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Proverbs and sayings about home. My home is my castle. Each hut has its own toys. Being a guest is good, but being at home is better. It is not the owner's house that is painted, but the owner's house. Even the frog sings in his swamp. There is nothing like leather. And the mole in his corner is vigilant.
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At home different nations Since ancient times, houses have been different among different peoples of the Earth. The special features of the traditional dwellings of different peoples depend on the characteristics of nature, on the uniqueness of economic life, on differences in religious beliefs. However, there are also great similarities. This helps us better understand each other and mutually respect the customs and traditions of different peoples of Russia and the world, be hospitable and present the culture of our people to other people with dignity.
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Izba Izba - traditional dwelling Russians. This is a wooden residential building in a wooded area of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus. In Rus', a thousand years ago, the hut was made of pine or spruce logs. Aspen planks - ploughshares or straw - were placed on the roof. The log house (from the word “felling”) consisted of rows of logs laid on top of each other. The hut was built without using nails.
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Hata Hata, (among Ukrainians), is a living space with a stove or an entire building with a hallway and a utility room. It can be made of timber, wattle, or adobe. The outside and inside of the hut is usually coated with clay and whitewashed.
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Saklya In the mountains there are not enough trees to build houses, so houses there are built from stone or clay. Such housing is called SAKLYA. Saklya, the home of the Caucasian peoples. Often it is built directly on the rocks. To protect such a house from the wind, for construction they choose the side of the mountain slope where the winds are quieter. Its roof is flat, so sakli were often located adjacent to one another. It turned out that the roof of the building below was often the floor or courtyard of the house that stands above. Sakli are usually made of stone adobe or adobe brick, with a flat roof.
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Chum Chum – nomadic, portable hut of Siberian foreigners; poles composed of sugar loaf and covered, in summer, with birch bark, in winter - with whole and sewn deer skins, with a smoke outlet at the top. The Russians also have a summer hut, cold but habitable, with a fire in the middle.
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Yurta Yurta, a portable dwelling among the Mongolian nomadic peoples in the Central and Central Asia, Southern Siberia. It consists of wooden lattice walls with a dome of poles and a felt covering. In the center of the yurt there is a fireplace; the place at the entrance was intended for guests; utensils were stored on the women's side, and harnesses on the men's side.
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Kibitka Kibitka is a covered cart, covered wagon. Russian name portable dwelling of the nomadic peoples of Central and Central Asia.
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Cell Cell (from Latin cella - room), living quarters in a monastery. According to monastic regulations, most Russian monasteries allowed each monk or nun to build his own cell.
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Wigwam Wigwam is the home of the forest Indians of North America. Entered into literature as the name of an Indian dome-shaped dwelling. When building a wigwam, the Indians stick flexible tree trunks into the ground in a circle or oval, bending their ends into a vault. The frame of the wigwam is covered with branches, bark, and mats.
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Igloo A dwelling made of snow or ice blocks is built by Eskimos in the north, where there is no other building material except snow. Called housing-IGLU. The interior is usually covered with skins, and sometimes the walls are also covered with skins. Light enters the igloo directly through the snow walls, although sometimes windows are made of seal guts or ice. Snow house absorbs from the inside excess moisture, so the hut is quite dry. Eskimos can build an igloo for two or three people in half an hour.
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Konak Konak is a two- or three-story house found in Turkey, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania. It is a dramatic building with a wide, heavy tiled roof that creates deep shade. Often such “mansions” resemble the letter “g” in plan. The protruding volume of the upper room makes the building asymmetrical. The buildings are oriented to the east (a tribute to Islam). Each bedroom has a spacious covered balcony and a steam bath. Life here is completely isolated from the street, and a large number of premises satisfies all the needs of the owners, therefore outbuildings are not needed.
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Tree dwellings Tree dwellings in Indonesia are built like watchtowers - six or seven meters above the ground. The structure is erected on a pre-prepared platform made of poles tied to branches. A structure balancing on branches cannot be overloaded, but it must withstand a large gable roof, the crowning building. Such a house has two floors: the lower one, made of sago bark, on which there is a fireplace for cooking, and the upper one, a flooring made of palm boards, on which they sleep. In order to ensure the safety of residents, such houses are built on trees growing near a reservoir. They get to the hut along long stairs connected from poles.
