Lighting for production and industrial premises.

The role of light for human life and activity is enormous. We receive all information from the world around us through vision. With the help of natural and artificial light, we determine the location of objects, their shape and color. A person’s well-being, degree of fatigue and state of mind depend on the lighting of surrounding objects. Every activity requires good visibility. An insufficient level of illumination in the workplace, or, conversely, a very bright (dazzled) light source, will inevitably lead to visual impairment and a deterioration in the quality of work performed.

What types of artificial lighting are divided into?

The purpose of artificial lighting is to create favorable conditions for good visibility. The result of this will be a reduction in eye fatigue and wellness of people.

Local and general purpose lamps are sources of artificial lighting. The lamp consists of a lamp, which is the light source, and of course lighting fixtures.

The type of artificial lighting depends on the location and purpose of the illuminated area. There are several types of artificial lighting.

Types of artificial lighting:

• General;
• Local;
• Combined;
• Emergency.

General lighting is divided into several types: directional lighting, indirect, diffuse, and also mixed lighting. The most common is directional (direct) lighting. Diffused lighting ensures uniform distribution of light over the entire illuminated area. For lighting a separate dedicated functional area, (section of wall, kitchen stove, desktop) use local lighting. Combined lighting combines local and general lighting together. This lighting option is most often used for indoor lighting. Emergency lighting is powered by batteries. This type of lighting turns on automatically when the main source is turned off. Emergency lighting is installed in places where, when switched off, electrical source, a traumatic situation may arise.

What are the types of artificial lighting in production?

Industrial lighting. This type of lighting exists to create in production optimal conditions to complete work tasks.

Artificial industrial lighting systems must be designed and installed in such a way that occupational safety and health authorities accept them as fully complying with certain standards. Only then will the working conditions of the enterprise’s workers become comfortable and safe.

Artificial lighting for industrial premises is of five types according to its purpose.

Existing types of artificial lighting for industrial premises:

• Working;
• On duty;
• Emergency;
• Evacuation;
• Security.

The purpose of work lighting is to ensure normal working conditions. With the help of emergency lighting, the production area is illuminated during non-working hours. Emergency lighting is designed to turn on automatically in case there is a sudden shutdown of the working lighting. Some lamps are connected to an autonomous power source. In case an emergency situation arises in which it is necessary to evacuate people from the danger zone, evacuation lighting is installed in production premises. It is installed in places where people are provided to escape in the event of a dangerous situation. At night, security lighting is installed along the borders of the protected area.

Interior lighting: modern types of lighting

Very important role Lighting plays a role in creating an interior. It is becoming irrelevant to install one light source in a room. It is better to use several types of lighting.

New developments in the field of lighting technology make it possible to use original lighting solutions in interior design.

You can create a beautiful lighting ensemble by combining several types of lighting. In addition to the types of lighting already known to us, designers use others in their work, which are divided into three types.

Modern types of lighting used in interior design:

• Decorative;
• Exhibition;
• Orienting.

Using decorative lighting techniques, designers install hidden backlight. This technique is used to highlight some individual elements interior – bookshelves, paintings, niches, vases. This technique forces the eye to focus on a highlighted element of the interior, muting the tone of other objects and smoothing out their shape. If the owners of the house turn out to be passionate collectors, then it is appropriate to use exposure lighting. Ideal option Such illumination will be installed in the picture frame itself. For exposure lighting, preference is given to LED lamps or low voltage halogen lamps. If the general lighting is turned off, orienting lighting is used. Required amount In this case, light can be arranged using light markers. These small lighting can be mounted into walls, steps, or floors. All these types of lighting bring an element of beauty and comfort to the interior of the house. New interior lighting options will miraculously transform your room.

What is combined lighting: the feasibility of using it in production

Combined lighting is based on combining common diffused light with local, aimed at a specific object.

During operation of the combined lighting system, its advantages over the general lighting system are clearly noticeable.

Advantages of a combined lighting system:

• Limiting the occurrence of shadows and highlights;
• Energy saving;
• Creation quality lighting separate dedicated zone;
• Reduction of installed power;
• Simplification of routine repairs of lighting fixtures.

With a combined system, local lighting can be turned off directly at the workplace, during a break in work. This saves energy. You can also replace burnt out lamps without any problems. local lighting. Electricity consumption with combined lighting is less than with general lighting, since the installed power is less than the power of general lighting. Application area combined lighting wide. This type of lighting can be used not only in the industrial sphere, but also in everyday life. If you hang a chandelier in the center of the room, and arrange any part of the room decorative lighting, you get an excellent option for combined lighting.

Types of lighting in the interior of modern apartments

IN modern apartment lighting plays no less important role than the setting. With the help of lighting you can both decorate the interior and significantly spoil its appearance.

