Prepositions, their semantics and use. Classes of prepositions by structure

§1. General characteristics of prepositions

A preposition is a functional part of speech. Prepositions are needed to connect words in a phrase. Prepositions express the dependence of some words on others. Prepositions can be used with nouns, pronouns and numerals.
Prepositions are an unchangeable part of speech. A preposition is not a member of a sentence, but since the meaning is expressed by a prepositional-case combination, during analysis, prepositions can be emphasized along with the words to which they refer. Prepositions express various semantic relationships:

temporary: come under evening, submit a report To Thursday, call V Wednesday,
spatial: put V table, put on table, put under table,
Causal: skip classes because of illnesses,
target: come For participation in competitions and others.
But the proper meaning of the preposition does not appear outside the prepositional-case combination of the preposition with a noun, pronoun or numeral.

Prepositions can be used with only one case or with different cases. Examples:

To to whom? To what?: To to a friend, to school - D.p.;
thanks to to whom? what? thanks to help, thanks to father - D.p.;
in What? V five hours - V.p.;
V how? V forest - P.p.

From the examples it is clear that prepositions To And thanks to are used only with nouns in d.p., and the preposition V- with nouns in different cases: V.p. and P.p.

§2. Formation of prepositions

From an educational point of view, prepositions are divided into non-derivatives And derivatives.

Non-derivative prepositions: without, V, before, For, behind, from, To, on, above, O, about, from, By, under, before, at, about, With, at, through.
Derivative prepositions are formed by transitioning independent parts of speech into auxiliary parts. In this case, the lexical meaning and morphological characteristics of words are lost. Examples:
Around parka is a preposition formed from an adverb around.
During hour is a preposition formed from a noun with a preposition.
Thanks to help is a preposition formed from a gerund.

Accordingly, adverbial, denominal, and verbal prepositions are distinguished.

Non-derivative prepositions are more often used with different cases.

Derivative prepositions are usually used with one case.

§3. Preposition structure

From a structural point of view, prepositions are divided into simple And composite.

Simple ones are prepositions consisting of one word: in, on, to, under, above, contrary to, etc.
Compounds are prepositions consisting of two, less often three words: in continuation, during, in connection with, depending on, towards, etc.

§4. Places by value

According to their meaning, prepositions are divided into:

Places (spatial): on the window, in the window, near the window, under the window, above the window, behind the window, in front of the window, etc.
Time (temporary): at eight, about eight, by eight, before eight, after eight, etc.
Object (object): about the book, about the book, with the book, etc.
Reasons (causal): due to rain, due to rain, due to rain, due to illness.
Goals (targets): for children, for the sake of children, money for children.
Mode of action: work without inspiration, work with inspiration.
Comparisons: character like his father, as tall as his father.
Definitions: striped fabric, bicycle with motor, coffee with milk.

Prepositions can be unambiguous And polysemantic.

Unambiguous: thanks to, in view of, because of, etc.
Multi-valued: V (V Wednesday - time V closet - space, V father - comparisons, V stripe - definitions)

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

What are prepositions for?
- To connect words in a sentence
- To connect simple sentences within complex ones
- To express emotions
Is it possible to assume that each case corresponds to one specific preposition?
Are there unambiguous prepositions in Russian?

Ticket number 2

1. Signs of adjective and verb in participles.

The participle combines the meaning and characteristics of a verb and an adjective.

Denoting the attribute of an object by action, the participle easily correlates with the verb.

Example: flying ball.

flying- the one that flies.

Adjective means attribute of an object by color, shape, smell, property etc., this sign is permanent (round ball, glass goblet).
The participle means sign by action, which flows in time (a student solving a problem is a student who has solved a problem) and can be completed or incomplete (a student who has solved a problem is an owl view; a student who has solved a problem is an unseen view).

^ You water: participles are not conjugated (this is how they differ from the verb), but inflected like adjectives.

Verb features are present in participles because participles are formed from verbs.

1) Participles, like verbs, may be non-refundable or refundable:

washing - washing.

2) Participles, like verbs, have the form there are perfect and imperfect forms: reading (non-sov. v.) - read (sov. v.).

^ Participles retain the form of the verb from which they were formed:

3) Participles, like verbs, have tenses - present and past:

pushing (present tense) - pushing (past tense).

^ Unlike verbs, participles do not have a future tense form.

