After pollen grains form in the pollen sacs, the cells that form the walls of the anther begin to dry out and shrink; tension arises, which ultimately leads to cracking (opening) of the anthers with longitudinal slits formed on the lateral surfaces (Fig. 20.19), which leads to the release of pollen.
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma is called pollination. Pollination is necessary so that male gametes developing in pollen grains can meet female gametes; in the process of evolution, special, often very intricate, mechanisms have emerged that ensure successful pollination.
The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or another flower of the same plant specimen is called self-pollination. The transfer of pollen from the anther of one plant specimen to the stigma of another is called cross pollination. Cross pollination leads to cross fertilization and promotes genetic variation. Thus, this is a special kind of outbreeding. Many plants have special features that favor cross-pollination; some of them will be described below.
The advantage of self-pollination leading to self-fertilization is that it is more reliable, especially in cases where members of a given species are found relatively rarely and at large distances from one another. This is because self-pollination does not depend on external agents such as wind or insects. However, self-fertilization, being an extreme form of inbreeding, can lead to a decrease in the viability of offspring (see section 25.4). Examples of self-pollinating plants include ragwort ( Senecio) and chickweed ( Stellari a); their flowers do not produce nectar and are odorless.
Both cross-pollination and self-pollination have their advantages and disadvantages, and many plants have developed adaptations that, while favoring cross-pollination, at the same time make it possible, if for some reason it fails, to resort to self-fertilization. For example, violets ( Viola) and wood sorrel ( Oxalis) some buds do not open, so self-pollination is inevitable for them.
Features favorable to self-pollination
Dioecious plants. In dioecious plants, self-pollination is impossible. Monoecious species, which have both male and female flowers on the same hermaphroditic plant, also prefer cross-pollination, but self-pollination can also occur in them.
20.3. Dioecious plants are rare despite the benefits of cross pollination. Give two possible reasons for this.
20.4. "Dioecy" (dioeciousness) is widespread in animals. Why was this system more suitable for animals than for flowering plants?
Dichogamy. Sometimes the maturation of anthers and stigmas occurs at different times - a phenomenon called dichogamy. If the anthers ripen earlier than the stigmas, then they speak of protandry, and if the stigmas ripen first - oh protogyny. Protandry is much more common; Examples include chrysanthemum, dandelion, fireweed ( Epilobium angustifolium), as well as sage ( Salvia, rice. 20.23).
Protogyny is characteristic of the scilla and the burrow ( Scrophularia). With dichogamy, in most cases there is a period when both the anthers and stigmas are in a state of maturity, which makes self-pollination possible if cross-pollination has not occurred. A similar mechanism that ensures cross-fertilization exists in some hermaphroditic animals, for example in the hydra, in which the male gonads mature earlier than the female ones.
Self-incompatibility(self-sterility). Even if self-fertilization has occurred, pollen grains often do not develop or develop very slowly, preventing self-fertilization or reducing its likelihood. In all such cases, a specific interaction occurs that inhibits the process of germination of the pollen tube into a style, and this inhibition is determined by self-incompatibility genes.
In cases of self-incompatibility, the frequency of compatible cross combinations varies and is again genetically determined. To maximize pollen utilization, a significant proportion of crosses must be compatible. An extreme example is clover, in which all plants are self-incompatible, but cross-incompatibility occurs in less than one in 22,000 pairs. Less effective are systems in which compatible types differ in flower morphology. An example is the primrose (see below).
20.5. Self-incompatibility is controlled by multiple alleles. If we accept that a) there are three alleles - S 1, S 2 and S 3 and b) self-incompatibility occurs in cases where the pollen grain and stigma cells have one common allele, then what proportion of pollen grains from a plant with the S 1 S genotype 2 will be able to successfully germinate on a plant with the S 2 S 3 genotype?
Structural adaptations. Most hermaphroditic flowers have structural features that promote cross-pollination.
In entomophilous (insect-pollinated) flowers, the stigmas usually protrude above the anthers, which prevents pollen grains from falling directly onto the stigmas of the same flower. When an insect carrying pollen from another plant visits such a flower, it first touches its stigma. Then, when the insect searches for nectar, it either coats itself with pollen or shakes it off onto itself. This is the case, for example, when pollinating the clasp (Fig. 20.17). A more primitive mechanism is that the stigma touches the insect when it lands on the flower, as when pollinating sweet peas (see Fig. 20.16). Such mechanisms are usually combined with dichogamy, and the flowers are often complex and zygomorphic.