Before starting renovations, you should try to change the type of lighting in the apartment. Sometimes new lighting options will transform your home so much that the need for renovation will disappear.

The thought that perfect lighting rooms - a chandelier in the center of the ceiling and several lamps on the wall, has long been outdated. It's time for change. New lighting fixtures have appeared. It also became possible, with the help of combined lighting and these elements, to build a unique composition using various lighting solutions.

List of lighting types used in room design:

• Scattered light;
• Reflected light.

Diffused lighting is obtained by using spherical and hemispherical lamps with frosted glass. The same effect can be obtained when using halogen lamps installed on the ceiling or attached to pendant elements. The reflected type of lighting is more pleasing to the eye and more useful. This light does not fall on objects directly, but gets there by being reflected from other structures and walls. LED lights- An excellent addition to decorative lighting.

What is artificial lighting (video)

If you ask the question: “What type of lighting is the most important: natural or artificial?” - we can say with confidence that no one will answer this question.

Light quantities and parameters

Modern production conditions must meet the requirements based on the safety and health of workers. One of these conditions is this is the illumination work area, because a person receives about $90$% of information through the eyes. Lighting is associated with labor productivity, fatigue, and safety. Lighting improves the functioning of higher nervous activity and has a great influence on the body’s daily rhythm. There are quantitative indicators of industrial lighting.

These indicators include:

1. Radiant Flow;
2. Light flow;
3. The power of light;
4. Light brightness;
5. Illumination.

The power of radiant energy is called radiant flux(F), the unit of which is W. Different lengths homogeneous radiant fluxes of equal power, which was established empirically, leads to uneven sensations in the eyes. This suggests that the eyes have unequal sensitivity to radiation various lengths waves

The quantitative characteristic of the radiant flux is light flow(F), which is assessed by light perception to the eye. Unit luminous flux is lumen (LM). A lumen has the luminous intensity of one candle.

Light sources used in practice unevenly distribute the luminous flux in space, therefore, to characterize the light effect in a certain direction, the concept is used luminous powers(I) is density luminous flux in space. The unit of luminous intensity is the candela (CD). This is the main light value that has a state light standard.

The luminous flux density on an illuminated surface is called illumination(E), the unit of measurement of which is lux (LK).

Brightness surface (L) is luminous magnitude. This value is directly perceived by the eye. The brightness of the luminous surface in different directions is different, for example, a mirror in different directions has different brightness. This suggests that brightness is characterized not only by magnitude, but also by direction. There are surfaces that have the same brightness in all directions; they are called equally bright emitters, for example, freshly fallen snow, a spherical lighting device, etc.

Industrial lighting requirements

Each production room has a specific purpose, so the lighting that is installed in this room should facilitate visual work. It is clear that the visibility of objects will be better if the illumination of the working surface is increased, brightness will be higher, details will be distinguished faster, and this will certainly affect the growth of labor productivity. For example, the illumination of a car assembly line was increased to $75$ lux - resulting in an increase in productivity of $8$%. A further increase in illumination no longer gives the effect that it is burning at its existing limit, so it is important to improve the quality of lighting. When organizing industrial lighting on a work surface, it is important that the brightness is distributed evenly. This brightness must be ensured within the surrounding space so that when moving the gaze from one surface to another, the eyes do not have to re-adapt.

Uniformity natural light large workshops can be increased with the help combined lighting. A uniform distribution of brightness will be facilitated by a light ceiling, walls, and equipment located in the employee’s field of vision.

Not allowed in work area sharp shadows. Their presence distorts the shapes and sizes of objects, complicates their differentiation, fatigue increases, and labor productivity decreases.

Dangerous are moving shadows leading to injury.

Must be out of sight of the employee direct and reflected gloss. Being an increased brightness of luminous surfaces, it can cause visual impairment, i.e. significantly reduce the visibility of objects. If possible, shiny surfaces should be replaced with matte ones. It is important that illumination value was constant over time and uniform in area.

Light flow should have an optimal orientation, this makes it possible to clearly see the internal surfaces of the parts and distinguish the relief of the elements of the working surface.

Note 2

A rationally selected type of light source based on its spectral composition ensures correct color rendering. All elements of lighting installations must be absolutely electrically safe - lamps, conductors, group panels, transformers, etc. They must not cause a fire or explosion, they must be simple, reliable and easy to use.

Types of industrial lighting

High performance and positive psychophysiological state of workers largely depend on properly designed and rationally executed lighting of production premises. Depending on the light source and design, there are several types of industrial lighting.

According to the light source, lighting can be:

• Natural light, i.e. created by a celestial body;
• Artificial lighting using electric lamps;
• Combined lighting is a combination of natural and artificial.

