase ( anyone from students; someone from the class; someone on horseback).

When studying negative Not neither Nothing did not know. It is useful to add that negative pronouns with neither usually used in sentences that already have a negation (no, not, impossible), and serve to strengthen the negation.

Possessives Pronouns in their syntactic role correlate with possessive adjectives. They, like possessive adjectives, indicate ownership and act as definitions in a sentence.

Syntax function index demonstrative pronoun + noun ): about this event; from such books; V those Enchanted by this forest...(S.A. Yesenin)

Studying definitive pronouns, it should be noted that these pronouns have the same morphological features as adjectives, i.e. change according to gender, number and cases, in a sentence they usually act as a definition.

In the sixth grade, work on syntax continues in connection with the study of morphology. For the first time, in fact, children encounter a pronoun as a part of speech. They only know personal pronouns well. They accurately identify the subject expressed by a personal pronoun, and the object is somewhat worse. Sixth graders are still unfamiliar with the remaining categories of pronouns. That is why work on syntax becomes important for understanding the functions of the studied part of speech and its morphological categories.

The first two groups of signs, as a rule, do not cause difficulties in studying. The syntactic functions of pronouns are quite specific and difficult to master.

In this work, I will try to consider only one aspect of the study of the pronoun as a part of speech, which, in my opinion, is the most difficult, namely: its syntactic role in sentences and phrases.

At the first stage of mastering this material, it is advisable to start working with a table of lexical and grammatical categories of pronouns, indicating their possible syntactic role in a sentence.

This work is done in notebooks for diagrams, which students keep from the 5th grade.

The table will be filled in as you become familiar with new lexical and grammatical categories.

When considering the syntactic function of pronouns, one should proceed from the fact that this is a syncretic part of speech in nature, combining the features of the pronoun itself, as well as the features of a noun, adjective, numeral, adverb or impersonal predicates (state category words), i.e. student must learn to relate pronouns to nouns, adjectives and numerals. For example, pronouns he, who, someone, nobody etc., like nouns, denote an object; in a sentence they are subjects or objects:

She was at school? (Who is she? Katya) Was Katya at school?

To her did you buy a briefcase? (Who is it for? Katya) Did they buy a briefcase for Katya?

Pronouns mine, some, every etc., like adjectives, denote a characteristic, agree in gender, number and case with the noun being defined; in a sentence there are usually definitions (Sister took my pen).

Pronouns how much, how much in meaning, declension and syntactic connections with the noun they correlate with the cardinal number (cf. four books / how many books - management; four books / how many books - coordination).

To teach schoolchildren to correlate a pronoun with a noun, adjective and numeral, it is necessary to constantly use method of analysis and method of comparison.

In practice, it looks like this: in this text, next to the pronoun in brackets, indicate the part of speech (noun, adjective, numeral) instead of which it is used:

Spring is just around the corner. Soon it (spring) will come into its own. And now it's still frosty. Such The (frost) weather will not last long. Through some(seven to ten) days the spring sun will shine and real spring will open.

Such an entry promotes awareness of the generality and relativity of the meaning of a pronoun (pronouns do not have their own lexical meaning and acquire it in a sentence in conjunction with other words).

Learning syntactic function This part of speech goes in two directions:

awareness of the syntactic role of pronouns in phrases and sentences;
mastering the norms of using pronouns in speech.

Some students make a variety of syntactic errors in the use of pronouns. Here it is advisable to give tasks like:

find errors in the use of pronouns;
write down the sentences in corrected form.

The work can be done collectively in a weak class. In strong situations, children cope on their own. An erroneous option is given on the board or through a graphic projector, for example:

I took the fish from the basket and handed it to my father.
When Dubrovsky killed the bear, Troekurov was not offended by him, but ordered him to skin him.
Troekurov had a son, Sasha, and he took a teacher(from student essays).

Children need to be taught self-control, they must monitor their speech, be aware of what pronouns indicate, what they mean.

Syntax function personal students are familiar with pronouns. In this case, it is necessary to bring children to the generalization that personal pronouns in a sentence play the same role as nouns (they are not only addresses).

New syntactic material is familiarization with the phrase according to the model verb + personal pronoun in indirect case (worry about me - about whom?).

