Russian hut. Five-wall log house - characteristic features, advantages and disadvantages Russian hut: video

TYPES OF PEASANT ARCHITECTURE

When determining the typology of peasant log architecture of the Altai Territory, the principle of vertical and horizontal layout of the traditional East Slavic dwelling is taken as a basis, with changes made to the layout and distribution of economic and living space, reflecting regional characteristics, due to both adaptation to new natural and climatic conditions and a mixture of traditions of different colonization flows and aboriginal culture. Peasant frame, adobe, cast architecture had only a horizontal ground layout, which practically coincides with log architecture.

By vertical type Peasant log-frame architecture is divided into two types. First type- residential buildings with a lower framed or sheathed room used for household needs (moss farm, workshop, trading store) or, if necessary, easily converted into residential premises. The lower room, called the “basement” (later - “underground”) is arranged with a recess into the ground of 1.5 - 2 meters, has low earthen windows, often not framed or not cashed, and an independent entrance through a low door from the yard and an entrance is required from inside the living space. Typically, the lower room repeats the layout of the upper living space and is divided into chambers by extending the walls of the internal cut inwards. In the case of a multi-chamber basement, each upper chamber has an independent entrance through a hatch in the floor. Second type with a vertical layout is a two-story log house. Third type— ground installation of a log house without a lower room.

By horizontal type Peasant log-frame architecture is represented by four main types of dwellings: hut, connection, cross and five-walled. Each type has several options, reflecting the evolution of one type or another in order to expand the living or commercial space.

The most ancient type is a single-chamber log hut, known from archaeological sites of the 9th - 10th centuries. During the period of colonization of the south of Western Siberia, it was the dominant design. It is still widespread in rural areas. Exists in Altai under the names - "hut", "foot"(genetic memory of the roots of the origin of the word “izba” from the word “istopa”, “to heat”, i.e. a heated room with a stove), "chicken"(preserved as an echo of the name “smoking hut”, i.e. heated in black).

First type presented In Altai, the log hut based on the roof structure is represented by two types - a hut with a male structure of a gable roof and a hut with a rafter structure of a gable roof. According to the presence of an additional extension, the huts are divided:

1) a log house single-chamber dwelling without an additional log house, 2) a hut with a log house along the long wall, in which the entrance node is located, 3) a hut with a log house to the end wall and an entrance node through it.

In some cases, the cut may be made of half-logs (slabs) or plank blocks. Typical dimensions of a hut in Altai are “3 by 4” or “4 by 5” meters. A characteristic feature is the arrangement of decorative decorations: on the piers (boards that cover the exits slightly), the edge of the board is figuredly processed; on the platbands, the decorative load is carried by the frontal (upper) board of the platband; the under-eaves overhang most often has the shape of triangular teeth or “braiding” (a decorative ribbon of semicircular cutouts with a through hole). In general, the carving of huts uses the simplest geometric ornament with archaic ancient Slavic symbolism.

Second type Peasant architecture in Altai is also represented by the ancient one, which is a logical development of the log one-chamber hut. On the territory of Russia it was formed in the 10th - 11th centuries. It appeared in Altai in the 18th century, but since the end of the 19th century it has been preserved mainly in peasant construction and was gradually replaced by the more advanced design of the cross house. At present, there are few communications huts left. In modern rural construction this type is not used at all.

Existing huts can be divided by connection:

1. three-chamber communication hut without a cut-out on the basement,
2. three-chamber hut connected to a log house along the long side on the basement,
3. ground three-chamber communication hut,
4. ground three-chamber hut connected to the prirub.

This type of architecture is characterized by the elongated shape of the house and its division by two parallel internal walls into three chambers: the two outer ones are large in size and between them are small in size. the traditional name of the chambers has been preserved: a large room with a stove - "hut", second big - "upper room", the middle room between them "canopy" or "sensy". In all examined options, the three-chamber building was installed perpendicular to the street, which generally coincided with the dominant direction of the cold northern ( "siver") wind.

The connection hut on the basement is large in size. The height of the basement for the old-timers, represented by immigrants from Pomerania, the Urals and the north of European Russia, is from 1 m 80 cm to 2 m. The log houses in the described options are installed on “chairs” made of larch. In all surviving monuments of the first two types, the roof shape is gable with a rafter or gable structure. The roof design depended on the volume of the building. For large volumes, a rafter roof shape was used, for smaller volumes, a male roof shape was used. A distinctive feature of this type is the small size of window and door openings. The entrance node is located in the middle of the courtyard facade through the middle chamber. More often, communication huts in Altai were built by representatives of the ethnographic group “Kerzhaks”, less often by “Pomortsy”. Geographically, communication huts are not localized, but are distributed everywhere.

In the ground type hut-connected building, the building does not have a foundation. The bottom row of logs is laid on the ground, which is typical for the steppe and southern provinces of European Russia. In Altai, small stone slabs were usually placed at corners or along the entire perimeter. Therefore, the entrance to the hut (middle communications chamber) is through a low doorway lined with blocks, often without a porch or with one step. There are no windows on the courtyard wall with the entrance. The roof in the last two types is usually a rafter structure with four slopes and has a small height. Izb-connections are characterized by a limited use of threads, usually on the top board of the platband, or its absence.