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Pallasso Spain: made of stone, 4-5 meters high, round or oval cross-section, with a diameter of 10 to 20 meters, with conical roof made from straw wooden frame, one Entrance door, there were no windows at all or there was only a small window opening.
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Hut South India. The traditional home of the Tods (an ethnic group in South India), a barrel-shaped hut made of bamboo and reeds, without windows, with one small entrance.
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Underground dwellings The dwellings of troglodytes in the Sahara Desert are deep earthen pits in which interior spaces and yard. There are about seven hundred caves on the hillsides and in the desert around them, some of which are still inhabited by troglodytes (Berbers). The craters reach ten meters in diameter and height. Around the courtyard (hausha) there are rooms up to twenty meters in length. Troglodyte dwellings often have several floors, with tied ropes serving as stairs between them. The beds are small alcoves in the walls. If a Berber housewife needs a shelf, she simply digs it out of the wall. However, near some pits you can see TV antennas, while others have been turned into restaurants or mini-hotels. Underground dwellings provide good protection from the heat - these chalk caves are cool. This is how they solve the housing problem in the Sahara.
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The housing stock of modern Russian villages has been developing over a long period of time. In some villages and hamlets there are still dwellings built at the end and even in the middle of the 19th century; Many buildings erected at the beginning of the 20th century have been preserved. In general, in most Russian villages, houses built before the Great October Revolution make up a relatively small percentage. In order to understand the current changes in the development of traditional forms of housing, as well as the process of formation of new features housing construction, it is necessary to give an idea of the main features of Russian rural housing, traced in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Characteristic features of traditional Russian housing in different areas countries
The diverse nature of Russia, various social, economic and historical conditions contributed to the creation different types Russian housing, assigned to a particular territory by a certain local ethnic tradition. Along with the general features characteristic of all Russian houses, in different areas of Russian settlement there were features that manifested themselves in the position of the house in relation to the street, in the building material, in the covering, in the height and internal layout of the building, in the forms of development of the yard. Many local features of housing developed back in the feudal era and reflect the cultural characteristics of certain ethnographic groups.
In the middle of the 19th century. In the vast territory of Russian settlement, large areas stood out, distinguished by the characteristics of rural residential buildings. There were also smaller areas with less significant uniqueness of housing, as well as zones of distribution of mixed forms of housing.
In the northern villages of Russia - in Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Olonets, as well as in the northern districts of Tver and Yaroslavl provinces - large log buildings were erected, which included residential and utility premises in one whole, placed with a narrow end facade perpendicular to the street. Characteristic feature northern dwelling was high altitude the entire building. Due to the harsh northern climate, the floor of living quarters was raised above the ground to a considerable height. The crosscuts (beams) of the floor were cut into the sixth to tenth crown, depending on the thickness of the logs. The space under the floor was called the basement, or podzbitsa; it reached a considerable height (1.5-3 m) and was used for various household needs: keeping poultry and young livestock, storing vegetables, food, and various utensils. Often the basement was made residential. Directly adjacent to the living quarters was a courtyard, covered with the same roof and forming a single whole with the housing (“house - courtyard”). In the covered courtyard, all utility rooms were combined into one unit under common roof and were closely adjacent to housing. The spread of the covered courtyard in the northern and central non-black soil provinces of Russia was due to the harsh climate and long snowy winters, which forced residential and outbuildings to be combined into one whole.
Covered courtyards in the north, as well as living quarters, were built high and arranged on two floors. IN ground floor there were sheds for livestock, and in the upper floor (poveti) they kept feed for livestock, household equipment, vehicles, and various household items; Small unheated log cabins were also built there - cages (gorenki), in which the family's household property was stored, and married couples lived in the summer. Outside, an inclined log flooring was attached to the poveti - a drive-in (import). The covered courtyard was closely adjacent to the rear wall of the house, and the entire building stretched perpendicular to the street, in one line, forming a “single-row connection”, or “single-row type of development”. In northern buildings there was also a type of “two-row” building, in which the house and the covered courtyard were placed parallel, close to each other. In Zaonezhye, the so-called wallet house was widespread, in which the courtyard, built on the side, was wider than the hut and covered with one of the elongated slopes of its roof. There were also “verb-shaped” buildings, when a courtyard was added to the back and side walls of a house placed perpendicular to the street, as if enveloping the house on both sides.