Flowers attract insects by providing them with food (nectar or pollen) and stimulating their vision and sense of smell. This is possible due to the presence of special characteristics in flowers, which will be discussed below.
In many wind-pollinated flowers, the stamens, the flower as a whole, or the entire inflorescence hang down, so that the pollen spills out and is then carried away (as, for example, in hazel).
20.6. In Fig. 20.24 shows two types of primrose flowers, found in nature in approximately equal numbers and differing in the length of the columns (heterostyly) and the location of the stamens: a) It is known that bees suck nectar from the lower part of the corolla tube; Explain why cross-pollination occurs primarily between long- and short-columnar flowers rather than between flowers of the same type? b) What is the advantage of such a system?
Although heterostyly (see question 20.6 and figure 20.24) obviously promotes outbreeding, a much more effective mechanism of self-incompatibility exists in long- and short-columnar primroses, due to which cross-fertilization occurs only between flowers of different types. The genes that control incompatibility, style length, and stamen height are located very close to each other on the same chromosome and behave as one heritable unit.
Wind pollination and insect pollination
Pollen grains are spores, but unlike the spores produced by spore-bearing plants, they cannot germinate on land and must be transferred to the female reproductive structures of cones (in gymnosperms) or flowers (in angiosperms). Initially, the spores were spread by the wind, but this mechanism of pollen transfer is very inefficient, since the arrival of pollen grains on cones or flowers depends entirely on chance. All conifers and many flowering plants (grasses and most temperate trees such as oak and hazel) are still pollinated by wind, but they must produce huge quantities of pollen, which requires large amounts of material and energy. After flowers evolved, plants quickly began to use insects for pollination, since this is a much more reliable way of transferring pollen. An insect can transfer small amounts of pollen from the stamens of one flower directly onto the stigma of another. As a result, in the process of evolution, a special relationship has developed between flowers and insects: the reward that insects receive from flowers is food in the form of nectar and sometimes pollen. Insects specialized for feeding on flowers appeared simultaneously with flowering plants; these include bees, bumblebees, wasps and butterflies. In some cases, the insect and the plant it pollinates are so interdependent that neither can exist without the other, such as the yucca and yucca moth ( Pronuba yuccasella). Entomophily has another advantage: it favors cross-pollination, and thereby cross-fertilization; therefore, the flower modifications described below that facilitate insect pollination can be added to the list of traits that promote cross-pollination.
Entomophilous plants usually have large flowers with brightly colored petals, which attract insects; if the flowers are small, then they are collected in inflorescences. Insects perceive rays of the ultraviolet region of the spectrum, invisible to humans, and therefore flowers that appear white to humans can be perceived by insects as colored. Often the petals have stripes, spots or more intensely colored areas that indicate the path to the nectaries for insects; they are found, for example, in violets, including pansies ( Viola), orchids ( Orchis and other genera) and foxgloves ( Digitalis).
More specific than color are the odors emitted by flowers; some of them, such as lavender and rose, are used in the perfume industry. Some plants have the smell of rotting meat, which attracts carrion-eating insects; arum ( Arum maculatum) attracts dung flies. The shape of the flower can also serve as a specific identifying feature.
One of the most complex and strange mechanisms for ensuring cross-pollination is found in some orchids, the flowers of which in shape, color and even smell imitate female sphex wasps and, moreover, so convincingly that male sphex wasps try to copulate with the flowers (Fig. 20.25). During these attempts, the insect shakes off the pollen onto the flower, and then, leaving it, carries away its pollen, which it then transfers to another flower.
Typical differences between wind-pollinated and insect-pollinated flowers are given in Table. 20.2.
Primroses are loved and revered by all nations. The ancient Greeks considered the primrose the medicinal flower of Olympus. The British took him with them on the road as a talisman. Among many Slavic peoples, primroses were revered as golden keys that unlock summer. There are many legends about the origin of the plant. According to one of them, the Apostle Peter, who was entrusted with the keys to heaven, one day learned the terrible news that rejected spirits had forged the keys to the gates of heaven. Out of fright, the apostle dropped the stored keys. They fell to the ground, and a delicate flower grew in this place, as an eternal reminder of what happened.
In German, this flower is called: Himmel-schlussel - “heavenly springs” or Peterschlussel - “Peter’s springs”. And indeed, the flower stem of this plant, overturned with a bunch of oblong flowers, is somewhat reminiscent of an old bunch of keys. In the western regions of Russia, the primrose is simply called “keys”.