Spectral composition natural light most acceptable because it contains ultra-violet rays, necessary for a person, with high diffuseness. Natural lighting can be side, top, or combined. One-sided and two-sided side lighting is provided through light openings in the external walls. Top natural lighting comes through the skylights in the roof, and combined lighting is a combination of top and side natural lighting.

1. According to its design, it is divided into two systems artificial lighting:

   • General – mandatory lighting for all production premises;
   • Combined, when local lighting is added to general lighting, i.e. lighting of the workplace itself.

2. Types of artificial lighting by functional purpose:

   • Work lighting necessary for the normal execution of the production process, the passage of people, and the movement of vehicles.
   • Emergency lighting. Used in cases of sudden shutdown of work lighting to continue work. The emergency minimum illumination of the working surface should be $5$% of illumination, but not less than $2$ lux.
   • Evacuation lighting. Lighting is used to evacuate people in case of accidents and to turn off working lighting. It is necessary in places dangerous for the passage of people, on stairwells, along the main passages. The minimum illumination on the floor should be at least $0.5$ lux, and in open areas at least $0.2$ lux.
   • Security lighting. As a rule, it is located along the borders of territories that are guarded by special personnel, and has the lowest illumination of $0.5$ lux at night.
   • Signal lighting used to fix the boundaries of dangerous zones. The light signal may indicate the presence of danger or safe way evacuation.

Introduction

Lighting is one of the most important production working conditions. A person receives about 90% of information through the visual apparatus. Worker fatigue, labor productivity, and safety depend on lighting. Sufficient lighting has a tonic effect, improves the flow of basic processes of higher nervous activity, stimulates metabolic and immunobiological processes, and affects the daily rhythm of the physiological functions of the human body. Practice shows that only by improving lighting in the workplace, an increase in labor productivity from 1.5 to 15% was achieved. The human visual apparatus perceives a wide range of visible radiation from 380 to 770 nm, i.e. from ultraviolet to infrared radiation.

Types of industrial lighting

Exist the following types industrial lighting:

natural,

artificial,

combined.

Natural lighting - illumination of premises with sky light (direct or reflected) penetrating through light openings in external enclosing structures.

Natural lighting is divided into:

Lateral - natural lighting of the room through light openings in the external walls;

top - natural lighting of the room through lanterns, light openings in the walls in places where the heights of the building differ;

combined (top and side) - a combination of top and side natural lighting.

Premises with constant occupancy should, as a rule, have natural light.

Without natural light, it is allowed to design rooms that are determined by the relevant chapters of the Building Codes and Rules.

The process of designing natural lighting for industrial premises is complicated by a number of circumstances inherent in a natural light source. These include, first of all, the inconstancy of natural light. Natural lighting in industrial premises is influenced by operating conditions, the nature of the glazing of light openings, glass contamination, etc.

Artificial lighting - lighting a room only with artificial light sources.

Artificial lighting is divided into the following types:

1.working lighting, providing standardized lighting conditions (illumination, lighting quality) in premises and in places where work is carried out outside buildings;

2.emergency - divided into safety lighting and evacuation lighting;

3. security - lighting during non-working hours;

4. duty - lighting during non-working hours.

Artificial lighting can be of two systems:

general lighting - lighting in which lamps are placed in the upper zone of the room evenly (general uniform lighting) or in relation to the location of equipment (general localized lighting):

combined lighting - lighting in which local lighting is added to general lighting; local lighting - lighting, additional to the general one, created by lamps that concentrate the luminous flux directly on the workplace. The use of local lighting alone for production workplaces is not permitted.

Artificial work lighting is intended to create the necessary working conditions and normal operation of buildings and territories. Working lighting should be provided for all areas of buildings, as well as areas open spaces designed for work, the passage of people and traffic.

Combined lighting is lighting in which natural lighting, insufficient by standards, is supplemented with artificial lighting.

Combined lighting industrial buildings should provide:

For industrial premises in which work is carried out I - III categories;

For production and other premises in cases where, due to the conditions of technology, organization of production or climate at the construction site, space-planning solutions are required that do not allow for the standardized value of KEO (multi-storey buildings of large width, single-storey multi-span buildings with large spans, etc. ., as well as in cases where the technical and economic feasibility of combined lighting compared to natural lighting is confirmed by appropriate calculations.

According to " Building codes and rules" SNiP 23-05-95 lighting should provide: sanitary standards illumination at workplaces, uniform brightness in the field of view, absence of sharp shadows and glare, constancy of illumination over time and correct direction of the light flux.

a brief description of premises

Calculation of lighting for a worker’s place in a production workshop is underway. medical equipment. The workshop premises belong to I group for visual work tasks (VP), which do not require the use of optical devices (Fig. 1). In this case, the object of discrimination can be either close or far from the eyes.