On a vast territory, which included all the northern, western, eastern and central Russian provinces of the European part of Russia, as well as in the Russian villages of Siberia, the dwelling was covered with a gable roof. The roof covering material depended on local capabilities. In the northern forest provinces, huts were covered with planks, shingles, and at the beginning of the 20th century, also with wood chips.
The most ancient and characteristic design of a gable roof, which was preserved especially for a long time in the north, was the male one (roof with a cut, a notch, on bulls, on males). In the design of such a roof, chickens served an important practical purpose - naturally curved spruce rhizomes that supported streams, or water inlets, that is, gutters into which the ends of the roof planks rested. An important constructive role was played by brackets (falls, supports, gaps), arranged from the outlets of the upper logs longitudinal walls and supporting corners of the roof, as well as okhlupen (gielom) - a massive log that weighs down the roof shingles with its weight. All these details gave a peculiar beauty and picturesqueness to the peasant building, due to which in a number of places their construction was caused not only by practical, but also by decorative considerations. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. The male roof structure is replaced by a rafter roof.
Several windows were cut on the facade of tall log huts in northern villages; The building was enlivened by a porch at the entrance to the house, a balcony on the chopped pediment and a gallery, often encircling the entire house at the window level. Using a knife and an ax, the rounded ends of chickens, streams, fellings, and ohlupnya were given plastic sculptural forms of animals, birds and various geometric shapes; The image of a horse's head was especially characteristic.
The architectural appearance of the northern hut is extremely beautiful and picturesque. The flat plank surfaces of window frames, piers (boards used to cover the protruding ends of the roof), valances (boards running along the eaves), towels (boards covering the joint of the roof), porches, balcony gratings were decorated with flat geometric carvings (with low relief) or a slot. The intricate alternation of all kinds of cutouts with straight and circular lines, rhythmically following each other, made the carved boards of northern huts look like either lace or the ends of a towel made in the Russian folk style. The planked surfaces of northern buildings were often painted.
Dwellings were built significantly lower and smaller in size in the Upper and Middle Volga regions, in the Moscow province, the southern part of the Novgorod province, the northern districts of the Ryazan and Penza provinces, and partially in the Smolensk and Kaluga provinces. These areas are characterized by a log house on a medium or low basement. In the northern and central parts of this zone, floor cuts were cut mainly into the fourth, sixth and even seventh crown; in the south of Moscow province. and in the Middle Volga region, a low basement predominated in the dwelling: floor cuts were cut into the second or fourth crown. In some houses of the Middle Volga region in the second half of the 19th century. one could find an earthen floor, which, in all likelihood, was a consequence of the influence of housing construction by the peoples of the Volga region, who in the past were characterized by underground housing. In the villages of Nizhny Novgorod province. rich peasants built semi-houses - wooden houses on high brick basements, which were used as a storeroom, store or workshop.
In Central Russian villages, houses were placed mainly perpendicular to the street; two, three, and sometimes more windows were cut into the front facade. The materials used to cover the gable roof were planks, shingles, and straw. Directly to the house, just like in the North, a covered courtyard was attached, but it was lower than the house, consisted of one floor and did not form a single whole with the house. IN northern regions In the Upper Volga region, especially in the Trans-Volga region, higher courtyards were built, located on the same level as the house.