Features of an adjective.

denotes an attribute of an object;
changes by gender, number, case, consistent

with a qualified noun

Verb signs

1) transitivity and intransitivity of action

2) perfect and imperfect form

3) present and past tense

^ 2. The concept of preposition. Categories by meaning and origin.

According to their origin, prepositions are divided into non-derivatives And derivatives.

Non-derivatives prepositions arose a very long time ago, so at present they do not correlate with any significant words: from, from, with, at, to, for, in, on, for, about, through, at, over etc.

Most non-derivative prepositions are ambiguous and homonymous with prefixes: behind drive - behind forest, V go - V forest, from go - from forests, With go - With mountains, on drive - on table.

Derivatives prepositions were formed at a later time from words of other parts of speech and are divided into adverbial, named And verbal.

Adverbial prepositions mainly express spatial and temporal relations, for example: near Houses, near rivers, around cities, ahead squad, after lunch.

Named prepositions are formed from various case forms of nouns and express objective and some adverbial relations, for example: about work, about statements, through consoles, in view of collapse, on the occasion of holiday, during lesson, etc.

Verbal prepositions come from participles and express various adverbial relations ( causal, concessive, temporary etc.), for example: thanks to worries, despite disease, later week.

Derivative prepositions should be distinguished from homonymous independent parts of speech: thanks to ( pretext) efforts – thanks to ( participle) for the support; contrary to ( pretext) enemies - to act contrary ( adverb).

^ 3. Concept of the text. Main features of the text.

In linguistics, not only phrases and sentences are studied, but also various combinations of complete sentences into larger units. The largest of these units is text.

^ Text(from Latin textus - “fabric”, “plexus”, “connection”, “structure”, “connection”) - this is speech work, consisting of a number of sentences arranged in a certain sequence and united into a whole by the unity of the theme, main idea and using various linguistic means.

Subject- this is a designation of the subject of speech, that is, those life phenomena or issues that are selected by the author and depicted in his work (often the topic is reflected in the title). What the text says.

Main thought(idea) of the text conveys the author’s attitude to the subject of speech, his assessment of what is depicted.

^ The main features of the text are:

1) completeness, semantic completeness, which manifests itself in the full (from the author’s point of view) disclosure of the plan and in the possibility of autonomous perception and understanding of the text;

2) connectivity, manifested, firstly, in the arrangement of sentences in a sequence that reflects the logic of the development of thought ( semantic coherence); secondly, in a certain structural organization, which is formed using the lexical and grammatical means of language;

3) stylistic unity, which lies in the fact that the text is always designed stylistically: as a colloquial, official business, scientific, journalistic or artistic style.

4) integrity, which manifests itself in coherence, completeness and stylistic unity taken together.

Ticket 34. Preposition as a part of speech. Classes of prepositions

Prepositions are function words with the help of which subordinating relationships between words in a phrase are formalized. Prepositions can denote relationships between object and object: "answer on question"; object and action: "fight With fire"; object and sign: "capable on self-sacrifice." At the same time, prepositions indicate the same subordinating relationships that are expressed using the category of case: place, time, purpose, reason, etc., complementing and specifying them. For example, in phrases of a verb with the dative case of a noun: "swim By river", "go To river" – each of the prepositions in its own way clarifies the spatial meaning of the dative case: By indicates the location of the action, To– on the direction of action.

Prepositions are unchangeable words and do not appear in a sentence as its independent member.

Classes of prepositions by formation and structure

By education, prepositions are divided into two groups: non-derivative, i.e. not motivated by any other words in the modern Russian language, and derivatives motivated by other words.

Non-derivative, or primitive, prepositions are words that came from the common Slavic proto-language. They constitute a relatively small group: without(without), V(in), for, to, for, from(iso), To(co), between(between), on, over, about(about, about), by, under(under), with, about, for, with(with), at, through(through). Non-derivative prepositions also include prepositions that do not have producing stems in the modern Russian language. near, instead of, outside, contrary to, except, among. Finally, prepositions because of, from under, over, over are also non-derivative, since their meaning does not correlate with the meanings of prepositions from And for, from And under, over And for, for And above.