The choice of values ​​for standardized parameters is carried out in accordance with SNiP 23 05 95 “Natural and artificial lighting”.

Fig.1 ZR without the use of optical instruments

The workshop for the production of medical equipment is located in Moscow, which means it is located in III climatic region, outside the zone with stable snow cover.

There is no shading of the window by opposing buildings or other objects.

Painting the walls of the workshop in medium tones.

Calculation of natural light

The luminous flux incident on the design point of the production premises consists of direct diffusion light from a part of the sky, visible through the light openings, and light reflected from inner surface premises and from opposing buildings.

Calculation of the coefficient of natural illumination (k.e.o.) is carried out from the following expressions:

1) with side lighting

(1)

2) when overhead lighting(through skylights)

(2)

3) at the top and side

E k r = e b r + e v r, (3)

where ε g b - geometric k.e.o. at the calculated point with side lighting, taking into account the direct light of the sky, determined from the graphs I and II

q - coefficient taking into account the uneven brightness of the cloudy sky;

ε building - geometric k.e.o. at the design point with side lighting, taking into account the light reflected from opposing buildings,

R - coefficient taking into account the relative brightness of the opposing building;

r 1 - coefficient taking into account the increase in k.e.o. with side lighting due to light reflected from the surfaces of the premises and the underlying layer adjacent to the building,

τ 0 - total light transmittance, determined by the formula:

τ 0 = τ 1 .

τ 2. τ 3. τ 4. τ 5 where τ 1

- light transmittance of the material, τ 2 -

coefficient taking into account light loss in the frames of the light opening, τ 3 - coefficient taking into account light loss in load-bearing structure 3 = 1),

x (with side lighting τ τ 4

- coefficient taking into account light loss in sun-protection devices, τ 5

- coefficient taking into account light loss in the protective grid under the lamps, taken equal to 0.9, K 3

- safety factor, ε in

- geometric k.e.o. at the design point with overhead lighting, ε avg

ε av = 1/ N .

(ε in1 + ε in2 + ε in3 +...+ ε in N)

where N is the number of design points; ε in1, ε in2, ε in3, ε in N- geometric k.e.o. (ε Wed

) design points.- geometric k.e.o. (ε Average k.e.o. e

with top or top and side lighting, determined by the expression:

e av = 1/ N 1 -1. (e 1 /2 + e 2 + e 3 + ... + e N 1-1 + e N 1 /2) (4)

N 1 - the number of points at which the c.e.o. is determined;

e 1, e 2, ... e N 1- k.e.o. values with top or top and side lighting at points of the characteristic section of the room, determined by formulas (2) and (3). The calculated k.e.o. values ​​obtained using formulas (1), (2), (3) and (4) should be rounded to tenths. The deviation of the calculated value of k.e.o. is allowed. e R

from normalized k.e.o. e

n by ± 10%.

M 2

Find the height of the light openings: = 2.29 m

Under overhead lighting:

S f =

S P = 3800m 2

For industrial premises in which work of average precision is performed, the standardized value of k.e.o. in overhead natural light 3 e H = 4% For workshops with air containing in the working area from 1 to 5 mg/m dust, smoke and soot in natural light and horizontal arrangement of light-transmitting material safety factor K Z = 1.4. Find the light characteristic of the light opening η

f

, choose rectangular lanterns (with vertical double-sided glazing); the number of spans is taken equal to 1; room length ratio

L

to span width = 130/20 =9.5 4; ratio of room height H to span width = 13/20 = 0.65 Finding the coefficient

r

2, taking into account the increase in k.e.o. with overhead lighting due to light reflected from the surfaces of the room:

Weighted average reflectance from ceiling, walls and floor = 0.4; number of spans = 1; The ratio of the height of the room taken from the level of the conventional working surface to the bottom edge of the glazing h

to span width N/

h = 18.2 / 20 = 0.91; r2 = 1.38 r 0

= 0.58 (in load-bearing structures, light loss during overhead lighting is

r 3 = 0.9);

We choose lanterns with vertical double-sided glazing (rectangular) CF = 1.20;

S f = m

The height of the lanterns is = 3.72 m

Standardization of industrial lighting

When performing visual work in production conditions, the most important functions of vision include: contrast sensitivity - the ability to distinguish between the minimum brightness levels of an object and background; visual acuity - the ability to distinguish between two points visible under

speed of visual perception - ability to distinguish individual parts in a short period of time;

stability of clear vision - the ability to maintain a stable image of a detail;

color perception - the ability of the organ of vision to distinguish colors;

visual adaptation - the ability of the organ of vision to adapt to distinguishing objects in changing lighting conditions;

light adaptation - adaptation of the organ of vision with increasing brightness (adaptation time 5-10 minutes);

dark adaptation - adaptation of the organ of vision when brightness changes (adaptation time from 30 to 2 hours).