In Central Russian villages, courtyards were built at the back of the house according to the type of single-row building; in rich farms, verb-shaped building was often found; The two-row type of building was especially characteristic of the Upper and Middle Volga regions. At the end of the 19th century. the double-row type of connection was gradually replaced by a more rational single-row type. This was explained by the inconvenience and cumbersomeness of two-row courtyards; Due to the accumulation of moisture at the junction of the house and outbuildings, these courtyards were damp. In more southern regions, in the Volga-Kama interfluve, in the Middle Volga region, in the Penza province. The so-called “quiet courtyard” was common. The quiet building consists of two parallel rows of buildings - a house with outbuildings attached behind it, and opposite it a row of outbuildings, which in the rear part of the yard bent at a right angle and connected with the buildings of the first row. Such a yard has significant open space; this type of development refers to the “open” or “semi-closed” type of courtyard 1.
Semi-closed courtyards constitute a kind of transition zone from an indoor courtyard to an open one (a significant part of the Moscow, Vladimir, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaluga provinces, and the Middle Volga region). To the south of this area, an open courtyard dominated.
The architectural appearance of Central Russian huts is also characterized by the richness and variety of decorations. As in the north, sculptural carvings were used to decorate the rounded ends of streams, chickens, and ohlupnya, but it did not have the bizarre artistic variety as in the northern huts, and was less common. The decoration of the roof was unique peasant hut Yaroslavl, Kostroma and partly Nizhny Novgorod provinces. two sculptural skates with their muzzles facing in different directions. The facades of Central Russian huts were decorated with flat triangular-recessed carvings with a pattern of rosettes or individual parts of a circle, which were usually accompanied by patterns of parallel elongated grooves. If in the north the main attention was paid to decorating the roof, then in the middle zone windows were primarily decorated. In the areas adjacent to the Volga (Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Simbirsk provinces), in the second half of the 19th century. More complex carvings with high relief and a convex rich pattern of the design (ship carving, blind carving, or chisel carving) became widespread. The ornament of relief carvings was dominated by plant patterns, as well as images of animals and fantastic creatures. Carved patterns were concentrated on the pediment of the hut; they also decorated window shutters, the ends of protruding corner logs, and gates. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. labor-intensive relief and flat carvings were supplanted by sawing carvings, which were easier to execute, spreading along with a new tool - a jigsaw, which made it possible to easily and quickly cut out a variety of end-to-end patterns. The motifs of the saw-cut ornament were very diverse.
In the northeast of Russia, in the Perm and Vyatka provinces, the housing had many features similar to northern Russian and central Russian buildings, which is explained by the settlement of these areas by immigrants from the Novgorod land and the close ties of the northeast with the Volga region and the central provinces in the XIV-XVII centuries ., and similar conditions for the development of these areas. At the same time, in the northeastern dwelling some specific features. The log dwellings of the Vyatka-Perm region stood mostly perpendicular to the street and were covered with planked gables, less often hipped roof(in more developed houses). In the northwestern districts of the region, taller and larger houses were built on a high basement and floor cuts were cut into the seventh crown; in the southern regions of the region, the height of the underground decreased and floor cuts were more often cut into the fourth and fifth crowns. For the dwellings of the Vyatka and Perm provinces, the most characteristic was the peculiar quiet development of the courtyard. These courtyards were closed when the free space of the courtyard was covered pitched roof, semi-closed and open. In some areas of the Perm province. they arranged a quiet courtyard, called “three horses,” in which the house, the open space of the courtyard and the next row of courtyard buildings were covered with three gable parallel roofs. The external facades of the north-eastern dwelling were relatively poorly decorated.