It is necessary to include word combinations in the work in the lesson. I miss you, I miss you, I miss you.

To avoid errors in the formation of grammatical forms of these pronouns, it is advisable to enter these phrases into the “Speak Correctly” dictionary. In any other way, focus attention on them: make a sentence, write a letter to someone in class, using these phrases.

In strong classes, it is possible to stipulate cases when pronouns I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they they lose the pronominal meaning of objectivity, enrich it with specific content and turn into nouns.

At the same time, their morphological properties also change: these words become unchangeable, acquire a neuter gender, an unchangeable singular form, change by case, like the words metro, cafe, etc. For example:

The noosphere in the era of nuclear energy requires a restructuring of human consciousness. Decreases "I", increases "We" (D. Granin);
Fyodor Ivanovich is somewhere in the depths of his "I" felt pain(V. Dudintsev).

Considering returnable pronoun myself , students learn that the reflexive pronoun myself declines, but does not have a nominative case; therefore, it can never be the subject of a sentence. Its most common syntactic function is addition: For myself to live is to smolder.

It is important to introduce students to phraseological units that contain the pronoun myself (to come in yourself, yourself on your mind, etc.).

It is advisable to remember that a phraseological turn as a whole is one member of a sentence:

Everything worked out by itself(circumstance); After the holidays children don't look like yourself(predicate).

Starting to study interrogative pronouns, it is advisable to repeat interrogative sentences and practically become familiar with interrogative pronouns in the role of various members of a sentence. The work must be done collectively, since students do not yet have the skill to qualify an interrogative pronoun as a member of a sentence. It is useful to write down on the board and fully analyze 2-3 sentences with interrogative pronouns:

Who Knits colorful mittens, sings old songs?

Whose the hair is whiter than the snow, and your hands are yellow and dry?

Consolidation of the syntactic function of interrogative pronouns is provided by comparing them with relative pronouns.

New for students is not only acquaintance with relative pronouns as members of a sentence, but also the use of these pronouns as cohesive means in complex sentences. Children's attention should be drawn to the technique of distinguishing between relative and similar in sound and spelling interrogative pronouns (determining their syntactic function).

Students should be firmly aware that relative pronouns who, what, which, whose, which, which, how many serve to connect parts of a complex (complex sentence). Interrogatives do not function in this function.

It is useful to offer students the following exercise: read, indicate interrogative pronouns, then compose complex sentences so that these sentences become their second part (with relative pronouns who, to whom, about what, what).

Who won the Russian language Olympiad?
To whom awarded a prize?
About what says the TV presenter?
What interests football fans?

Sample: Whom will the coaches send you to competitions? - Everyone wanted to know whom coaches will send you to competitions.

In a strong class, one should consider not only the problem of delimiting relative pronouns from interrogatives, but also the problem of delimiting relative pronouns from subordinating conjunctions, and propaedeutically introduce children to a new syntactic phenomenon, which they will study in more detail in high school. There is no need to delve into the intricacies of the problem. It is enough to conduct a comparative analysis of two proposals:

In the first sentence What is only a means of connecting parts of a complex sentence, i.e. a conjunction, since it is not any member of the sentence and, most importantly, it cannot be correlated with a word of another part of speech.

In the second, it is a member of a sentence (it can be correlated with a noun), and therefore a relative pronoun.

Work on uncertain pronouns begins with clarifying the semantics of indefinite pronouns - uncertainty.

As a rule, students find it difficult to independently determine which member of a sentence is a particular indefinite pronoun. Therefore, it is useful to suggest that these pronouns be mentally replaced with nouns or adjectives. Uncertainty will disappear, and students will accurately determine which parts of the sentence the pronouns are:

Someone I was walking along some road and found something.

Some he gave part of what he found to a friend, and something quit.

Indefinite pronouns can act as the main word of a phrase ( anyone from students; someone from the class; someone on horseback).

They can be joined by nouns in the genitive and prepositional cases. This model of phrase is also formed by negative, attributive and demonstrative pronouns:

I no one I didn’t invite any of my friends.
Those from the students which We wrote an essay with an A and were happy.

When studying negative pronouns, new syntactic information is the indication that if there is a particle with the predicate Not , then a negative pronoun with neither strengthens the negative meaning of the sentence: Father Nothing did not know.