Insufficient lighting, frequent and sharp changes it in the field of view, the spectral composition does not correspond to natural light, the pulsation of the light flux leads to visual strain, and causes fatigue of the light-perceiving and motor apparatus of the eyes, as a result of which such conditions develop as:

Asthenopia, characteristic features which are blurred vision, aches and pain in the eye sockets, headache, rapid;

professional myopia (usually no more than 3.0 diopters), the frequency of occurrence of which depends on the degree of visual tension, its continuity and duration;

professional nystagmus - rapidly repeated movement of the eyeballs, trembling of the eyelids, head, deterioration of health as a result of working in low light.

To provide normal operation of the organ of vision, industrial lighting is standardized depending on the type of lighting (natural, artificial - general or combined, combined) and the level of visual work.

The category of visual work is determined by the characteristics of visual work: the smallest size of the object of difference d at distance l from the object of difference to the eye of the worker is less than 0.5 m.

Table 1. Distance of visual work at a distance l from the object of difference to the eyes of the worker less than 0.5 m

Table 2. Visual work category at a distance of 1 from the object of difference to the eyes of the worker of more than 0.5 m

Artificial lighting

Artificial lighting can be general or combined if, along with general lighting, local lighting is also used, i.e. lighting that concentrates the luminous flux in the workplace. General lighting has two types - uniform and localized.

At the workplaces of medical equipment manufacturers, a uniform distribution of light flux is ensured.

Working lighting is provided using incandescent lamps.

The standard values ​​for artificial lighting are the value of combined and general illumination, as well as the unevenness of general illumination, the glare indicator and the illumination pulsation coefficient.

Illumination standards should be increased by one step in the following cases:

during works I - IV discharges if intense visual work is performed throughout the working day;

with an increased risk of injury, if the illumination from the general lighting system is 150 lux or less;

with increased sanitary requirements, if the illumination from the general lighting system is 500 lux or less;

when working or training teenagers, if the illumination from the general lighting system is 300 lux or less;

in the absence of natural light in the room and the constant presence of workers, if the illumination from the general lighting system is 1000 lux or less;

by one step with a combined lighting system, if the standardized illumination is 750 lux or more;

by one stage with a general lighting system for discharges I - VI, VII , while the illumination from incandescent lamps should not exceed 300 lux;

in two stages with a general lighting system for discharges VI and VIII.

The standards for general lighting apply to the case where only a general lighting system is used in the production area. However, when performing work I - IV discharges, a combined lighting system should be used and the illumination of the working surface created by general lighting lamps in the combined lighting system, in this case will be determined depending on whether the lighting is artificial or combined.

The illumination created by general lighting lamps in a combined lighting system should be 10% of that normalized for combined lighting with the same sources used for local lighting, and the smallest and highest values it should be composed accordingly:

For gas discharge lamps- from 50 to 150 lux;

for incandescent lamps - from 50 to 100 lux.

The unevenness of general lighting (the ratio of maximum to minimum illumination) in the area where workplaces are located, regardless of the lighting system, should not exceed:

For works I - III discharges at fluorescent lamps akh - 1.5;

with other light sources - 2;

For works IV - VII discharges with fluorescent lamps - 1.8;

with other light sources - 3.

The glare indicator for general lighting fixtures, regardless of the lighting system, should not exceed the values ​​​​specified in the table.

Table 3. Glare index for general lighting fixtures

The blindness rate is not limited to:

for rooms whose length does not exceed double the installation height of the lamp;

for rooms with a height of no more than 2.5 m for temporary occupancy;

for rooms with a height of no more than 2.5 m when performing work VI and VIII a categories;

for areas intended for the passage of people or maintenance of equipment when used:

Lamps with incandescent lamps with a power of no more than 150 W, DRL lamps with a power of no more than 250 W or fluorescent lamps total power no more than 80 W, if the protective angle of these lamps is not less than 15;

Lamps with milk glass diffusers without reflectors and incandescent lamps with a power of no more than 100 W;

open incandescent lamps with a power of no more than 60 W in a milk glass bulb or fluorescent lamps with a total power of no more than 40 W.

Illumination pulsation coefficient when lighting rooms with gas-discharge lamps powered by alternating current frequency 50 Hz, normalized depending on the lighting system and the level of visual work. In areas where work is carried out VI and VIII discharges, if there are no conditions in them for the occurrence of a stroboscopic effect, the illumination pulsation coefficient can be increased to 30%. The pulsation coefficient of illumination when lighting rooms with gas-discharge lamps powered by alternating current with a frequency of 400 Hz and higher is not standardized.