In the western provinces of Russia - in Smolensk, Vitebsk, in the southern districts of Pskov, in the southwestern districts of Novgorod province - log huts were placed on a low (Smolensk, Vitebsk province) or middle (Pskov province) basement and covered with gable thatch, less often plank roofs. A distinctive feature of the appearance of the Western Russian hut was the presence of only one window on the front facade of the house, located perpendicular to the street, and a poor decoration front facade of the hut. Carved decorations were more common in the northwestern regions (Pskov, northern districts of Novgorod province), where the huts were taller and larger in size. In the western regions (Pskov and Vitebsk provinces) a unique type of three-row estate development was common, which can simultaneously be classified as an indoor and an open type of courtyard. In a three-row building, a covered courtyard was closely adjacent to the blank side wall of the house (similar to a type of double-row connection), while on the other side of the house, at some distance from it (6-8 m), a number of outbuildings were built parallel to the house. The open space between the house and outbuildings was enclosed by a log fence. In the housing of the western provinces, features similar to the housing of the Belarusians and the peoples of the eastern Baltic regions can be traced (planizba, the presence of a hanging boiler near the stove, the construction of a log house from beams, terminology, etc.), which was a consequence of ancient historical and ethnocultural ties of the population of these areas with their western neighbors . For almost four centuries (XIV-XVII centuries) the Smolensk lands were under the rule of Lithuania, and then the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
A unique type of Russian housing developed in the southern black earth provinces - Kaluga, Oryol, Kursk, Voronezh, Tambov, Tula, and in the southern districts of Ryazan and Penza provinces. Here small log huts, often coated on the outside with clay, and later adobe, arched and brick low huts without a basement with a wooden, and more often adobe or earthen floor, were built. The houses were placed with the long side along the street and covered with a hipped thatched roof truss structure. Low southern Russian huts were less picturesque and poorer in architectural decoration. One or two windows were cut through on the front facade of the hut. To protect against the summer heat and strong steppe winds, shutters were almost always installed at the windows. Brick houses were often decorated with complex, bright patterns made from bricks painted in different colors, as well as relief patterns laid out from turned bricks.
In the southern provinces of Russia it was widespread open type yard The courtyard buildings were located behind the house and formed a closed, open space in the center. In Ryazan, Penza, Tula, a significant part of Oryol, Kursk, Voronezh, and also in Smolensk provinces. A closed “round” courtyard was common, which differed from the resting one mainly in the longitudinal position of the house to the street. In the southern part of the steppe zone - in the southern counties of Kursk, Voronezh, partly Saratov provinces, as well as in the region of the Don Army, in the Kuban and Terek regions, in the Stavropol province, among the Russians of Central Asia - an open, unenclosed courtyard was common. The open space in this courtyard occupied a significant area, on which various outbuildings were located in no particular order, not always adjacent to each other, separately from the house. The entire space of the yard was usually enclosed by a fence. The characteristic features of the dwelling - low underground huts, free development of residential and outbuildings, an abundance of straw as a building material and a significantly lower importance of wood - arose in the conditions of the forest-steppe and steppe zone with dry soils and a relatively warm climate.
The residential buildings of the prosperous lower Don Cossacks presented a sharp contrast to the low southern Russian housing. Already in the middle of the 19th century. Two-story multi-room houses on a high basement were common here. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. two types of houses were built there - “ round house"(close to square in plan), multi-room under a hip roof, and an "outbuilding" - a house rectangular shape under a gable roof. The houses were made from tetrahedral beams, sheathed on the outside with planks and covered with iron or plank roofs. It was typical for Cossack houses big number large windows with paneled shutters and a variety of architectural details. Open galleries, porches, balconies and terraces, decorated with openwork saw carvings, gave the buildings a specifically southern flavor. In the same villages, most of the nonresident population and the poorest strata of the Cossacks lived in small oblong adobe and turf houses under hipped thatch or reed roofs.
Among the Kuban and Terek Cossacks and among the peasants of the Stavropol region in the middle of the 19th century. the predominant buildings were reminiscent of low Ukrainian huts - adobe and turluch, whitewashed on the outside, oblong in plan, without a basement, with an adobe floor, under a hipped thatch or reed roof. A similar type of dwelling, brought to Kuban at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. immigrants from Ukraine, influenced the entire national construction of the Kuban, Terek and Stavropol regions. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. in the eastern and to a lesser extent in the western regions of the Kuban, wealthy Cossack households also began to build “round”, multi-room houses, which were slightly lower and fewer houses grassroots Cossacks. The spread of a more advanced type of housing occurred both under the influence of developing capitalism and under the direct influence of Don traditions, since the eastern regions of the Kuban were populated to a large extent by the Don Cossacks. The housing of the Terek Cossacks developed under a certain influence of neighboring mountain peoples, for example, “mountain sakli” - huts - were erected in Cossack estates; carpets, felts and other items of mountain household utensils were used in living quarters.