According to one Danish folk tale, the elf princess herself was turned into a primrose. Finding herself on earth, she fell in love with a handsome young man and remained among people, forgetting about her airy homeland. As punishment, the princess was turned into a primrose, and her lover into an anemone, which blooms and fades at the same time as her.
According to English legends, good gnomes hide in primrose flowers. And if you go out into a forest clearing on a spring moonlit night, you can hear the melody of awakening life and love coming from every flower, decorated with pearls of dew.
The genus Primula (Primula) from the family Primula (Primula-ceae) includes about five thousand species distributed in temperate, cold and subtropical regions of the northern hemisphere. Most species are plants of alpine meadows. All of them are early flowers, so many people do not accurately call them “snowdrops”. By the way, the Latin name of the genus comes from the word prima-first.
Several dozen species of these plants grow in Russia. In the European part of Russia, the most common is the spring primrose (Primulf veris), whose range covers almost the whole of Europe. In the western regions there is a similar tall primrose (Primula elatior). Spring primrose is a perennial plant.
Wrinkled bluish leaves, covered on both sides with fluff, are collected in a basal rosette. A stem up to 30 cm high grows from the center of the rosette. At the top of the stem there is an umbrella-shaped inflorescence. Blooms in April-June. Flowers with a pleasant scent. By the way, primroses have two forms of flowers: long-columnar, in which the pistil is approximately twice as long as the stamens, and short-columnar, in which, on the contrary, the stamens are approximately twice as long as the pistil. This is an adaptation to cross-pollination. Both forms are found equally often in nature. And although cross-pollination of two flowers of the same shape is possible (and even self-pollination), cross-pollination of flowers of different shapes produces more viable seeds. Seeds collected in a box ripen in about a month and quickly lose their viability. Young plants bloom in the second year. You can meet the spring primrose in light forests, on the edges, clearings, and meadows; it prefers dry places. Naturally, such ornamental plants did not go unnoticed by gardeners. Many types of primroses are cultivated as garden plants. Among them there are species with white, yellow, pink, dark red, blue, blue, and even brown and purple flowers. Hybrids and terry forms were obtained. However, primroses are grown not only as garden plants, but also as garden plants. Young leaves of primroses are used in salads. These leaves contain many vitamins - a couple of leaves provide a person’s daily requirement of Vitamin D, C. The healing properties of primroses, as already mentioned, were known to the ancient Greeks. In folk medicine, primroses were widely used in the treatment of various diseases. One cannot but rejoice that the spring primrose is not yet rare even in the vicinity of large cities. But still, there is no need to tear it up in vain: in the forest it looks much better than in a garbage can.
Primrose is used mainly as an expectorant for respiratory diseases (bronchitis, tracheitis, laryngitis). For this, an infusion of crushed rhizomes and a decoction of primrose leaves are used. At the same time, these same dosage forms have analgesic properties (used for rheumatism) and diuretic properties (prescribed for kidney and bladder diseases).
In folk medicine, an infusion of primrose rhizomes is used not only as an expectorant, but also to resolve external hemorrhages. An infusion of flowers, according to the recommendations of traditional healers, is drunk for colds, sore throats, headaches, neuroses and insomnia. Rhizomes, leaves and flowers of primrose together with other herbs (chamomile, anise, plantain) are included in various infusions and medicinal teas.
As soon as the spring sun awakens the sleeping earth and it quickly begins to dress in its festive green attire, light green wrinkled leaves, somewhat reminiscent of garden lettuce leaves, appear in forest clearings and in light, sparse forests. Indeed, the tender leaves can be used as salad greens. Forest lettuce may be inferior in taste to garden lettuce, but in some nutritional qualities it is significantly superior to it. Perhaps the leaves of no known plant contain as much vitamin C as is found in the firstborn of spring. Typically, in the green parts of plants, no more than 300 mg% of vitamin C is determined, and in the leaves of the spring primrose (Primula veris L.)—the name of the plant in question—the vitamin C content reaches 700 mg%, and some scientists even indicate the figure 6000 mg%. This difference is obviously explained by the calculation method: in the first case, the vitamin C content was calculated in relation to the wet weight of the leaves, in the second - on the absolutely dry weight. Primrose is a fertile material for breeders. Once this savage is given more advanced gastronomic qualities, primrose salad will be included in the list of excellent dietary and medicinal dishes. I remember how, as a child, in the spring I enjoyed feasting on the flower arrows of the primrose (it is also called the ram).