It is useful to add that negative pronouns with neither usually used in sentences that already have a negation (no, not, impossible), and serve to strengthen the negation.

When analyzing pronouns and distinguishing them from words homonymous to them in other parts of speech, it should be remembered that the meaning of a pronoun and its functions depend on the context and situation.

To illustrate what has been said in the strong class, we can consider the feminine pronoun draw and noun draw , as well as the pronoun Nothing and adverb Nothing :

The dog was draw (draw – pronoun).
Divorce – draw!- several voices shouted at once...(M. Gorky) (draw - noun).
To me Nothing didn't transmit(nothing – pronoun).
– Well, how are you living, can you? – Nothing. (F. Reshetnikov) – ( Nothing – adverb – “good”, “tolerable”) (SRYA, 1986)

Possessives Pronouns in their syntactic role correlate with possessive adjectives.

They, like possessive adjectives, indicate ownership and act as definitions in a sentence. At the same time, in terms of their meaning, possessive pronouns are also correlated with personal pronouns, since they indicate that an object belongs to the 1st person (my, ours) or the 2nd person (yours, yours). There is no special possessive pronoun of the 3rd person in the Russian language: to indicate belonging to the 3rd person, the genitive case of the personal pronoun of the 3rd person is used: his, her, their . Pronoun mine indicates belonging to any of the three persons ( I took my notebook; He took my notebook).

It is also necessary to keep in mind this linguistic phenomenon: possessive and demonstrative pronouns are usually not distributed by other parts of speech, therefore they do not act as the main word of the phrase.

It should be noted that pronouns can be substantivized yours, yours, yours ; in this case, their lexical meaning and, consequently, their syntactic role change: noun mine meaning “relative”:

Yours to yours reluctant friend (proverb); people who are close in faith, friends.
The workers knew Klychkov closely, loved him, believed his (D. Furmanov).

Syntax function index pronouns in phrases - to be a dependent word (model demonstrative pronoun + noun ): about this event; from such books; V those time); In a sentence, demonstrative pronouns are usually modifiers: IN this enchanted forest...(S.A. Yesenin)

When working on the text, first indicate the attributive pronouns along with the words on which they depend, then it is recommended to write down these phrases, indicating the main word in them, and pose a question from it to the dependent word.

Every the student values the honor of the class ( every student);
On the shelf were all sorts of tools ( all sorts of tools).

You should also consider the following syntactic construction, where the attributive pronoun acts as the subject:

Every comes to class on time. Any knows basic hygiene rules.

At the end of studying the entire topic, it is useful to suggest the following work:

Determine which pronouns act as subjects.

Yesterday I arrived in Pyatigorsk, rented an apartment on the edge of the city(M. Lermontov) .
Somebody shouted that Petya had broken his leg.
WITH those it's time nobody didn't speak to Tatyana(I. Turgenev).
All that dreams others, y us it came true in the country(S. Mikhalkov).
This cabinet? This bedroom? And here What? (A. Chekhov)
All strived for happiness All the world has changed several times(N. Nekrasov).
Started our going to.
All And all of me made me happy.

Determine which parts of the sentence are the pronouns in these sentences:

She said: "It is he!" (A. Pushkin)
Holy Rus', Fatherland! I am yours! (A. Pushkin)

I wish your students success in mastering this topic. I would be glad if I was able to help in any way.

Literature

M. Baranov. Teaching Russian in 6th grade. M., Education 1984
E.I. Dibrova. Modern Russian language. 3rd part. Syntax.
V.V. Babaytseva. Methodological recommendations for the educational complex in the Russian language. 6th–7th grades. M., Education. 1994
Deykina, Trostentsova, Nevskaya. Workbook on the Russian language. 6th–7th grades.

1. Personal pronouns indicate a participant in a conversation or an object: I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they. They change by case and number, pronoun He varies by birth.

The proposal may include:

Subject: I I freeze in delight.

Predicate: A Who this gentleman?

Addition: The old man spoke with him in an irritated, bilious tone.

Circumstance: Under him a stream of lighter azure, under him golden ray of sunshine.

2. Reflexive pronoun myself indicates the person being spoken about. It does not have the form Name, gender or number. The sentence is an addition: Roshchin looked to myself in the mirror.