Third type- chronologically younger. According to ethnographers, it appeared in the 14th century. But it spread to Altai with the beginning of the development of the territory by the Russian population. The five-walled house is represented in Altai in various variants, which can be classified according to a number of characteristics: by the shape of the roof, by the presence of a basement, by the position of the building relative to the street, by the shape of the main building, by the presence and shape of a truss. The first group is represented by small, five-walled houses with a gable roof:

1. A five-walled house with a gable roof without a cut-out or basement,
2. A five-walled house with a barn without a basement,
3. A five-walled house with a gable roof without a cut on the basement,
4. A five-walled house with a gable roof with a porch and basement.

The log house has a rectangular shape, divided by a transverse wall into two chambers: "hut" And "upper room". Traditionally, the farmhouse is located along the long courtyard wall. In a five-walled house on a basement, there are two ways to enter through the grove. In the first case, the flooring of the house and the farmhouse is at the same height, so a covered high porch or an open porch with a locker and a single-pitched canopy leads to the front door. In the second case, the prirub has a low flooring, so the street porch is not high (usually two or three steps), but in the prirub there are steep steps in the form of steps for entering the living space. In five-walled houses without a basement, there is only a street porch. Unlike the previous two types of peasant architecture, a five-walled house with a gable roof usually has abundant carvings on the architraves, lintel, under-eaves frieze and overhang.

Another group of five-walled houses is distinguished by a hipped roof, close in shape to a square, similar to cross houses:

1. A five-walled ground house with a hipped roof and a log or plank shed under a separate pitched roof,
2. An above-ground five-walled house with a log house under a hipped roof shared with the living space and a hemmed ceiling in the log house,
3. A five-walled house with a log house under one hipped roof and a hemmed ceiling on the basement,
4. A five-walled house with a log house or half-log house, in which the ceiling is not hemmed,
5. A five-walled house with a hipped roof and a log or half-log building under a separate pitched roof on a basement,
6. A two-story, five-walled house under a hipped roof and a log or half-log or plank frame under a separate pitched roof,
7. A two-story, five-walled house with a log or half-timbered log house under a single hipped roof.

Fourth type- appeared in Altai at the end of the 19th century, reflected the growth in the economic well-being of the rural population and is distinguished by large volumes. Presented with the following options:

Cross houses are characterized by different types of entrance points and porches. Window openings in cross- and five-walled houses are usually large in size, often semi-circular in shape. Such types of decorative design as carvings on platbands, cornices, friezes, enveloping blades, as well as tin cuts on organized gutters, chimneys, and parapets are widely used. Wooden carvings are represented by different types both in terms of manufacturing technology - cutting, blind chiseled, sawn overhead and sawn openwork carvings, and in terms of ornamentation - geometric, ornithomorphic, floral ornamentation predominates in nature - large carving details, small ones, rich or sparse ornamentation. Geographically, the predominance of the Volga style of carving is noticeable in the northeastern part of the region, the North Russian style in the southeastern part of the region, and in other areas there are mixed types of carving.

Fifth type architecture - . It is called in Altai "cross connection". The appearance is associated with the growth of the financial situation of the rural population of Altai no earlier than the end of the 19th century, in contrast to the urban population, who, according to archival data, built houses with a cross connection at the turn of the 18th - 19th centuries in Biysk and Barnaul. In terms of species, most of the surviving monuments correspond to the North Russian type of houses, primarily with the high setting of the house:

1. Cross connection with a gable rafter roof on a high basement.
2. Cross connection with a gable rafter roof, with a tenon without a cornice device on a high basement,
3. Cross connection with a hipped rafter roof on a high basement,
4. Cross connection with a four-pitched rafter roof on the middle basement,
5. Cross connection with a gable roof on the middle basement,
6. Two-story cross connection.

The latter option appeared in the village as commercial and industrial entrepreneurship developed and traders and industrialists emerged from the rural environment. The presence of the first floor with six rooms made it possible to use them as production - workshops, shops, etc.

Northern Russian characteristics include types of carved decorations: the use of cuts, the predominance of geometric lines, small details, hanging cone-shaped earrings (towns) on the side boards of the platbands, as well as the presence of a massive ridge on gable roofs and a towel in the form of a truncated four-pointed cross with diamond-shaped decorations at the intersection points and contact with the pier. A number of houses of the cross connection have window sizes typical for the North Russian ethnocultural zone, platbands with a rectangular high forehead and single-leaf shutters. The most striking representative is the monument in the village of Altaiskoye, with abundant small carvings in the form of cuts, sawn, relief and blind carvings on the platbands. Sawn openwork carving is located on the cornice, frieze, and pediments of dormer windows.

Depending on the number of walls, rooms and their location, as well as on the heating method, several types of layouts of wooden houses can be distinguished.