The golden primrose flowers have an interesting device that protects the plant from self-pollination. Primrose flowers are dimorphic, that is, they have two forms. In some flowers, the stamens are attached to the walls of a rather long corolla tube in the upper part, and the short pistil does not reach half the length of the tube; in others, on the contrary, the stigma of a tall pistil rises much higher than the short stamens, attached with their bases in this case to the walls of the corolla tube in its lower part. Thus, the anthers of the stamens and the stigma of the pistil are at different levels, which prevents the accidental contact of pollen with the pistil.
So, primrose leaves are unusually rich in vitamin C, so in fresh or dried form they can be used in all cases where it is necessary to compensate for the deficiency of this vitamin. Primrose roots also have medicinal properties. They contain about 10% saponins, which have an expectorant effect. Back in the early 30s of our century, pharmacologist M.N. Varlakov drew attention to primrose roots as a good expectorant that could replace imported hay. He noted that in Western Europe, where there was no noticeable shortage of medicines of this kind, in the arsenal of medicines, along with senegia preparations, there were also preparations from primrose roots. In our country, which experienced difficulties with the import of expectorants of plant origin, no one was engaged in the production of preparations from primrose roots.
A dry extract was obtained from the roots of the spring primrose, from which tablets were prepared at pharmaceutical factories and produced as an expectorant under the name “Primulen”. With the advent of more effective expectorants, the release of Primulene was discontinued.
, woody plants in summer and herbaceous plants (wild flowers),
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colored laminated definition tables, including: woody plants (trees in winter, trees in summer, shrubs in winter and shrubs in summer), herbaceous plants (flowers of forests, meadows and fields, ponds and swamps and primroses), as well as mushrooms, algae, lichens and mosses ,
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colored determinants herbaceous plants (wild flowers) of central Russia (Ventana-Graf publishing house), as well as
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methodological benefits And 40
educational and methodological films By methods carrying out research work in nature (in the field).
FAMILY PRIMICOLA - PRIMULACEAE
Primrose family ( 30 genera and about 1000 species ), widespread throughout the globe, but mainly in the temperate and cold regions of the northern hemisphere. Many species grow in the mountains and the Arctic.
Primroses are predominantly perennial rhizomatous plants. herbs of varied appearance, often with a rosette of leaves and a leafless arrow stem, usually terrestrial, rarely aquatic. Few annuals of primroses are known. Among the primroses there are also low, often cushion-shaped xerophytic bushes or subshrubs . The branches of cushion plants are very densely planted with small leaves that die off from below. An interesting feature of these species is their slow but continuous growth, as a result of which growth rings do not form in the wood of the branches.
Stems most primroses are erect, less often ascending, sometimes creeping, like an evergreen meadow plant coin loosestrife, or meadow tea ( Lysimachia nummularia).
Leaves usually entire, varied in shape, very rarely pinnately dissected from very small to relatively large, 15-20 cm long, sometimes quite fleshy, with more or less long petioles or sessile. Often the leaves are collected in a rosette. On leafy stems they are alternate or opposite, less often whorled, without stipules. The leaves can be glabrous or variably pubescent.
Flowers solitary, axillary, or apical, or more often collected in apical or axillary inflorescences- umbellate, capitate, paniculate or racemose. Sometimes the flower arrows bear several arranged multi-flowered whorls. The small-sized flowers of primroses have a very diverse, usually bright color; they are bisexual, actinomorphic, 5-membered ( loosestrife), rarely 6-, 9-membered ( weekday
- Trientalis), often heterostylous. The perianth is compound-leaved. The calyx that remains with the fruit is tubular, funnel-shaped or bell-shaped, with teeth at the top or more or less deeply divided, sometimes almost to the base (sednik, species of loosestrife, etc.). The corolla is usually long ( primrose Primula) or a short (cyclamen) tube and a wheel-shaped, funnel-shaped or saucer-shaped limb. In some primroses, the corolla is not differentiated into a tube and a limb; it is tubular, bell-shaped, or, like the calyx, separate almost to the base (sedmichnik). As a rule, the corolla is longer than the calyx. The stamens are attached to the corolla and are located opposite its lobes; they are either hidden in the corolla or exposed from it. The filaments of the stamens are usually short and free, sometimes expanded and fused at the bottom, forming a tube or ring. Sometimes between the lobes of the corolla, opposite the sepals, there are staminodes alternating with the stamens in the form of scales or teeth.