Attention!Walk past– here the word “yourself” is a particle of the verb.

3. Interrogative pronouns replace adjectives: who?, what?, which?, whose?, which?, which?, how many? and others. Pronoun what? changes only by gender and number. Pronouns who?, what?, how many? change only by case. Interrogative pronouns are used in interrogative sentences. The proposal may include:

Subject: Who didn’t make such conditions with your conscience?

Addition: About what would you like to know?

Definition: Which did the flower fall at my feet?

4. Relative pronouns: who, what, which, whose, which, which, how many? and others. They are used in complex sentences where they are allied words. The proposal may include:

Subject: Then the bit any, Who could hold a rod in his hand.

Predicate: What is Apple tree, these are and apples.

Addendum: They learned about the existence poet, whose the poems were folk.

Definition: I saw a cat in which had yellow eyes.

5. Indefinite pronouns point to unknown objects. They are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes not-, some- and suffixes – that, -or, -something: someone, something, some, some, several, some, something, some someone, something. Some, some vary by gender and number.

The proposal may include:

Subject: Some people one of the summer residents went out the gate.

Definition: Masha was imagining some kind rustling behind the door.

Addendum: The leaves were whispering about something his own.

Circumstance: Some It rained for days.

6. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to something or someone: mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, ours, yours, yours. They change by gender, number and case, except for pronouns his, her, theirs. The proposal may include:

Definition: Lisa raised him their clear eyes.

Nominal part of the predicate: The Cherry Orchard became mine.

7. Demonstrative pronouns indicate an object among other objects: that, this, such, such, this, so much. They vary by case, except that's how it is. They vary by gender and number, except this, as much as. The proposal may include:

Subject: Yes, pathetic That, whose conscience is not clear.

Predicate: What is the question - that's how it is answer.

Definition: This the conversation did not bring relief.

Addition: In the village only about it and talked.

Attention! When pronouns are declined so many And How many The stress always falls on the first syllable: so much, about how many.

8. Determinative pronouns indicate a generalized attribute of an object: all, everyone, each, himself, most, any, other, different. They change by gender, number of cases, except everyone.

The sentence may include:

Subject: Not any capable of jumping from heights.

Predicate: Lara was different, any.

Definition: The sun has gone away All shadows.

Addition: About everything I don’t regret what happened.

9. Negative pronouns indicate the absence of an object: no one, no one, no one, no one, nothing. They are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes not-, ni-. They vary by gender, number and case, except nobody, nothing.

The proposal may include:

Subject: The night was dark, but nothing I wasn't happy.

Addition: Home no one did not have.

Definition: None persuasion did not help.

The morphology of the Russian language includes many interesting sections. This article is devoted to the consideration of the pronoun as a part of speech. pronouns, their features, role in a sentence - all this is covered in the material.

Pronoun

In the morphological list of the Russian language, an important place belongs to the pronoun. This is the name of a part of speech that can replace any nominal part of speech without naming specific features of the word. The pronoun, the meaning and grammatical features of which will be indicated below, only indicates objects or phenomena without giving them a direct name. For example, a noun house can be replaced by a pronoun He, numeral twenty- in a word how much, adjective blue- pronoun some kind and so on.

Classification of pronouns by meaning

There are several classifications. So, based on the meaning that a word carries, personal pronouns are distinguished ( he, you, we), possessive ( his, yours, ours), demonstratives ( that, this, such), determinatives ( everyone, most, everyone), interrogative-relative ( what, whose, who), undefined ( someone, some, some), negative ( nothing, nothing, none) and reflexive pronoun myself. The grammatical features of a pronoun are indicated based on its meaning.

Personal, possessive, reflexive, demonstrative

The most common are personal, possessive and demonstrative pronouns. The grammatical features of personal pronouns are the presence of a person category, the ability to change by case, the presence of a gender category in the 3rd person. For example: He was in high spirits while fishing. The sentence contains a personal pronoun (him, which has such characteristics as the 3rd person (in the initial form - he), genitive case, masculine gender.

The grammatical features of demonstrative pronouns (and possessives as well) are similar to those of an adjective: they also change by case, number and gender. For example, This house is his dream. The sentence contains a demonstrative pronoun this(singular, masculine, noun case) and possessive pronoun his(singular number, masculine gender, nominative case). does not change, has a constant, traditional form - myself.