Typically, a four-walled hut was built as a temporary home by hunters or fishermen who were forced to fish for several months. Wooden houses with four walls were also built for permanent residence. In this case, to preserve heat (this was especially important for northern regions with a harsh climate), cold canopies were attached to them. To protect from rain and snow, the roof of the house was made large, protruding far beyond the walls.

Five-walled

A five-wall wooden house is a rectangular structure in which the entire living area was divided by a transverse wall into two unequal parts: a room and a vestibule. If a canopy was added to the house, it was divided into an upper room and a living room. A stove was usually installed in the living room, which heated the entire room, and food was prepared here.

The inner wall started from the very base and reached the ceiling. The transverse sections of its logs went out, dividing the façade of the room into two parts. At first, the huts were not divided equally, but over time they began to make five-walled buildings with the facade divided into 2 equal parts.

According to a long-standing custom, after children grew up and started their own families, they still continued to live with their parents. The premises for both families consisted of two adjacent huts, each of which had its own entrance, vestibule (they were built behind the huts) and a stove.

Cross

A cross wooden house is a square structure in which the internal transverse wall intersected at a right angle with the longitudinal one. As a result, four separate rooms were formed. The transverse wall made of logs (cut) was erected simultaneously with the dwelling. Its ends were visible on the facade. The roof of such a structure was made hip. The porch was in the lower part of the log building.

Izba - from the verb “to drown”

Sometimes it was placed perpendicular to the wall. In such a hut it was already possible to create a second floor.

Six-walled

The six-wall house was a wooden house with two transverse walls and one longitudinal, covered with one roof. Since there were many premises, they were used for both housing and household needs.

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Pyatistenok - No. 32 timber house project

A long time ago, Rus' was made of wood. The forest thickets provided an endless amount of building material. The work of our distant ancestors transformed the forest into masterpieces of wooden architecture. These masterpieces were fortresses, mansions, church buildings, but the very first and most important one was still the Russian Izba. It was the hut that was a simple and laconic structure, on the one hand, and the most popular one, on the other. The Russian hut, despite a certain primitivism, has gone through a difficult path of development. It all started with an ordinary wooden “cage”, now called a log house. So, the current “log house” is the most primitive version of a wooden house. Since ancient times, the log house (or four-walled structure) has gone through the same long path of evolution as the first steam locomotive, which developed into a mainline locomotive. But first things first.

Four-walled- the first and oldest type of Russian housing. Behind the apparent primitiveness lies a convenient and very advanced design of a residential building. Still would! Thick wooden walls could protect from any frost and fierce winds. It was the four-wall that was a chopped “cage”, a simple, but at the same time, very perfect design. Yes, the four-wall structure was optimal for southern and central Rus', but for the north this type of construction was not suitable. It is worth saying that, for lack of anything better, four-wall buildings were also built in the north, but here harsh natural conditions forced adjustments to be made to the image of the ideal Russian hut.

The earliest principles of construction of Russian folk housing can only be shown by ancient residential buildings that survived in the areas of initial settlement of the Urals, the North and Siberia. In the villages, lost among rocks, forests and wastelands, due to the conservatism and isolation predetermined by nature itself, the ancient way of life has been preserved. Over time, new traditions also introduced new compositional techniques, as well as planning solutions, which for a long time determined the appearance of the Russian village.

In the old Ural villages, residential buildings are still preserved, from which one can judge that “wallet” houses with symmetrical roof slopes were common in the region. Around the beginning of the 19th century, and where even earlier, the four-wall system began to give way to more complex solutions.

Five-walled– this design was a logical development of the four-wall. The five-wall building did not make any special adjustments to the appearance of the Russian residential building, but at the same time it was a serious stage of development. This is how the famous ethnographer Golitsyn describes the five-walled wall: Each such hut consists of two halves, connected by a vestibule. The entrance to the vestibule from the porch is located on the front side of the hut. The porch is built on pillars, so that the floor and windows of the hut itself are quite high from the ground. A separate roof is attached to the top of the porch.

The tradition of building huts of a similar design still lives in the Northern Dvina region, in the Kostroma region, as well as in the Komi Republic - now the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. What is a classic five-wall? This is a classic hut stretched in one direction, blocked in the middle by another chopped log wall. But sometimes five-wall buildings were not built immediately, but were formed by “cutting” to an already existing four-wall wall. A five-walled house with a side porch was built in two versions: there was a type of construction in which the side wall was built along the main façade of the house with an old entryway, under one common roof. Another option suggested that the old canopy behind the hut was dismantled, and a chapel with new canopy was cut in their place.

The stove, in this case, was moved from the hut to the chapel, which turned the chapel itself not only into an additional room, but also into a kitchen. The hut itself also underwent structural changes: the room was partitioned off into a bedroom and a room with plank partitions (there was no drywall at that time)), and, as a rule, the room opened onto the street.

But such architectural delights were very difficult for many peasants. Often they did it simpler: the upper room was placed in the new aisle, and the stove itself was left in the “front” hut. Then the windows of the upper room were no longer front windows, but looked out onto the garden. Houses with a truss became widespread in the Nizhny Tagil factory district, and then in other factory districts of the Urals. For example, the house of one of the famous craftsmen of Nizhny Tagil, built in 1876, was a traditional Russian hut with three windows with a canopy, but already in 1897, due to the growth of the family, it was rebuilt. An extension was added to the hut, where a Russian stove was taken out and fixed benches were installed.