The gynoecium is lysicarpous, consisting of five carpels. Style with capitate or truncated stigma. Ovary superior. Ovules from numerous to several or one.
Many members of the family bloom in early spring, being common components of spring flora. The early flowering of primroses, as well as other spring plants, occurs because shoots with inflorescences are formed in their renewal buds already in the fall. The growth and development of their inflorescences occurs in the winter and spring months, under the snow. Immediately after the snow melts, fully formed shoots begin to grow rapidly and the plant soon blooms. Species of other genera, such as loosestrife, bloom in summer until autumn.
Most primroses pollinate insects, but among them there are also self-pollinating species. Their adaptations to cross-pollination are different. One of them is dimorphic heterostyly, a classic example of which is primrose flowers. Many species of this genus, in particular the widespread spring primrose (Primula veris), have two forms of flowers: long-columnar on some plants and short-columnar on others. In the long-columnar form, the stigma is located in the throat of the flower at the level of the limb or slightly higher, the stamens are attached to the middle part of the corolla tube, while in the short-columnar form, on the contrary, in the throat of the corolla the stamens are visible, attached to the upper part of the tube, and the stigma is at the same level as the stamens of the first form. In populations of primroses, approximately the same number of both individuals is found. Primrose flowers are homogamous, their stigmas and anthers ripen at the same time. Insects visit them for nectar and pollen. The nectar is located at the bottom of a rather long floral tube and can therefore be accessed mainly by long-proboscis insects. The most common pollinators of primroses are bumblebees, early bees and honey bees. Beetles and flower flies also collect pollen.
Heterostyly of primroses and the cross-pollination associated with it were studied in detail by Charles Darwin in 1862 and 1877. He observed that when a bumblebee, in search of nectar, plunges its proboscis into the tube of a long-columnar flower, the pollen on its proboscis appears at exactly the same level as the stigma in a short-columnar flower. If after this the insect flies to a short-columnar flower, then the pollen from its proboscis ends up on the stigma of this flower. Pollen transfer occurs similarly from the short-columnar form to the long-columnar form. This is how cross-pollination occurs between flowers of different shapes. But insects, as Darwin noted, can pollinate between identical forms, and even more often, contribute to their self-pollination. By removing the proboscis from a long-columnar flower, the insect can pollinate the same flower. By plunging its proboscis into the tube of a short-columnar flower, it can shed pollen onto the stigma located under the stamens. In flowers of this type, pollen falls on the stigma without the help of an insect. Thus, in heterostylous primroses, three pollination options are possible: cross pollination between different forms, between identical forms, and self-pollination.
Through careful experiments with various heterostylous primroses, Darwin found that the most favorable for plants is cross-pollination between different forms, that is, when the stigma of one flower receives pollen from the anthers of another flower located at the same level. In this case, more viable seeds are formed and there are significantly more of them than during pollination between identical forms or self-pollination. The first pollination option was called legitimate by Darwin, the second two - illegitimate (from the Latin words legitimus- legal and illegitimus- illegal). These terms are still widely used today. What is the reason for the advantages of legitimate pollination over illegitimate? It turns out that, in addition to heterostyly, primroses have dimorphic stigmas and dimorphic pollen. Darwin found in the spring primrose, and then in other species, that the long-columnar form has a stigma with large papillae, and the pollen is small, while the short-columnar form, on the contrary, has a stigma with smaller papillae, and the pollen is almost twice as large than the first form. When large pollen from flowers of one form falls on large papillae of the stigma of another form, then legitimate, effective pollination for the species occurs. The facts established by Darwin have been repeatedly confirmed by other researchers.
U European Weekend The flowers are homostylous, protogynous and, as experiments with artificial pollination have shown, self-fertile. Pollination with your own pollen produces the same results as cross-pollination. Self-pollination in the flowering plant is possible only after flowering, when the flowers close and the petals press the stamens to the stigma. However, by this time the stigmas of many flowers have already dried up, as a result of which self-pollination rarely occurs in the seven-flowered plant. The likelihood of cross-pollination is also low, since there are quite a few insects under the canopy of the spruce forest where these plants live. Most often, flower flies can be found on the flowers of the week. When these flies eat pollen and drink nectar, one side of their heads touches the anthers, the other touches the stigmas. Due to the episodic nature of cross-pollination, as well as protogyny, which largely prevents self-pollination, fruits are not often produced in the seven-year-old plant. The main method of its propagation is vegetative, through stolons, at the ends of which nodules with a renewal bud and adventitious roots are formed. In the fall, the mother plant and stolons die, and new shoots develop from the nodules in the spring. Thanks to its effective propagation with the help of stolons, sedmichnik is one of the most abundant plants in the spruce forest.