Definitive, indefinite, negative, interrogative-relative

The grammatical features of attributive pronouns are as follows: number, gender and case, dependent on the noun. These parts of speech are similar to but indicate a generalized feature. The sentence agrees with the noun. Eg, Every day it became warmer. Pronoun every agrees with the noun in number, gender, case.

Interrogative-relative pronouns are used in questions and complex sentences as a staple. Moreover, the same word can be an interrogative pronoun in one context and a relative pronoun in another: What do they say about new gadgets?(interrogative) - They told him that they were talking about new gadgets(relative). Such pronouns do not change, only Who And What have a case category.

They indicate the uncertainty of something and are formed from interrogatives by adding prefixes Not- And some- or suffixes - someday, -That, -or. Thus, the grammatical features of a pronoun depend on its meaning. The negative forms of the parts of speech we are considering are also formed from interrogatives, but are used for negation. For example: Some unknown sound was heard. There are two pronouns in the sentence: some kind- indefinite and no one- negative.

Classification of pronouns according to grammatical features

By replacing one or another part of speech, the pronoun correlates with any of them. Therefore, pronouns-nouns, adjectives and numerals are distinguished, which indirectly name an object, attribute or quantity.

Noun pronouns are those that can replace a noun, namely: personal pronouns, interrogatives Who And What and negative ones formed from them, reflexive. They answer noun questions. In sentences they are most often objects or subjects. The grammatical features of a pronoun-noun are indicated based on its assignment to one or another category by meaning. For example, personal ones have the categories of person, number, case, but for negative, reflexive and indefinite pronouns-nouns it is not customary to determine the person.

Adjective pronouns are those that answer the questions of adjectives and perform the syntactic role of definition. This is a large group of parts of speech, which include all possessives, some demonstratives ( this, this, that and others), some interrogatives ( which, whose) and the indefinite and negative ones formed from them. The grammatical features of words from this category are similar to the features of adjectives, that is, they have inconsistent categories of case, gender, and number.

Numeral pronouns include the question word How many and an indefinite word so many, as well as indefinite pronouns formed from them. Of the grammatical features, they are characterized only by case changes.

Syntactic role of pronouns

According to the criterion of assignment to one or another category by meaning, it is easier to determine the grammatical features of a pronoun. The parts of speech with which a pronoun is associated make it possible to easily indicate its syntactic role. So, in the sentence " She wrote them another letter." There are three pronouns that serve different functions: she(personal) - subject, im(personal) - addition, other(definitive) - definition.

Questions help to correctly name the member of a sentence expressed by a pronoun. For example, Has anyone lived in your house before? The question is asked who? - nobody- this is the subject, in the house which one? yours- definition. There are sentences that contain only pronouns: It's them. EThat- subject, They- predicate. There are several of them: their- addition, some- subject.

Morphological norms for the use of pronouns

Speaking about the grammatical rules for using pronouns in phrases or sentences, it is necessary first of all to note the most common mistake. These are three possessive pronouns her, them, his, which are often misused. For example, his, hers, theirs- this is a gross violation of the norms of the Russian language.

Use of pronouns he, they and she often requires adding the letter “n” at the beginning of a word: he - without him, she - near her, they - with them. This is necessary after a preposition. If there is no preposition, then the letter “n” is not needed in the word: recognized him, asked her, saw them.

Pronoun and context

Pronouns perform substitution functions in sentences and texts. There are some grammatical inaccuracies associated with this. Eg, Father left for the city. He was far away.Father or city was it far away? The director arrived at the office, which is located on the fifth floor. Office or director on the fifth floor? Especially often, ambiguity is observed when using the reflexive pronoun and the possessive pronoun: The manager asked the manager to come into his office(whose office: head or manager).

Pronouns in exam paper

In the exam paper on the Russian language there are tasks where you need to know the grammatical features of a noun, verb and adjective. Pronouns are often included in tasks that violate grammatical norms. The table below provides examples of such tasks.