Derivative prepositions are words motivated by other words. In turn, depending on the genetic relationship with a particular part of speech, they are divided into the following subgroups:

1) adverbial: near, far, around, inside, in front, around, towards, before, behind, in the middle, like, on the side, respectively and etc.;

2) denominate: in view of, in the form of, during, in conclusion, during, in the course of, in the area, in the sphere, within, with the exception of, for lack of, at the expense of, regarding, to the extent of, with the help and etc.;

3) verbal: thanks, including, excluding, starting, not counting, after and etc.

The overwhelming majority of derived prepositions are relatively “young” and were already formed on Russian soil.

According to their structure, prepositions are divided into: a) simple, which consist of one word: in, to, about, by, thanks and etc.; b) complex(or double): because of, from under and etc.; V) composite, genetically being a combination of a preposition (or prepositions) with a significant part of speech: during, in response to, depending on, along with, on the issue and etc.

Classes of prepositions by meaning and by combination with case forms

Prepositions express all kinds of relationships between significant words. The main types of relationships expressed are:

1) spatial:"return V Moscow", "come With south", "relax V village", "live under Moscow", "snow above city", "water under home" etc.;

2) temporary:"oversleep before morning", "work during month", "meet through a few days", "find out during sessions" etc.;

3) object:"story O yourself", "know about yourself", "longing By homeland", "fall in love V stranger";

4) target:"contact With claims", "live For career", "give on memory";

5) comparisons, likenings:"live With mine", "fist the size With head", "daughter all V mother";

6) meaning of the instrument of action:"screw With using a screwdriver"; "install during experiments";

7) meaning of the action:"pronounce without any expression", "have lunch With appetite";

8) definitive relationship: "apple trees" V color", "coat on batting."

The meanings of prepositions are realized only in combination with forms of indirect cases.

Prepositions can be unambiguous: due to, thanks to, except for etc. and ambiguous. In this case, one should distinguish between lexical polysemy itself and polysemy due to compatibility with different cases.

Actually, lexical ambiguity manifests itself in a preposition when, combined with the same case, the preposition expresses different types of relationships between words. Yes, an excuse For, combined only with the genitive case, it can also express target meanings: “to live For love", "work For the benefit of the common cause", and object meanings: "clothing For polar explorers", "important For you." Preposition because of, used only with the genitive case, according to the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language, can express five meanings, preposition from combined again with the genitive case - 13 meanings, etc. The lexical ambiguity of prepositions is displayed in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language.

Grammatical ambiguity is noted in cases where a preposition, combined with different cases, expresses different meanings. So, in the sentence: “Slowly (why did he need to rush?) He threw the wood V barn, unharnessed the horse, left the sleigh V barn, and took the horse V an empty cold stable nearby" (Past.) preposition V in the first and third cases, used with the accusative case, it has the meaning of direction, and in the second case, in combination with the prepositional case, it has the meaning of place. Pretext With, used with the genitive case, denotes spatial relations: “to arrive With station", with accusative - measure, likening: "work With mine”, with the instrumental – a relationship of compatibility: “we With you share the same blood."

Most prepositions are combined with only one case: For(r.p.), from(r.p.), before(tv.p.), above(tv.p.), in respect(r.p.), in continuation(r.p.), etc. However, there are also prepositions (all of them are non-derivative) that are used with different cases: V(vin. etc. case): “Whatever life teaches us, but the heart believes V miracles" (Tyutch.); "Water V the river gurgles coolly, and the shadow of the mountains falls V field" (Kharms); With(r., vin. and tv. case): “The hospital in which he lay, and then served, and which the doctor was now about to leave, was located in the mansion of Countess Zhabrinskaya, With beginning of the war, donated by the owner for the benefit of the wounded... He stood at the intersection of the main street With central square of the city" (Past.); "Boy With finger, little man With marigold".

Using prepositions with cases

Concept

Pretext

Morphological analysis of the category of condition

Methods of word formation

Degrees of comparison

Comparative: heat - heat her, more warm; ringing - ringing e, more loudly.

Excellent: warm - warmest, loudly - loudest of all.

1. Suffixal: cold - cold O, good - good O, creepy - creepy O.

2. Transition from nouns: sorry, laziness, time, grief.

1. Extract from the sentence

2. What does the word mean (state of mind, etc.)

3. We find out the syntactic role.

Was stuffy after a hot day.

It's stuffy– a word of the category of state, denotes the state of nature, the nominal part of the predicate.

Pretext– this is an auxiliary part of speech that serves to connect nouns, numerals, pronouns in the forms of indirect cases with other words: leave from cities, read V book, hand over through someone To three add two.