Coin loosestrife, or meadow tea, reproduces only vegetatively - by creeping, rooted stems. Its flowers are not pollinated not only by their own pollen, but even by the pollen of other individuals of the same clone. And since each loosestrife population is one large clone, this plant never produces normally developed seeds. Common loosestrife has two types of flowers: large, cross-pollinated - in plants living in well-lit places, and small, cleistogamous, self-pollinating - in individuals growing in the shade.
By the nature of seed dispersal, many primroses are classified as anemochoric ballistae. When plants are swayed by the wind, seeds from the opened and upward-facing bolls are scattered in all directions over a short distance. This method of dispersing diaspores is possible only if the capsules are directed upward, otherwise the seeds would randomly spill out next to the mother plant. In this regard, it is interesting to note that in most plants with drooping flowers, by the time of fruiting, the pedicels bend upward and take on an erect position. But spring primrose everything happens the other way around: its flowers are erect, and the bolls are drooping and the diaspores crumble to the ground under the influence of their own gravity (barochory). This “strangeness” of the plant is explained by the fact that its seeds, unlike the species of the previous group, are equipped with an oily appendage - an elaiosome - and are carried by ants. Some primroses scatter their seeds themselves. Seeds European Weekend do not crumble, but remain on the plant until the snow cover bends the dry stems to the ground. This plant is therefore classified as a species with winter seed dispersal.
Fetus- a capsule, usually opening with teeth at the top or valves. The seeds have a small embryo and abundant endosperm. The surface of the seeds is often variably sculptured. In some primroses, the seeds are equipped with an oily appendage - an elaiosome.
Primroses are used
by humans mainly as beautifully flowering ornamental plants. The most important of them is the primrose. Many species of this genus and their numerous garden varieties have been widely cultivated since ancient times in all temperate countries. Primroses occupy one of the first places among decorative perennials. Their valuable qualities are early and long flowering, the grace of flowers and the exceptional variety of their colors.
Primroses are grown in gardens and parks as border plants, in flower beds, ridges, alpine slides and in groups on lawns.
The leaves of some primroses, especially the spring primrose and related species, are rich in vitamin C, so they can be used when young to prepare vitamin-rich salads. The roots contain saponins, essential oils, glycosides, and are used in medicine as an expectorant for diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Many primroses are good honey plants.
General information about primroses
Primroses (lat. Primulaceae) or Primroses are a family of dicotyledonous sphenoletal plants of very diverse appearance; mostly herbs, a few subshrubs. Herbs of the primrose family have developed rhizomes, mostly monopodially branched, and sometimes (in the genus Cyclamen) swollen in the form of a tuber. About 1000 species (30 genera). Many plants are ornamental, such as primrose and cyclamen. Primroses are distributed mainly in the temperate climate of the northern hemisphere and mostly in alpine regions; in the southern hemisphere and subtropics they are extremely rare. Sixteen species of primroses are protected.
Healing properties and use in folk medicine. Spring primrose. Saponin-containing medicinal plants are used primarily for coughs, especially dry and persistent ones, when there are difficulties with coughing. Primrose is best for the so-called senile cough. The latter often occurs when the contractile force of the heart decreases, as a result of which the blood supply to the lungs deteriorates. This leads to a constant cough. To help in such cases, you need not only to facilitate coughing, but also to simultaneously influence blood circulation, for which you need to take care of increased removal of water from the body. This is exactly how spring primrose works: it facilitates coughing and acts as a diuretic. Mixing primrose rhizome with fennel and anise makes an excellent cough tea. If you add mallow leaves, this tea helps with all forms of cold cough.
Loosestrife. In folk medicine, loosestrife is used for rheumatism and gout, for diarrhea and internal bleeding. In addition, we constantly hear that a decoction (tea) from this plant as a compress promotes the healing of wounds, especially those that fester and do not heal for a long time. This remedy is also used to treat skin with eczema.
Cyclamen. Previously, dryakva was used as an effective laxative. In homeopathy, Cyclamen is given for nervous diseases and against gout, rheumatism and various painful conditions.