Cutting down houses with a “cut” is a fairly common phenomenon for the industrial region of Nizhny Tagil in the 19th century. The houses of factory serfs were not particularly diverse. Houses were built and developed according to one type. It turned out that one neighbor copied from another, and throughout the entire century before last, nothing new appeared.

However, new things appeared. The Russian five-wall hut is far from the only architectural innovation in the vastness of the Urals, the North and Siberia.

Six-walled– the next stage in the evolution of the classic Russian hut. This type of residential building was not at all a response to the harsh Ural winter. Centuries before the first six-wall building appeared in the Ural taiga, this type of house was well developed in the Russian North. It was from there that the six-wall came to the Urals, and then further, to the Trans-Urals and Siberia. Actually, the six-wall came to the Urals earlier, at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, but at first it did not receive further distribution.

When the construction of six-walled huts began in the Urals, initially this structure consisted of two four-walled log houses with a connection between them, made as a single whole. That’s right: the gap between the “cages” was sealed with the front and rear walls, the logs of which were cut into the grooves of the log houses. Such houses were called “with a reserve”.

What is a five-wall log house, how does it differ from a regular one?

Moreover, the Ural “backlog” was much wider than the “alley” in the houses of the Russian North.

It was the increase in the “backlog” in the wooden architecture of the Urals that allowed the backlog to become a full-fledged room - the same as the “main” parts of the six-wall building. In the Urals, the six-wall house went through an evolution: “twin hut” – “hut with a back street” – “house with a backlog”. Studies by local historians of six-walled houses in the Middle Urals show that a six-walled house with three rooms of equal importance was made from a house with a connection. The central cold vestibule increased in size, acquired a window to illuminate the work, was insulated and turned into an upper room.

Six-walled houses in the Middle Urals were common among the wealthier part of the population, among large families living near factories and river piers, as well as on important roads.

Traditional five-wall

Strip foundation

The cost of building a foundation for a house made of timber

Foundation characteristics

Foundation - Tape, monolithic reinforced - trench depth 70 cm, of which 20 cm sand cushion, base 50 cm, tape width 40 cm, reinforcement - 2 rods in 3 rows, reinforcement diameter 12 mm. Concrete M300

When building a house on a strip foundation, waterproofing is required, the wood should not come into contact with concrete, our company uses waterproofing.

Attention! The price for making a strip foundation is not fixed, so it may change if there is a slope in the area!

Material required for making a strip foundation:

1. Lumber (edged board 40x150 mm)
2. Fittings, diameter 12 mm.
3. Sewage pipes for vents with a diameter of at least 150 mm.
4. Knitting wire (for tying reinforcement)
5. Self-tapping screws, nails
6. Sand, for making a sand cushion
7. Buckets, shovels
8. The amount of material for each foundation is calculated separately.

List of works for the manufacture of strip foundations

• Marking the foundation;
• Digging a trench around the perimeter of the foundation;
• Backfilling and compaction of the sand cushion;
• Production of formwork;
• Installation of vents in the basement of the foundation and sewer pipes;
• Foundation reinforcement;
• Pouring ready-made concrete;
• Distillation and leveling of concrete horizontally.

When teachers told us that primitive people lived in caves, I was very surprised: after all, in the village of my grandparents there are no caves at all, no mountains - how can that be? where did they live? or did we not have primitive people? As for the completely primitive ones, I don’t know, but nevertheless, sites of ancient tribes were dug up several tens of kilometers away. It's simple: they lived in huts (in summer) and in dugouts (in winter); inside the dwelling there was a fireplace, which was “kept by the woman” while the man ran after the mammoth. But then iron appeared - a man made an ax, began to cut down trees and build a wooden dwelling - a quadrangular structure made of logs, the heart of which became a stove: at first a completely antediluvian one, which then turned into a real, Russian one. And this dwelling was named hut (from the verb “to drown”, Old Russian “istba”).

Early 1960s.

In our forest-rich country, the hut was destined to exist to this day.
“The white hut mainly consists of a four-walled frame of 7-10 arshins, with three windows to the street, often covered with straw, less often with shingles or iron, and with one door in the back wall."

By the way, in the top photo on the left you can see that part of the roof has not yet been covered with slate, and that’s exactly what there are - split wooden planks, actually “wooden tiles”. In the photo below you can see what the same shingles (in the top photo) look like from the attic today.

If anyone is confused by the phrase “white hut,” then I will explain that there were also “black huts” (smoking huts) - without a chimney and they were heated “black,” when the smoke covered the room and the door was wide open. By the way, in 1922, local historians say that in our area several black huts still existed - of course, not exactly the same as in the picture))

I didn't understand the expression before "five-wall hut" . What it is? There were almost no five-walled buildings in our village. It turned out that these were actually two huts under one roof, connected by one common wall - as in the bottom photo. In a five-wall building, the stove is placed so that it heats both halves - near the main adjacent wall.