Violation of grammatical norms when using pronouns

Exercise	Answer
take from him; two hundred houses; beautiful Sochi; the most beautiful.	take from him (correct usage: from him)
Specify the variant with a violation of the morphological norm: about two hundred inhabitants; their dacha; the best; one and a half kilometers.	their dacha (correct usage: theirs)
Specify the variant with a violation of the morphological norm: tasty coffee; two hundred students; his neighbor; less tall.	his neighbor (correct usage: his)

Often a pronoun plays the role of a lexical means of communication between sentences in a text. In the certification work there are tasks for definitions in the text. For example, you need to determine how the sentences are connected: Vasily went to the city weekly for shopping. From there he brought fruits, cereals and sweets. Answer: two personal pronouns. Or another example: It rained today. This was unexpected. These sentences are expressed using a demonstrative pronoun.

Thus, the grammatical features of pronouns and the morphological norms of their use must be known to successfully pass the Russian language exam.

The history of the formation of pronouns as parts of speech is interesting and special. Eg, I- personal pronoun of the first person singular. It comes from Old Church Slavonic language, which probably reflected the first letter of the alphabet - az. in the language they formed later than all others. This is due to the fact that demonstrative pronouns previously existed and, i, e, which were referred to a third party. And modern third-person pronouns arose by moving words from one category to another: from demonstrative to personal. The history of the Russian language knows a period when there were three types of demonstrative pronouns. They were used depending on the distance of the object from the speaker: s - close to the speaker t - close to the interlocutor , he- absent during the conversation. The category of possessive pronouns is still being formed: it also contains simple possessive forms ( mine, yours), and interrogative ( whose?), and undefined ( someone's), and negative ( nobody's).

The pronoun can be any part of the sentence:

II want to sleep(subject) .

This she (predicate) .

Misha - my Brother(definition) .

The teacher called his (addition) .

How longthis will continue(what included in the circumstance) ?

Pronoun grades

A. Classifications of pronouns according to grammatical characteristics (depending on which part of speech they are used instead of).

1. Pronouns-nouns( I, you, we, you, he, who, what, someone, no one, yourself and etc.). Their features:

· point to objects;

· answer questions about nouns (who? what?);

· change by cases ( someone, something used only in the form I.p.; no one, nothing, yourself do not have the form I.p.);

· are associated with other words in a sentence, like nouns.

2. Adjective pronouns ( my, yours, ours, yours, which, some, this, that and etc.). Their features:

· indicate the characteristics of objects;

· answer questions about adjectives (which? whose?);

· are associated with nouns, like adjectives;

· change, like adjectives, in numbers, gender (singular) and cases ( what does not change by case; possessive his, her, their do not change at all, unlike homonymous forms of personal pronouns his, her, their);

· pronoun which adjoins adjective pronouns (it changes according to gender, number and cases), but sometimes, like an ordinal number, it indicates the order of objects when counting ( - What time is it now? - Fifth).

3. Numeral pronouns ( how many, as many, several). Their features:

· indicate the number of items;

· answer the question How many?;

· are associated with nouns as cardinal numerals;

· usually change according to cases.

B. Classification of pronouns according to lexical meaning.

4. Demonstratives: this, that, such, such, so much, this(obsolete), this one(obsolete). These pronouns indicate the attribute or quantity of objects.

5. Definitive: himself, most, all, every, every, any, other, different, everyone(obsolete), all kinds(obsolete). Determinative pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.

7. Relative: the same as interrogatives, but they serve to connect parts of a complex sentence; these are the so-called allied words (I found out who came. This is the house that my grandfather built).

9. Undefined: someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefix some- or postfixes - That, -or, -someday:someone, someone, anything and etc. ( Someone called. Someone will be fired).

Notes:

1) The pronouns that, himself, the pronouns this, all in the singular form, neuter (this, everything) and some others in certain contexts can act as pronouns-nouns, like substantivized adjectives (He is no longer dangerous to us; He will come; This is a book; Everything ended well).

2) Some pronouns have homonyms among the functional parts of speech (this, that): This is a book (pronoun). -Moscow is the capital of Russia (indicative particle); I know what to say to him (pronoun, conjunctive word). - I know that he is here (the union).

VERB

1. Verb- this is a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object, answers the questions what to do? what to do?: go, arrive, get sick, cheer up.