Table 4. Light pulsation coefficient when lighting rooms with gas-discharge lamps

Calculation of artificial lighting

The illumination of the working surface is calculated various methods. The most common method is to calculate lighting using the utilization factor method. This method makes it possible to calculate the luminous flux of a light source necessary to create normal illumination of the calculated horizontal surface.

where Ф is the luminous flux of each lamp, lm;

E min - minimum standardized illumination, lm;

Кз - safety factor;

S - room area, m 2 ;

Z - the ratio of average illumination to minimum, this coefficient must be entered due to the fact that it is not the average, but the minimum E that is normalized min , usually taken in the range of 1.1 - 1.5 (average 1.2);

N - selected number of lamps, pcs.

γ - the darkening coefficient in the workplace can be taken equal to 0.8 -0.9;

η is the coefficient of utilization of the luminous flux of lamps, depending on the type of lamp, the reflection coefficients of the ceiling (ρп) and walls (ρс), the height of the lamp suspension ( number of spans = 1; c) and room indicator ( i)

where A and B are two characteristic dimensions of the room, m;

number of spans = 1; - estimated height of the lamp suspension surface, m.

Usually E is taken for calculation min and N , the formula is used to find F and select the nearest standard lamp. In practice, deviations of the lamp flux from the calculated value to -10 and +20% are allowed. When calculating fluorescent lighting, the luminous flux of the lamps is known and the number of lamps in the lamp is structurally determined, so the required number of lamps is determined.

The number of lamps N is determined from the conditions of uniform lighting.

Dimensions that determine the placement of lamps in the room: height of the lamp suspension number of spans = 1; sv is usually taken equal to 0.5 - 0.7 m, the height of the working surface number of spans = 1; - 0.8 - 1.0 m. The need for precise compliance with the ratio 1/ number of spans = 1; No. Fluorescent lamps, as a rule, should be placed in continuous rows. Depending on the location of the equipment near the walls l determined from the relation λ=1/ h.

In addition to the quantitative characteristics of lighting, it is very important to take into account qualitative indicators. These include: limitation of fading, constancy of illumination on the calculated surface and over time (due to voltage fluctuations in the network, as well as pulsation of the flow of gas-discharge lamps), spectral composition, shadow depth, etc.

A = 130 m;

B = 20 m;

H = 19 m;

Nzd = 23;

E min = 75 lux;

Kz = 1.7;

Z = 1.15;

γ = 0.85;

λ = 1.7;

Room area: S = 130*20 = 2600 m2

Room index:

where h = 13 - 0.8+1.8=14

Ceiling reflectance value (%)

In a closed room, the primary flow is distributed:

ceiling - ρ p - 70%

walls - ρ s - 50

design surface ρр 10%

Taking into account the room index, we determine the utilization factor:

η = 0.45

Estimated distance between luminaires

l = λ* h = 1.7*13 = 22.1 (m)

From the condition of uniform illumination of this premises take the distance between the lamps the number of spans is taken equal to 1; = 12 in quantity N = 32 arranged in 2 rows

Lm

Based on the resulting luminous flux, we will select a lamp with DRL lamps 1000 W, 59000 lm (see Notes). The deviation is 3%. If acceptable - 10% - +20% of the calculated flow.

It is advisable to use the utilization coefficient method in all cases when the calculation is carried out on average illumination, to calculate the overall uniform lighting of auxiliary household and administrative office premises, to calculate the overall uniform lighting of industrial premises with lamps.

Conclusion

Sources of artificial industrial lighting are lighting installations. Qualitative indicators lighting in industrial premises is largely determined by the choice of lamps, which are a combination of a light source and lighting fixtures. IN this project The calculation of lighting of the production area is presented. As a result of the calculation, the number of lamps required for the average illumination of the production surface was established.

The background color is also important. When choosing a color, color design interior, you need to follow the guidelines for rational color finishing surfaces of production premises and technological equipment GOST 26568-85 and GOST 12.4.026-76 SSBT. The contrast of the object of discrimination with the background is considered: a large K value of more than 0.5 (the object and the background differ sharply in brightness); medium - the K value is in the range from 0.2 to 0.5 (the object and background differ noticeably in brightness); small - K value less than 0.2 (the object and background differ little in brightness);

background lightness - the lightness of the surface adjacent directly to the object of discrimination on which it is viewed. The background is considered light when p > 0.4 (p is the surface reflectance); medium at p from 0.2 to 0.4, dark at p< 0,2.

The smaller the size of the object of discrimination (up to a certain limit) and its contrast with the background, and the closer it needs to be viewed, the more difficult it is to be perceived by the eye. It is also difficult to perceive a large object that is far away but poorly lit. Consequently, for normal operation of the visual analyzer, it must be presented with objects of at least a certain size and contrast with the background and in sufficient lighting.

In our case, the walls of the room have colors of medium tones. And this is very important for maintaining the health of workshop workers.