In this case, one half serves as a kitchen and dining room, and the other half serves as a living room and bedroom for privileged family members. Such five-wall buildings could be built in width (photo above) or in length (photo below - there, it seems, there is even some kind of “seven-wall” - 3 internal walls).

Actually, the huts themselves, in principle, are all of the same type - a “quadrangular cage”, but the owners wanted to make their house special, so they tried to decorate the outside of the hut with carved frames on the windows. Here everyone tried their best.

photo: http://mama.tomsk.ru/forums/viewtopic.php?f=48&t=178067&view=print

In addition to the gable roof, they also made a three-slope roof with a structure “in the form of a carved booth with a dormer window inserted into it.”

Almost a quarter of the hut is occupied by the stove and the structures around it - floors, ladders, steps, storage rooms - “near it there is a wooden dowel, from the stove shoulder to the front wall there is a board partition dividing the frame at the bottom into unequal halves.”(From a local history essay 1922)
Golbets- this is the design for the stove and for access to the stove, designed differently for everyone: in the form of a fence or a closet with doors, a manhole and steps. For example, like the one below in the picture.

Inside the hut there is a light partition made of boards, which often does not reach the ceiling - so that warm air circulates along the top. Everything next to the stove is the kitchen-utility-dining area, behind the partition is the “front” - everything in one: they sleep there, receive guests, relax, etc. When inviting guests to pass, we said: “Come to the front.”

http://www.yaroslavskiy-kray.com/531/508-krestyanskaya-semya-za-obedom.jpg.html

“In the front corner there is a shrine with icons and a lamp, a table, along the walls of the bench, above them there are shelves (polavashniks), to the back wall there is a beam, a bunk or bed below.” (From a local history essay 1922)

The corner where the icons stood was called red. The first thing for anyone entering the hut is to cross themselves at the icons, and then greet the owners. On church holidays, a lamp is lit in front of the icons - an oil lamp with a wick.

Since the main wealth of a peasant family is children, there was always a strong hook on the ceiling for a swing (cradle). According to the aunt’s stories, their family had a wicker cradle - perhaps like the one in the photo.

photo http://forum.globus.tut.by/viewtopic.php?p=9397&sid=

What else was in the peasant hut? A cabinet with dishes, a chest could stand, “patrets” hung in frames, pictures on the wall, a light bulb above the table (formerly a hanging kerosene lamp), and a mirror in the partition between the windows. In the photo below - we had a mirror hanging in a frame like this - I remember it from early childhood. And she was found last year - I saved him, one might say: in the village they don’t stand on ceremony with “old things” - they burn everything. I'll try to restore it this summer. It’s a pity that the mirror itself is missing - it was old, old, distorting the reflection, with stunning stains and cracks, with rainbow patterns on the ancient amalgam. It could be considered a work of art...

I have long wanted to photograph some of the remaining rare homemade furniture that miraculously survived to this day. As soon as I manage to do this, I will definitely show and tell you.

In addition to the Russian stove, to maintain heat in the house for the winter, an iron stove with iron pipes leading to the chimney of the Russian stove was installed.

She drowned herself almost all day.

Village children loved to bake potatoes on it - they glued cut potatoes to a metal surface and waited. This was the grill... Behind every peasant house - yard (for livestock), which is a large barn with a two- or three-slope roof. The yard is connected to the house by an unheated structure, which is called a canopy (and in our case - bridge ). It's fenced off there lumber room
(fenced off utility room), there may be storage rooms, etc.

Before the advent of electricity, the yard for livestock was dark and cold in winter. It was partitioned off into barns for livestock: our cow was allocated a personal capital (made of logs) “room” with a door in the yard. The sheep's barn was simpler - fenced off with boards: they are in a "flock", they have wool - they are warm...

If the owners of the house where the “yard” of the 60s and 70s has been preserved allows me to take photographs, I will definitely post them. Until the 70s of the 19th century, villages had lighting from torches. Tallow candles were used as an aid (for going out into the yard to see livestock and other things). In every hut there was " socialite

", consisting of a stand with iron horns and a trough. I didn’t find the light, of course)) Because since 1876 in our region they switched to kerosene lamps.

At first, lamps without glass “smokeboxes” were used, then real lamps with glass appeared. They remembered about the “archer and smokehouse” during the revolution - for some reason there was no kerosene. And since the 1920s, “electrification” began slowly - as a bonus to Soviet power (remember: “Communism is Soviet power plus electrification of the entire country”?)
I didn’t even find a kerosene lamp, however, I didn’t wait for communism either))
But I found an artifact.

Those who witnessed the transition from kerosene to electricity told how miraculous electric light seemed after the kerosene lamp. And here is a photo from the 50s - this is what a peasant hut looked like in Soviet times. In the red corner, instead of icons, some had portraits of leaders. Then the walls will begin to be painted, covered with planks and even wallpapered.

photo by D. Baltermants

In our family, portraits of leaders have not replaced icons. But everything else is similar - the curtains, the clock in the same place, and the radio under the lace napkin.