2. Each verb has the following forms:

· the initial form, which is called indefinite form(or infinitive). It ends with -th, -ty, -whose(these are formative suffixes): color you, ne whose, kupa t Xia. The indefinite form only names an action or state, without indicating time, number, or person, because This is the uninflected form of the verb. It has only constant features of a verb;

· conjugated forms (not infinitive). They have constant and inconstant characteristics of the verb;

· participle;

· participle.

3. Verbs are divided into transitional And intransitive(this is a constant feature of verbs). Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object, the name of which can be expressed

· a noun (or pronoun) in the accusative case without a preposition: read the newspaper, see him;

· a noun in the genitive case without a preposition, denoting part of something: drink tea, cut some bread;

· a noun (or pronoun) in the genitive case without a preposition with a verb with negation: have no right not to see her.

All other verbs are intransitive: walk in the park, believe in goodness.

4. Verbs with the postfix -sya (-s) are called returnable: shave Xia, torture Xia . Other verbs non-refundable: think, know(this is a constant feature of verbs). All reflexive verbs are intransitive.

5. There are verbs perfect or imperfect aspect (this is a constant feature of verbs). The types of the verb show how the action occurs.

Perfect verbs answer the question what to do? and indicate the completion of the action, its result, the end of the action and the beginning: sing. They have two tenses: past (what did they do? - started singing) and the future simple, consisting of one word (what will they do? - start singing). Verbs do not have a perfect form in the present tense.

Imperfect verbs answer the question what to do? and when denoting an action, they do not indicate its completion, result, end or beginning: sing. They have three tenses: past (what did you do? - read), present (what are they doing? - bloom) And the future is complicated, consisting of two words - “will” (“will you”) and the indefinite form of the given verb (what will he do? - will draw, will sing).

Verbs have three forms inclinations(this is an inconstant feature of verbs). Mood forms show how the speaker evaluates the action, that is, whether he considers it real, possible or desirable under some condition.

· Indicative shows that the action is real, is actually happening, has happened or will happen: We are enemies we meet Just: beat, we beat And we'll beat .

· Subjunctive (conditional) mood shows that an action is possible only under certain conditions: Without you I I wouldn't have gotten there to the city and I'd freeze on road. The subjunctive mood is formed from the past tense form by adding a particle would (b). Particle would written separately.

· Imperative mood denotes an action that is ordered, asked, advised to be performed: spray with water. The imperative mood is formed by adding the suffix - And to the base of the present (future simple) tense or without a suffix: carry - carry - carried And . Plural postfix is added -those: carry it those .

A verb can perform all 5 functions:

1) subject:

· Live (subject) - Serve the Motherland.

2) predicate:

· My duty is to study well (predicate). I love (predicate) ice cream.

3) addition:

· The coach told us (what?) to come (addition) to training at 9-00.

4) Definition:

· The dream (what?) of quickly leaving (definition) from the city did not leave me.

5) circumstance:

· I will go to Moscow (why?) to enroll (purpose circumstance) at MGIMO.

The participle is characterized in linguistics in different ways. Some linguists consider participles to be a special form of the verb, others - an independent part of speech.

PARTICIPLE

Participle- a special form of a verb (or an independent part of speech), which denotes an attribute of an object by action, combines the properties of an adjective and a verb and answers a question Which? (which? which? which?)

Participles, like adjectives, agree with the noun in number, gender (singular) and case.

Initial form The participle is the same as that of the adjective - singular, masculine, nominative case: running, building, revealed.

Main signs of the sacrament

A) General grammatical meaning- this is the value of the object attribute by action: thinking, speaking, standing, deciding, shot, finished drinking.

B) Morphological characteristics:

1. Participles are formed from verbs and retain the following signs of verbs:

· transitivity,

· repayment

2. Unlike verbs, participles do not have future tense forms. Only participles formed from imperfective verbs have present tense forms. Wed: think(imperfect species) - thinking, thinking; think(perfect view) - thoughtful.

3. The participles have the following signs of adjectives:

· participles, like adjectives, change according to number, gender (singular) and case (in full form): fled, fled, fled, fled;

· participles, like adjectives, agree with the noun in number, gender (singular) and case: lost diary, lost book, lost time; lost hours, lost time;

Passive participles, like qualitative adjectives, have full and short forms: finished drinking-finishes; Lost-lost.