Rational lighting system, selection color range walls, visibility conditions allow workers to work productively without harm to health.

Bibliography

1. GOST 24940-96

2. GOST ISO 8995-2002

3. SNiP 23-05-95

4. SNiP II -4-79

5. Novikov S. G. “Life safety” training and metodology complex M.: MPEI (TU) 2008

6. “Reference book for the design of electric lighting,” ed. Knorringa G. B. L.: Energy, 1976.

7. Samgin E. B. “Lighting of workplaces” M.: MIREA, 1989.

Notes

Mercury arc lamps type DRL- gas-discharge mercury lamps high pressure, are used for street lighting and lighting of large production areas.

Used in alternating current networks with a voltage of 220 V and a frequency of 50 Hz. The DRL is switched on through ballasts (ballasts).

Marking:

D - arc; R - mercury; L - lamp.

Specifications:

DRL lamp switching diagram:

DRL lamp connection diagram:

Any human activity is associated with light. There are different types of lighting. The light entering a room can be natural or artificial. There is also the simultaneous use of both types, called combined.

Natural lighting is such lighting in which the luminous flux comes from natural sources. Its intensity depends on the daily movement of the Sun and the geographic location of the area. The flow of light under artificial lighting comes from devices created by man. Different types of lighting fixtures are made using physical processes that produce glow.

Natural light is the most beneficial for the eyes. Its main source is the Sun. Daylight is not only good for health, but also economically beneficial. For the fullest use of solar energy, buildings are designed with wide windows, provide glazed openings in the roofs. Premises intended for housing or industrial activities are designed to ensure maximum supply solar energy. According to the method of penetration of the light flux into the room, they are divided into different types natural lighting. Natural happens:

• entering through the window - side;
• entering through the roof - upper;
• combining both methods - combined.

A separate type can be considered the use of glass atriums, which are hemispheres, domes or pyramids. The solar spectrum is ideal for visual perception, but the uniformity of illumination changes all the time due to the movement of the Sun. Surface illumination is measured in lux (lx). The natural light factor is calculated as the ratio of internal illumination to external illumination. It takes into account the size and type of window glazing, the degree of glass contamination, and determines the effectiveness of insolation systems.

Artificial light

Natural light is not always able to provide the illumination necessary for human activity. For most types of work, natural light is not enough. Rain, snow, external and internal contamination of windows reduce the intensity of light. Since ancient times, people could not exist without using additional accessories, increasing illumination.

Depending on the direction of action artificial source light can be general, local and combined. The types of artificial lighting are determined by their purpose:

• The work is used to create good visibility on transport and pedestrian routes, in any premises, necessary for the smooth flow of work processes;

• Emergency - used to provide light to places where, if the main one is turned off, there may be emergency situation. It is used to prevent dangerous situations, technological disasters. Stopped at long time manufacturing process also considered an emergency;
• Forced evacuation of people is ensured by evacuation lighting. It should make it possible to distinguish the direction of escape routes (room floor, stairs);
• The boundaries of territories subject to protection are supplied with light sources; this is a security type of lighting;
• Lower lighting compared to the main one, used during non-working periods for visual control of territories and premises, is called duty lighting;
• Façade is used in urban landscape design;
• Parking serves to ensure visibility on traffic routes in green areas and is an element of design.

Evacuation and emergency lighting can be divided into 2 options: to function when the working light is on, or to turn on when the main light is turned off.

Lighting systems

All types of lighting used in everyday life and in production are created using special systems. General lighting can be provided by a ceiling lamp or chandelier. At home, the role of light source is most often played by incandescent lamps, energy-saving or LED devices.

Local lighting is designed to provide high illumination to individual areas, such as workplaces. A feature of local lighting systems is that the light is concentrated on a specific area, rather than distributed evenly throughout the room. The apartment contains several areas that require additional lighting. In addition to the desktop, it needs a food preparation area, a place for reading, and a mirror in the bathroom.

A functional approach to providing the required light intensity allows you to select the appropriate lamp for each zone. To organize local lighting, traditional lighting devices, as well as track systems, are used. The latter are distinguished by increased power and the ability to change the position of the light source. Using track (bus) models, they illuminate industrial premises, studios, offices.

Most often in everyday life and in production there are systems that include both types - combined. The need to combine general and local light sources arises when the main, overhead light is not enough.

Point and directional systems are used in rooms where individual areas need to be highlighted with light. An example of such use is an art gallery. Directional sources can be used in decorative purposes and in residential areas.

Represent complex systems, intended for use in public areas, gardens, parks, stadiums and road networks. The types and systems of lighting used for these purposes are provided by lamps that have a characteristic design.

They can be protected by enclosures and placed on poles, masts, or other supporting structures. Spotlights and reflectors can be used to provide light to production areas. Outdoor systems are distinguished by their range and protection from external damage.