During these years, the famous Soviet radio receiver appeared Star" , the design of which was “ripped off” from the French " Excelsior-52" 1952 release. What is called: feel the difference - in the photo above is our “Star”, and below is the French one "Excelsior ".

Photo: http://rw6ase.narod.ru

It was this that my grandparents bought in the 50s, and it was from this that I listened to “Baby Monitor” and “Theater at the Microphone” throughout my childhood; it was its gurgling, hissing and whistling that I took for alien space signals. Yes, I was still that dreamer)) They never got a TV - they simply didn’t need it.

The “villages” in their layout are very similar to one another and consist for the most part of two rows of wooden huts, built one opposite the other. There are some exceptions to this, where buildings are placed in the form of a quadrangle or in several streets and alleys. Behind the courtyards are outbuildings: cellars, barns, sheds, behind the vegetable garden or orchard are barns, threshing machines. There are no baths anywhere. The street is mostly free of outbuildings, with the exception of chapels, schools, a fire station in the village and a church in the village." (From a local history essay 1922)

But two-story wooden and stone peasant houses were a rare exception in our district. We didn't have any in the village at all. This was explained by the fact that stone buildings were much damper and colder than wooden ones. In addition, there was a lot of wood - it was easier to prepare timber than to sculpt and burn bricks. But the disadvantage of wooden huts is their high fire hazard. They were burning. And they burn - this winter one house burned down in our village.

And I don’t know anything about “wintering”, to be honest. But local historians write:
“Often behind the front house under the courtyard roof there is a traditional winter hut, where the family moves with the first frosts for the winter and leaves it for Easter with the transition to the summer hut. Wintering is usually a small hut, covered with straw, which is also done, without exception, near all houses where they spend the winter. Because of this, in winter there is even less light in the house than it should be." (From a local history essay 1922)

Rus' has stood for a thousand years, stretching from Kaliningrad to Kamchatka. And some traditions of wooden house construction, rules and customs among us, our contemporaries, are still preserved. Nowadays, wooden houses and bathhouses are becoming popular again, especially in suburban summer cottages. Pulls people to their roots, from stone and dusty stuffy cities closer to nature, forests and rivers...

The name of the Russian house “izba” comes from the Old Russian “istba”, which means “house, bathhouse” or “istobka” from the “Tale of Bygone Years...”. The Old Russian name for a wooden dwelling is rooted in the Proto-Slavic “jьstъba” and is considered borrowed from the Germanic “stubа”. In Old German "stuba" meant "warm room, bathhouse."

Based on the number of walls in the hut, the huts were divided into four-walled, five-walled, cross-walled and six-walled. The Russian hut most often was either a “four-walled” (simple cage) or a “five-walled” (a cage partitioned inside with a wall - “overcut”).

A five-wall hut is a log house with a fifth main transverse wall inside the log house, the most common type of hut in Rus'. The fifth wall in the frame of the house divided the room into two unequal parts: the larger part was the upper room, the second served either as an entryway or as an additional living area. The upper room served as the main room common to the whole family; there was a stove - the essence of the family hearth, which warmed the hut during harsh winters. The upper room served as both a kitchen and a dining room for the whole family.

Five-walled

Modern five-wall

A four-wall hut is the simplest structure made of logs, a log house made of four walls. Such huts were sometimes built with canopies, sometimes without them. The roofs in such houses were gable. In the northern territories, canopies or cages were attached to four-walled huts so that frosty air in winter would not immediately enter the warm room and cool it.

Four-wall

A six-wall hut is the same as a five-wall hut, only with two transverse fifth and sixth main walls made of logs, parallel to each other.

Most often, huts in Rus' were built with a courtyard - additional wooden utility rooms. The courtyards in the house were divided into open and closed and were located away from the house or around it. In central Russia, open courtyards were most often built - without a common roof. All outbuildings: sheds, sheds, stables, barns, wood sheds, etc. - stood at a distance from the hut.

In the north, closed courtyards were built, under a common roof, and panels lined with wood on the ground, along which one could move from one outbuilding to another without fear of getting caught in rain or snow, the territory of which was not blown by a draft wind. The courtyards, covered with a single roof, were adjacent to the main residential hut, which made it possible, during harsh winters or rainy autumn-spring days, to get from the warm hut to the woodshed, barn or stable, without the risk of being wetted by rain, covered with snow or windy from street drafts.

There were three types of organization of the complex of buildings that made up the courtyard. A single large two-story house for several related families under one roof was called a “koshel.” If utility rooms were added to the side and the whole house took on the shape of the letter “G”, then it was called “verb”. If the outbuildings were built from the end of the main frame and the whole complex was stretched out in a line, then they said that it was a “timber”.

Typical "verb"

But this type of house is a six-walled building with a side street, and the side street here serves as a vestibule (“a hut with longitudinal
canopy").

A “porch” led into the house, which was often built on “supports” (“releases”) - the ends of long logs released from the wall. This type of porch was called a “hanging” porch.

The porch was usually followed by a “canopy” (canopy - shade, shaded place). They were arranged so that the door did not open directly onto the street, and the heat did not escape from the hut in winter.