Attention! Prepositions are not members of the sentence, but are included in the members of the sentence:

IN forest the woodcutter's ax was heard.

Cases	Prepositions	Examples
R.p.	Without, outside, for, before, because of, from under, from, for, at, with	Without colors, outside dangers, For you
D.p.	To, according to, contrary to, thanks to, contrary to, towards, according to	TO home, according to order, thanks to knowledge
V.p.	Despite, about, through, through, in, on, for, under, with, on	Despite rain, about him, through smoke
Tv.p.	Over, before, under, behind, with	Above city, before home, roll down With mountains
Pr.p.	At, about, in, on, by	At road, O school, V forest

Pretext By can be used with 1st and 2nd person pronouns in the form Pr. P.: I miss you, they shot at us, I miss you, they shot at us.

1. By value:

Classes of prepositions	Examples of phrases
1. Temporary: in continuation, during, for, to, on, before, by, with, after, through, before, through,	Work in continuation season, build on a month earlier.
2. Spatial (indicate a place): in, at, around, behind, from, on, over, about, under, with.	Go V forest, walk near Houses.
3. Object (indicate an object): in, for, to, on, over, about, about, from, with, By, instead of, like, like.	Speak O you, ask about work
4. Causal: thanks to, in view of, as a result of (= because of), because of, from, by.	Thanks to help from friends, because of frost.
5. Method (mode) of action: without, on, by, with, V.	Drive on bus, talk By phone.
6. Goals: for, for, on, for, with.	Go behind shopping, show up With visit.
7. Concessions: despite, in spite of.	Despite rain, contrary to predictions.

2. By structure:

1. Simple(consist of one word): in, under, on, for, about, to, from.

2. Complex(consist of two simple ones): because of, from under.

3. Composite(consist of several words): during, in the name of, by virtue of, in accordance with, regardless of.

3. By origin:

They are divided into two categories - derivatives and non-derivatives.

To non-derivative prepositions refer to without, in, to, on, for, from, to, except for, between, above, before. Shansky N.M., Tikhonov A.N. and Shelyakin M.A. also include complex prepositions because of, from under.

Non-derivative prepositions are usually ambiguous, but there are also unambiguous ones, for example, without (lack of something) for the sake of (goals).

In composition, non-derivative prepositions can be simple (consist of one word): to, in, from and complex (consist of two simple prepositions connected by a hyphen): because of, from under, over.

Derivative prepositions quantitatively predominate over non-derivative ones.

Usually there are three groups of derived prepositions: adverbial, denominal and verbal.

Adverbial prepositions

As a rule, adverbial prepositions are used with a form and express:

1. Spatial relations: deep, inside, in the middle, near, around, above, in front, behind, on the side, near.*

Remove wallet deep down bags.
Around the garden was impenetrable thicket.

2. Temporary relationships: after, the day before, before.

After the conversation became easier for me.
The day before On departure we invited friends.

3. Quantitative relationships: above, beyond, besides.

Besides magnets and souvenirs, we brought sea pebbles and shells.

Denominative prepositions

Denominal prepositions represent the former prepositional case form: in view of, through, by, during, as a result of, about, to the extent.**

Find out details by interviewing witnesses.
Inquire about tomorrow's event.
I know the importance of the matter and I work as strength
Due to severe frosts killed the crops.

Most of the denominal prepositions have completely lost their lexical connection with the noun; prepositions within the boundaries , in the role retain a semantic connection with the noun.

Verbal prepositions

Verbal prepositions by origin are forms: thanks, including, considering, based on, despite, despite.

Thanks to Thanks to the heroism of the workers, the disaster was averted.
(K. G. Paustovsky)
Later In summer they don’t go into the forest for raspberries.(Proverb)

In composition, derivative prepositions can be simple (consisting of one word): inside, instead of, according to, by, as a result of, thanks to And composite (consisting of several words): along with, since, despite, despite, in connection with.

Derivative prepositions are unambiguous in meaning.

* It is necessary to distinguish between prepositions around , the day before , near from adverbs of the same name. If a word is followed by a pronoun or noun, then we have a preposition.

Around I had many friends.
All the guests have arrived the day before weddings

** It is often difficult to distinguish between denominative prepositions and nouns. Expressing an attitude, denominative prepositions simultaneously carry an element of objective meaning: without help , within the boundaries , in area , due .