Greenland: Structure made of blocks of dense snow. Igloo - home of the Eskimos
Georgia: Stone building with outbuildings and a defensive tower. Saklya - the dwelling of the Caucasian highlanders
Russia: A building with the obligatory “Russian” stove and cellar. The roof is gable (in the south - hipped). Izba - traditional Russian dwelling
Konak is a two- or three-story house found in Turkey, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Romania. It is a dramatic building with a wide, heavy tiled roof that creates deep shade. Often such “mansions” resemble the letter “g” in plan. The protruding volume of the upper room makes the building asymmetrical. The buildings are oriented to the east (a tribute to Islam). Each bedroom has a spacious covered balcony and a steam bath. Life here is completely isolated from the street, and a large number of premises satisfy all the needs of the owners, so outbuildings are not needed.
North America: the dwelling of the Indians of North America, a hut on a frame made of thin trunks, covered with mat, bark or branches. It is dome-shaped, unlike tipis, which are conical-shaped dwellings. Wigwams are built by North American Indians
Tree dwellings in Indonesia are built like watchtowers - six or seven meters above the ground. The structure is erected on a pre-prepared platform made of poles tied to branches. The structure, balancing on the branches, cannot be overloaded, but it must support the large gable roof that crowns the building. Such a house has two floors: the lower one, made of sago bark, on which there is a fireplace for cooking, and the upper one, a flooring made of palm boards, on which they sleep. In order to ensure the safety of residents, such houses are built on trees growing near a reservoir. They get to the hut along long stairs connected from poles.
Felij is a tent that serves as a home for Bedouins - representatives of the nomadic Tuareg people (uninhabited areas of the Sahara Desert). The tent consists of a blanket woven from camel or goat hair and poles supporting the structure. Such a dwelling successfully resists the effects of drying winds and sand. Even such winds as searing simoom or sirocco are not scary for nomads sheltering in tents. Each dwelling is divided into parts. Its left half is intended for women and is separated by a canopy. The wealth of a Bedouin is judged by the number of poles in the tent, which sometimes reaches eighteen.
From time immemorial, a Japanese house in the Land of the Rising Sun has been built from three main materials: bamboo, mats and paper. Such housing is the safest during the frequent earthquakes in Japan. The walls do not serve as a support, so they can be moved apart or even removed; they also serve as a window (shoji). In the warm season, the walls are a lattice structure covered with translucent paper that allows light to pass through. And in the cold season they are covered wood panels. Internal walls(fushima) are also movable shields in the form of a frame, covered with paper or silk and helping to break large room for several small rooms. Required element The interior is a small niche (tokonoma), where there is a scroll with poems or paintings and ikebana. The floor is covered with mats (tatami), on which people walk without shoes. The tile or thatch roof has large overhangs that protect the paper walls of the house from rain and scorching sun.
The dwellings of troglodytes in the Sahara Desert are deep earthen pits with interior spaces and a courtyard. There are about seven hundred caves on the hillsides and in the desert around them, some of which are still inhabited by troglodytes (Berbers). The craters reach ten meters in diameter and height. Around the courtyard (hausha) there are rooms up to twenty meters in length. Troglodyte dwellings often have several floors, with tied ropes serving as stairs between them. The beds are small alcoves in the walls. If a Berber housewife needs a shelf, she simply digs it out of the wall. However, near some pits you can see TV antennas, while others have been turned into restaurants or mini-hotels. Underground dwellings provide good protection from the heat - these chalk caves are cool. This is how they solve the housing problem in the Sahara.
Yurts are a special type of housing used by nomadic peoples (Mongols, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Buryats, Kyrgyz). Round, without corners and straight walls, a portable structure, perfectly adapted to the way of life of these peoples. The yurt protects from the steppe climate - strong winds and temperature changes. The wooden frame is assembled within a few hours and is convenient to transport. In summer, the yurt is placed directly on the ground, and in winter - on a wooden platform. Having chosen a parking place, first of all they place stones under the future hearth, and then install the yurt according to the established procedure - with the entrance to the south (for some peoples - to the east). The frame is covered with felt from the outside, and the door is made from it. Felt covers keep the fireplace cool in the summer and keep the fireplace warm in the winter. The top of the yurt is tied with belts or ropes, and some peoples with colorful belts. The floor is covered with animal skins, and the walls inside are covered with fabric. Light comes through the smoke hole at the top. Since there are no windows in the home, in order to find out what is happening outside the house, you need to listen carefully to the sounds outside.