B) Syntactic features:

1. In a sentence, participles, like adjectives, are usually modifiers or part of a compound nominal predicate: Passionate , we forgot about everything(definition) ; All aroundseemed submerged in reverie(part of a compound nominal predicate).

2. Short participles, like short adjectives, act as a compound nominal predicate in a sentence: Bookrevealed on page eight

PARTICIPLE

A gerund is a special, unchangeable form of a verb that denotes an additional (secondary in nature) action in a sentence and answers the questions: What are you doing? what did you do?

Leaving, waiting, seeing.

A gerund with dependent words is called participial phrase.

Having gone to the village, waiting to go on stage, seeing my brother.

Formation of gerunds– gerunds are formed from verbs using special suffixes – -a, -ya, -v, -lice, -shi:

· participles imperfect form are formed from the present tense stem using the suffixes -а, -я:

· keep silent: silent-at → silently;
decide: decide → deciding;

· participles perfect form are formed from the stem of the infinitive using the suffixes -v, -vshi, -shi:

shut up: shut up t → falling silent;
decide: decide- t → having decided;
to do: busy t-xia → busy;
bring: brought- you → having brought.

Single gerunds can lose the characteristics of a verb and become adverbs. In this case, the former participles cease to denote a secondary action (they cannot be replaced by verbal forms, they usually cannot be asked questions doing what? what did you do?), but denote only a sign of action, like adverbs, and answer the question how? Participles that have become adverbs are not separated by commas.

For example: Dasha listened in silence, often closing her eyes.

Closing– a gerund, since it has dependent words and can be replaced by a verbal form (cf.: Dasha listened and often closed her eyes).

Silently– an adverb, since it no longer denotes an additional action (one question is asked to it How?; question doing what? cannot be specified); in this context, the following actions cannot be compared as equal actions: listened And was silent(silence accompanied the only action - listened).

Participles have the characteristics of two parts of speech - a verb and an adverb.

Like verbs, gerunds are:

imperfect and perfect forms: typing (doing what?) – typing (doing what?);

transitive and intransitive:transitional cleaning (what?) the room, throwing (what?) a stick; intransitive shining in the sun, stepping into the abyss;

returnable and non-refundable: swinging - swinging, bending over - bending over;

Participles can attach indirect cases of names
nouns and explained by adverbs: agreeing (to what?) to the prompt, holding (how?) tightly.

Just like adverbs, gerunds do not change in a sentence.
act as circumstances explaining the verb - predicate.

ADVERB

Adverb- this is an independent (significant) part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, a sign of an object or another sign. The question to an adverb depends on the meaning it expresses.

In a sentence, an adverb is usually an adverb and answers questions How? to what extent? Where? Where? where? When? Why? For what? :Autumn.(Where?) Over your head(How?) gradually the leaves on the trees begin to turn yellow, red, and brown (V. Bianchi).

Most often, an adverb refers to a verb ( write correctly), less often to an adjective, participle, gerund, other adverb, noun ( a winter-cold day; short-flowering shrub; walk, jumping joyfully; surprisingly easy to explain,reluctant tragedian).

An adverb is an unchangeable part of speech: it does not decline, does not conjugate, and does not agree with other words. An adverb does not and cannot have an ending.

Adverb categories

According to general semantics, two categories are distinguished:

1. definitive

2. adverbial.

The attributive category includes adverbs denoting qualities, mode of action, intensity of symptom manifestation.

Within the boundaries of the defining category the following are distinguished:

1. adverbs of manner with the meaning of quality: fast, fun, clear;

2. Comparisons: bearish, hedgehog;

3. feature intensity: too, very, slightly;

4. multiplicity: twice, thrice.

The adverbial category includes:

1. adverbs of place: below, above;

2. adverbs of time: a long time ago, tomorrow;

3. adverbs of reason: rashly, with joy;

4. adverbs of purpose: on purpose, out of spite;

5. adverbs of compatibility: three of us, together and etc

PRETEXT

Pretext- this is an auxiliary part of speech that expresses the dependence of nouns, numerals and pronouns on other words in phrases and sentences: Want To mom, I'll go behind bread, go By three, come back behind her.