Decorative lighting performs design functions without losing its practical purpose. IN residential buildings and apartments, it is included in the overall interior design. An example would be spotlights mounted in a multi-level ceiling. Traditional lighting fixtures also perform a decorative function. original design floor lamps, chandeliers, sconces complement the style of decoration of the living space.

Typical division

Based on the direction of the light rays, the following types of lighting are distinguished:

• general - for uniform distribution of light in the space as a whole;
• directional - to achieve the required illumination of a specific area;
• indirect (reflected) - when light rays are directed at the walls and ceiling, and uniformity of lighting is achieved due to reflection;
• diffused - occurs due to the passage of light through a lampshade made of translucent material;
• mixed - combines the last few types, it can be obtained using modern table lamps and some models of pendant lamps.

Industrial lighting systems can be classified depending on the light source and design.

According to the light source, industrial lighting can be:

Natural, created by heavenly light,

Artificial, carried out by electric lamps;

Combined, representing a combination of natural and artificial.

Natural lighting is the most acceptable in its spectral composition; it contains more ultraviolet rays necessary for humans; it has a high diffusion (scattering) of light, which is very favorable for visual working conditions.

Natural lighting is divided into;

Lateral, carried out through light openings in the external walls;

The upper one, organized through light openings in the roof (lanterns, domes);

Combined, which is a combination of top and side natural lighting.

Artificial lighting according to its design can be of two systems:

General, when the entire production room is illuminated;

Combined, when local lighting is added to the general one, concentrating the luminous flux directly on the workplace.

According to their functional purpose, artificial lighting is divided into the following types:

Working - to ensure normal operation, passage of people and traffic;

Emergency - arranged to continue work in the event of a sudden shutdown of working lighting, the lowest illumination of working surfaces requiring maintenance in emergency mode should be 5% of the illumination standardized for working lighting with a general lighting system;

Evacuation - for evacuating people from the premises in case of emergency shutdown of working lighting. Evacuation lighting should provide the lowest illumination in rooms on the floor of at least 0.5 lux, a. in open areas - at least 0.2 lux.

Security - for lighting enterprise sites;

Duty - for lighting the premises;

Orithem - UV irradiation to compensate for “sun starvation”;

Bactericidal - UV irradiation for disinfecting indoor air.

4.Basic requirements for industrial lighting

Each production room has a specific purpose, so the lighting arranged in it must take into account the nature of the visual tasks that arise.

1. Lighting in the workplace must correspond to the visual nature of the work/background characteristics and the contrast of the object with the background. According to the standards (SNiP 23-05-95), all types of work are conditionally divided into 8 visual categories depending on the size of the smallest visible object:

1 "a"< 0.15 мм

2 "a" = 0.15...0.3 mm

3 "a" = 0.3...0.5 mm, etc. up to 8th digit and 4th digit (a, b, c, d) depending on the combination of background and contrast.

Increasing illumination increases the brightness of objects, which improves their visibility and affects the growth of labor productivity. However, there is a limit at which a further increase in illumination has no effect, so it is necessary to improve the quality characteristics of lighting.

2. It is necessary to ensure a fairly uniform distribution of brightness in the workplace and within the surrounding space. It is preferable to use a combined natural lighting system or general artificial lighting. Light coloring of the ceiling, walls and production equipment contributes to the fulfillment of this requirement.

3. There should be no sharp shadows in the workplace. Moving shadows, which contribute to an increase in injuries, are especially unacceptable.

4. There should be no direct or reflected glare in the field of view (leading to blinding).

Glare index (P) is a criterion for assessing the glare of a lighting installation, characterizing a decrease in visibility in the presence of bright light sources in the field of view

where V 1 and V 2 are visibility, respectively, with shielded and open light sources in the field of view of workers.

Visibility (V) - determined by the number of threshold contrasts in the actual contrast of the object with the background K action, characterizes the ability of the eye to perceive the object

5. The amount of illumination must be constant over time and uniform over the area (E(T) =const,E(S) =const). Illumination pulsation coefficient (K n) is a criterion for assessing the depth of fluctuations in the luminous flux of gas-discharge lamps when powered with an alternating current of 50 Hz.

6. It is necessary to choose the optimal direction of the light flux, which allows, in some cases, to examine the internal surfaces of parts, in others, to distinguish the relief of the elements of the working surface. Optimal angle of incidence of rays = 60° to the surface normal, while the visible contrast of the object with the background is maximum.

7. It is necessary to rationally select the type of light source (lamps) according to the spectral composition to ensure correct color rendering.

8. All elements of lighting installations - lamps, electrical conductors, group panels, transformers, etc. must be electrically safe and must not cause fire or explosion.

9. The lighting installation should be simple, reliable and easy to use.