South India: Traditional home of the Tods (an ethnic group in South India), a barrel-shaped hut made of bamboo and reeds, without windows, with one small entrance.
Spain: made of stone, 4-5 meters high, round or oval in cross-section, 10 to 20 meters in diameter, with a conical thatched roof on a wooden frame, one entrance door, no windows at all or only a small window opening. Pallasso.
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- (Estonian rehielamu, rehetare) traditional dwelling of Estonian peasants, a log building with a high thatched or reed roof. The residential barn served several functions: housing, drying and threshing grain, keeping animals. Residential Riga was the most... ... Wikipedia
A house covered with turf (with a green roof) in the city of Søydaurkroukur ... Wikipedia
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This article is about Eskimo housing. About Irkutsk State Linguistic University (IGLU), see the article Irkutsk State Linguistic University. Igloo (Inuktitut ᐃᒡᓗ/iglu; in the language of the North American Indians ... ... Wikipedia
Traditional dwelling of Jagga Jagga (Chaga, Chagga, Wachagga) people of the Bantu group on northeast Tanzania. They live in the vicinity of Kilimanjaro. Include related ethnic groups of their own ... Wikipedia
The human home is a pure reflection of nature. Initially, the shape of the house comes from an organic feeling. She has an inner necessity, like a bird's nest, Bee hive or mollusk shell. Every feature of the forms of existence and customs, family and marriage life, in addition, the tribal routine - all this is reflected in the main rooms and plan of the house - in the upper room, vestibule, atrium, megaron, kemenate, courtyard, gyneceum.
16 geographical and historical-cultural provinces can be distinguished: Eastern European, Western Central European, Central Asian-Kazakhstan, Caucasian, Central Asian, Siberian, Southeast Asian, East Asian, South-West Asian, South Asian, tropical African, North African, Latin American, North American, Oceanic, Australian . Moreover, each of them has its own characteristics. In this article we will look at national houses peoples of the world.
Eastern European province
It includes the following regions: northern and central, Volga-Kama, Baltic, southwestern. It is worth noting that in the north, utility and residential premises were built under a common roof. Villages were more common in the south large sizes, while outbuildings were located separately. In those places where there was not enough wood, wooden and stone walls were coated with clay and then whitewashed. In such buildings, the stove has always been the center of the interior.
West Central European Province
It is divided into regions: Atlantic, Northern European, Mediterranean and Central European. Considering the homes of the peoples of the world, we can say that in this province rural settlements have different layouts (circular, cumulus, scattered, row) and consist of rectangular buildings. Half-timbered ( frame houses) predominate in central Europe, timber frames - in the north, brick and stone - in the south. In some areas, utility and residential premises are located under a common roof, in others they are built separately.
Central Asian-Kazakhstan province
This province occupies the plains in the eastern part of the Caspian Sea, high mountain systems and deserts of the Pamirs and Tien Shan. It is divided into regions: Turkmenistan (southwestern), Tajikistan and Uzbekistan (southeastern), Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan (northern). Such traditional dwellings the peoples of the world here are rectangular adobe buildings with a flat roof in the south, in the mountains - frame houses, among semi-nomads and nomads - round yurts with a felt covering and a lattice frame. In the north, houses were influenced by immigrants from Russia.
Caucasian province
This province is located between the Caspian and Black Seas in the southern part of the East European Plain. It covers various landscapes of the Caucasus mountain systems, mountain plains and foothills, and is divided into 2 regions: Caucasian and North Caucasian. Such dwellings of the peoples of the world, pictures of which can be seen in this article, are very diverse - from stone fortresses and tower houses to turluch (wattle) half-dugouts and structures; in Azerbaijan - adobe one-story dwellings with a completely flat roof, an entrance and windows to the courtyard; in the eastern part of Georgia these are 2-story houses made of wood and stone with balconies, a gable or flat roof.