The front part of the building, together with the porch and entryway, was called in ancient times the “sunrise.”

If the hut was two-story, then the second floor was called “povet” in outbuildings and “upper room” in living quarters. The premises above the second floor, where the maiden’s room was usually located, were called “towers”. Especially in outbuildings, the second floor was often reached by an “import” - an inclined log platform. A horse and cart loaded with hay could climb up it. If the porch led directly to the second floor, then the porch area itself (especially if there was an entrance to the first floor under it) was called a “locker.”

In ancient times, huts were “black” or “smoky”. Such huts were heated by stoves without a chimney. The smoke from the fire did not come out through the chimney, but through a window, door or chimney in the roof. Since almost all of the huts were “smoky”, the inside walls, up to the height of a man, were white, specially polished, and above them they were black from constant smoke.

At the smoke border along the walls there were usually long wooden shelves - “voronets”, which prevented smoke from penetrating into the lower part of the room. The smoke came out of the hut either through small “volokok windows”,

or through a “smoke chamber” - a wooden pipe richly decorated with carvings.

The first blond huts, according to archaeological data, appeared in Rus' in the 12th century. At first, rich, wealthy peasants lived in such huts with a stove and chimney, gradually all peasant classes began to adopt the tradition of building a hut with a stove and chimney, and already in the 19th century it was rarely possible to see a black hut, except perhaps only baths. Black-style bathhouses were built in Rus' until the twentieth century; just remember the famous song by V. Vysotsky “Black-style Bathhouse”.

In rich houses and churches, a “gulbische” was often built around the log house - a gallery covering the building on two or three sides.

There have always been many carvers and carpenters in Rus', and it was not difficult for them to carve a complex floral ornament or reproduce a scene from pagan mythology. The roofs were decorated with carved towels, cockerels, and skates.

A house was rarely built by everyone for themselves. Usually the whole world (“society”) was invited to the construction. The timber was harvested in winter, when there was no sap flow in the trees, and construction began in early spring. After the laying of the first crown of the log house, the first treat for the “pomochans” ("plate treat") was arranged. Such treats are an echo of ancient ritual feasts.

After the “salary treat” they began to arrange the log house. At the beginning of summer, after laying the ceiling mats, a new ritual treat for the pomochans followed. Then they began to install the roof. Having reached the top, having laid down the skate, they arranged a new, “skate” treat. And upon completion of construction at the very beginning of autumn there will be a feast.

When building a new hut, our ancestors followed the rules developed over centuries, because the construction of a new house is a significant event in the life of a peasant family and all traditions were observed to the smallest detail. One of the main behests of the ancestors was the choice of a place for the future hut. A new hut should not be built on a site where there once was a cemetery, road or bathhouse. But at the same time, it was desirable that the place for the new house should already be inhabited, where people’s lives would pass in complete prosperity, in a bright and dry place.

The construction of the house was accompanied by a number of customs. When laying the first crown of the log house (mortgage), a coin or a paper bill was placed under each corner, a piece of wool from a sheep or a small skein of woolen yarn was placed in another, grain was added to the third, and incense was placed under the fourth. Thus, at the very beginning of the construction of the hut, our ancestors performed rituals for the future home that signified its wealth, family warmth, well-fed life and holiness in later life.

The cat should be the first to enter the new home.

In the North of Rus', the cult of the cat is still preserved. In popular belief, it was believed that the brownie and the house cat are relatives. When a brownie disappears from the house, the cat performs its functions. This popular belief forced all residents of village houses to acquire cats. In most northern houses, thick doors in the hallway have a hole at the bottom for a cat.

The entire yard with buildings was surrounded by fences of various devices. A solid fence made of horizontal logs or ridges was called a “zalot”, and one made of the same vertical logs was called a “palisade”. Both of these types of fences were often called “tyn”. They also made a fence from obliquely placed poles - “oseki”, or from rare horizontal poles - “spinning”.

From time immemorial, the peasant hut made of logs has been considered a symbol of Russia. According to archaeologists, the first huts appeared in Rus' 2 thousand years ago BC. For many centuries, the architecture of wooden peasant houses remained virtually unchanged, combining everything that every family needed: a roof over their heads and a place where they can relax after a hard day of work.

In the 19th century, the most common plan for a Russian hut included a living space (hut), a canopy and a cage. The main room was the hut - a heated living space of a square or rectangular shape. The storage room was a cage, which was connected to the hut by a canopy. In turn, the canopy was a utility room. They were never heated, so they could only be used as living quarters in the summer. Among the poor segments of the population, a two-chamber hut layout, consisting of a hut and a vestibule, was common.

The ceilings in wooden houses were flat, they were often lined with painted planks. The floors were made of oak brick. The walls were decorated using red plank, while in rich houses the decoration was supplemented with red leather (less wealthy people usually used matting). In the 17th century, ceilings, vaults and walls began to be decorated with paintings. Benches were placed around the walls under each window, which were securely attached directly to the structure of the house itself. At approximately the level of human height, long wooden shelves called voronets were installed along the walls above the benches. Kitchen utensils were stored on shelves along the room, and tools for men's work were stored on others.