Siberian province
It is located in the northern part of Asia and occupies the expanses of taiga, dry steppes and tundra from the Pacific Ocean to the Urals. The settlements are dominated by rectangular log houses in the northern part - dugouts, tents, yarangas - in the northeast, multi-cornered yurts - among cattle breeders in the south.
Central Asian province
The province occupies deserts located in the temperate zone (Taklamakan, Gobi). It is worth noting that the homes of the peoples of the world are very diverse. In this place they are represented by round yurts (among the Turks and Mongols), as well as woolen tents of the Tibetans. Among the Uighurs, some Tibetans, and also the Itzu, houses with walls made of cut stone or mud brick predominate.
East Asian province
This region occupies the Korean peninsula, the plains of China, and the Japanese islands. The houses here are frame-and-post with adobe filling, with a gable or flat roof, which other traditional dwellings of the peoples of the world cannot boast of. In the southern part of the province, pile buildings predominate, in the northern part - heated benches.
Southeast Asian province
These are the islands of the Philippines and Indonesia, as well as the Indochina Peninsula. Includes the following regions: East Indo-China, East Indonesia, West Indo-China, West Indonesia, Philippines. The dwellings of different peoples of the world here are represented by pile buildings with high roofs and light walls.
South Asian province
It includes the Ganges and Indus valleys, in the northern part - Himalayan mountains, in the west - arid regions and low mountains, in the east - the Burma-Assam Mountains, in the south - the island of Sri Lanka. All kinds of dwellings of the peoples of the world, photos of which can be seen in this article, are of great interest to historians today. The settlements here are mostly street plan; Most often you can find brick or adobe 2- and 3-chamber houses, with a high or flat roof. There are also frame-and-post buildings. Several floors of stone - in the mountains, and nomads have interesting woolen tents.
Dwellings of different peoples of the world: North African province
It occupies the Mediterranean coast, the arid subtropical zone of the Sahara, and also oases from the Maghreb to Egypt. The following regions are distinguished: Maghreb, Egyptian, Sudanese. Settled farmers have large settlements with very disorderly buildings. In their center there is a mosque and a market square. Houses are square or rectangular, made of stone, adobe, with patio and a flat roof. The nomads live in black woolen tents. The division of the home remains into male and female halves.
Dwellings of the peoples of the world: southwest Asian province
This province occupies mountains with oases and arid highlands in deserts and river valleys. It is divided into Iranian-Afghan, Asia Minor, Arabian, Mesopotamian-Syrian historical and cultural regions. Rural settlements mostly large, with a central market square, rectangular houses made of mud brick, stone or adobe with courtyard and a flat roof. Interior decoration includes felts, carpets, mats.
North American province
It includes the taiga and arctic tundra, Alaska, prairies and temperate forests, as well as subtropics on the Atlantic coast. The following regions are distinguished: Canadian, Arctic, North American. Before European colonization, only Indians and Eskimos lived in this place (the main types of houses differ slightly from each other, which depends on the areas where people lived. The settlers’ housing traditions are in many ways similar to European ones.
African tropical province
It includes the equatorial regions of Africa with dry and wet savannas, tropical forests. The regions are distinguished: West Central, West African, East African, Tropical, Madagascar Island, South African. Rural settlements are scattered or compact, consisting of small frame-and-post dwellings with round or rectangular layout. They are surrounded by various outbuildings. Sometimes the walls are decorated with painted or relief patterns.
Latin American province
It occupies all of Central and South America. The following areas are distinguished: Mesoamerican, Caribbean, Amazonian, Andean, Fuegian, Pampas. Local residents are characterized by rectangular, single-chamber dwellings made of reeds, wood and adobes, with a high 2- or 4-slope roof.
Ocean Province
It consists of 3 regions: Polynesia (Polynesians and Maoris), Micronesia and Melanesia (Melanesians and Papuans). Houses in New Guinea are piled, above ground, rectangular, while in Oceania they are frame-and-post with a high gable roof made of palm leaves.
Australian province
It also occupies Australia. The dwellings of the aborigines of these places are sheds, windbreaks, and huts.