Initially, the windows in Russian huts were volokova, that is, observation windows that were cut into adjacent logs, half the log down and up. They looked like a small horizontal slit and were sometimes decorated with carvings. They closed the opening (“veiled”) using boards or fish bladders, leaving a small hole (“peeper”) in the center of the latch.

After some time, the so-called red windows, with frames framed by jambs, became popular. They had a more complex design than the fiber ones, and were always decorated. The height of the red windows was at least three times the diameter of the log in the log house.

In poor houses, the windows were so small that when they were closed, the room became very dark. In rich houses, the windows on the outside were closed with iron shutters, often using pieces of mica instead of glass. From these pieces it was possible to create various ornaments, painting them with paints with images of grass, birds, flowers, etc.

A 6x9 five-wall log house is a classic version of Russian wooden construction. It is a classic 4-gon with a fifth wall cut into the middle, which is why it got its name. It divides the house into 2 parts, which has to be taken into account when planning the interior.

The five-wall structure is used both in the construction of country houses for permanent residence and for sauna log houses. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this type of building?

Advantages of a five-wall log house

A log house made of 6x9 m timber requires an additional wall, since the standard length of a timber is 6 meters, and in order to connect the material while maintaining maximum strength, an additional wall is required. This type of wooden structure has been used for a very long time; today it remains one of the basic options for a log structure, which is later used for various house plans.

1. Its use has a number of advantages that were appreciated by architects of past centuries:
2. An additional log wall allows you to strengthen a large log frame, which ensures its durability. In addition, this solution is very convenient for planning a bathhouse: an internal wall separates the washing compartment from the steam room, and this allows for the most convenient arrangement of rooms.
3. This solution is beneficial from an energy efficiency point of view: the fifth wall helps retain heat in the house, which is especially important for a bathhouse. This advantage was appreciated by our ancestors: the five-wall structure for a long time remained the warmest and most comfortable option for a log house.

In itself, such a log house will cost a little more, but it allows you to save material during interior decoration. The wall will not require additional coatings; it is enough to treat the wood with protective agents. Chopped walls look beautiful; they allow you to create an interesting interior that will be appropriate both in a bathhouse and in an ordinary home. A 6x9 five-wall log house will be one of the good options for finishing a building in the Russian or Ukrainian style.

However, such a design will have many disadvantages that need to be foreseen in advance. In some cases, a five-wall structure is also used for decorative purposes for a house made of a solid log of a small area, but in this case the fifth wall can do more harm than good.

Another disadvantage of a five-wall building is the limited layout. Such a log house is very convenient for a classic bathhouse, as it allows you to neatly divide the rooms, but it does not leave room for additional rooms: rooms with a swimming pool, relaxation rooms, etc. In addition, if you plan to build a two-story bathhouse, a problem with the location inevitably arises stairs.

An interesting solution is a 6x9 log house with an attic. In this case, the fifth wall divides only the lower room in half, and the upper space can be used at your discretion. This will allow for a spacious room upstairs that can be used as a bedroom, guest room, hobby area, etc.

Thus, the five-wall log house remains a common solution, which, although not without certain disadvantages, will not lose its popularity in wooden construction for a long time.

Features of the construction of a five-wall log house

To build a 6x9 house from a log house, a timber or round log is used, the diameter of which must be at least 22-26 cm. The thickness of the material must be selected taking into account the climatic conditions of the region. At the same time, the difference in cost will not be so significant, since fewer thick logs will be required to build the wall. Manual cutting of a five-wall structure is a complex process that requires skilled carpentry, so sometimes it is more profitable to purchase a ready-made house kit.

The classic material for construction is sanded logs. Many do not advise purchasing rounded material, since the protective layers of wood are removed from it, which somewhat reduces the durability of the log. However, a rounded trunk is much easier to install, so it can be chosen if the construction of completely flat walls is required. Logs for 6x9 log houses are numbered during processing, after which the set is assembled on the site according to a pre-developed scheme.

The internal wall is called a recut; it is erected simultaneously with the main building with the remainder - this means that the ends of the logs will protrude beyond the walls of the house. This design allows you to conserve heat, since the corners will be protected from the effects of cold.

Key stages of construction:

• Waterproofing is laid on the prepared and completely hardened strip foundation, after which the first crown is placed on it. For it, strong thick logs are used, hewn from below to a flat surface so that the connection is even.
• Subsequent logs are placed on the first crown, joining in the traditional way “into a bowl” or “into a clapper”. In the first case, a semicircular notch is made in the lower log, in the second - in the upper one. Cutting "in the hole" is considered more reliable, since it completely prevents rain moisture from getting inside the joints.
• The logs are connected to each other using wooden dowels, which are installed in special holes. Insulation is laid between the crowns. When the log house is assembled to the end, it must be given time for final shrinkage, only after that a permanent roof is built and finishing begins.

A 6x9 log bathhouse, built in the form of a five-wall structure, is an opportunity to create a reliable and durable structure that will be both warm and quite cozy. Log houses of this type allow the use of a variety of finishing options; this is an excellent solution for a classic Russian log house.