§46

Separate (stand out or separate) commas attributive phrases, i.e. definitions expressed by participles or adjectives with dependent words, in the following cases.

1. The attributive phrase after the noun being defined is highlighted or separated by commas: A dirty city downpour struck,mixed with dust (B. Past.); Anton Pavlovich Chekhov,crossed Siberia on horseback at the end of the last century on a trip to Sakhalin , missed you all the way to the Yenisei(Spread); Master,dozing on the grass , stood up and nodded(Hall.); In the rough grasssimilar to goat hair , low purple flowers bloomed between the low wormwoods(Color.); Dust,pink from the sparkle of lightning , rushed along the ground(Paust.); loose clouds,soaked in dark water , rushed low over the sea(Paust.).

2. The attributive phrase that comes before the noun being defined is does not separate comma from the word being defined: The silence of this night was filled with musicunborn Tchaikovsky(Hall.); In this box Yazykov later kept his souvenirs from Trigorsky, letters to him from Pushkin and Osipov-Wulf andgiven to him by Pushkin autograph of the poems “By the Lukomorye there is a green oak tree...”(Gaych.); Full of darkness the forests stood motionless .

However, the attributive phrase standing before the noun separated by commas, if it is complicated by a circumstantial connotation of meaning. Wed: Surrounded by green hedge the house caught our attention(word house included in the attributive phrase house surrounded by green hedge). – Surrounded by green hedge , the house was not visible from a distance(the definition is isolated, as it is complicated by the adverbial meaning: as it was surrounded by a green hedge); Stuck underground the harvest promised a satisfying winter(Color.). – Stuck underground , the harvest promised a well-fed winter(in the first case, the attributive phrase is not separated from the defined name; in the second case, the phrase hidden underground isolated from the name, such a turn creates an additional causal connotation: since it was taken underground). Wed. Also: Knew the city well the guest easily found the street he needed(Bulg.). – Knew the city well , the guest easily found the street he needed(in the second case the causal meaning is emphasized).

3. Determinative turnover separated by commas, if it is separated from the defined word by other members of the sentence: Bent in the wind , gray road weeds moved past(Leon.); Somewhere hundreds of miles away,fenced off by steep pine trees and wide poplars of impenetrable Baltic swamps , their big homeland is spread out...(Sparrow); Full of fire and sacraments , the sky was flashing from all sides(Boon.); Born of the desert , the sound fluctuates(Sick.); In the next small room on the sofa,covered with a hospital gown , the master lay in deep sleep(Bulg.); The pebbles crunched underfoot,in dim light, reminiscent of the discarded skin of a snake (Leon.); The wheel shook and jumped on the hood in time with her thoughts,gray with dirt (Set.).

§47

Determinative phrases related to the personal pronoun both in the nominative and indirect cases are highlighted commas, regardless of location: Completely killed , he is forced to interrupt his visits and return home(Bend over); He,thrice young , I expected everything from life, but I never expected this letter(Shuksh.); We,accustomed to the boundless noise of the sea , were even depressed by this silence(Paust.); We went homeupset by what happened ; In his hut, sitting at the table, he thought,full of sadness (Sick.); He[intelligence] show me meswayed on the sea wave , me,flying with the wind to an invisible land (Sick.); Accustomed to need , even the tiniest well-being infuriated her(Leon.).

§48

Uncommon (without dependent words), agreed definitions (adjectives and participles) are separated or not separated by commas, depending on the position in relation to the word being defined, on the presence of a second definition standing before the word being defined, on the way of expressing the word being defined.

1. Uncommon definitions are isolated if they appear after the defined noun, which already has a definition, i.e. they relate to the phrase: My first Moscow autumn,warm and welcoming , stood for a long time(Chiv.).

However, relative adjectives in the role of definitions for phrases may not be isolated if they have logical stress: On a quiet eveningwinter in a small house near the Prechistensky Gate we sat having tea(Color.). Wed. with the clarification value: On a quiet evening,winter , in a small house at the Prechistensky Gate... (winter, i.e. quiet like winter).

Highlighting is required when specifying: The steps wereof different lengths, sometimes wide, sometimes mincing (Hall.).

2. Uncommon definitions relating to nouns that do not have definitions in front are isolated only if they have an explanatory and specific meaning: I often found notes in my place,short and disturbing (Ch.); In the morning he unfolds the newspaper,local (Sol.); I open into the night,black, starry, Sorrento , casement window(Color.).

3. Uncommon definitions related to personal pronouns are separated. They can come before them, after them, or be separated from them by other members of the sentence. Wed: I lit a fire and went to look for women. They,quiet , separately, stood on the bank of a stream under a clump of bird cherry trees(Sparrow) – Quiet , they, separately, stood on the bank of the stream...; Sopronov did not look at anyone. He was now sitting at the table,pale , played and tapped a pencil on the tabletop(White); Behind me,small , May bethree years old and pantsless , a huge shaggy dog ​​was chasing(P. Neil.).

§49

Adjectives or participles, single and with dependent words, in any word order are not isolated, if they are included in the predicate: This mushroom until springremains firm and smelly (Spread); Weatherstood justboring (Shuksh.); Autumnstand long and quiet (Spread); Desert for centurieslay untouched (Paust.); Kittystood scared, timid, ashamed and therefore even morelovely (L. T.); Terrible and pale stands he's in front of me(M.G.); To the hut wearrived soaked through (Paust.); Doomed HeHuman , he will never have a wife, children, or a cozy home(Akun.).

§50

Not isolated definitions are not common and with dependent words, coming after pronouns negative, indefinite, demonstrative, attributive, forming a single group with them (emphasis falls on the definition): Nothing human it is not alien to him; In the pre-dawn deep darkness I saw him wave over the fencesomeone big and heavy (Shol.); It’s not enough for me that I’m flying, and I wantsomething more (Spread); I felt what happened in the worldsomething related to me personally(Cat.); He entered the landing of the iron ladder leading to the mechanic's office.someone unfamiliar (White); At the very wall of the monastery he told hersomething very simple and ordinary from student life (Sparrow); tell mesomething fun (Ch.); Every submitter application for the competition must wait for the call .

However, if there is a clarifying and restrictive meaning of the definition are isolated : The man who entered whispered something to the man sitting, andthe one completely upset , rose from his chair(Bulg.); I wanted to distinguish myself in front ofthis dear to me , person(M.G.); I have never heard thatanyone, even the most desperate , began to be rude or capricious in front of her(Spread). Wed: Vaughnthe little one , is already approaching the finish line(definition small specifies the meaning of the pronoun That, i.e. indicates the small one among all the others); – Vaughnthat little one is already approaching the finish line(definition is demonstrative pronoun That, and defined – small; meaning: point to one of the small ones); All those departing and seeing off must go to the waiting room(participles have a definition - a pronoun All). – Everyone leaving and seeing off , located in the waiting room(participle adjectives clarify the meaning of the pronoun All); He can't understandthose current who like to receive money but not get things done(Shcherb.). – He can't understandthose current , which…(in the first case the demonstrative pronoun those with a defined substantivized adjective; in the second - an adjective-determiner with a pronoun).

§51

Definitions at the end of a sentence, both unextended and with dependent words, can be separated by the sign dash. Such definitions have explanatory and clarifying meaning: Ultimately, human happiness depends on the results of this struggle -present and future (Ast.); Then I noticed her glances at me again -sometimes inquisitive and insightful, causing anxiety, sometimes absent , with a lost thought,then fast, warily crafty (Spread); And spring came -kind and goofy (Shuksh.); It smelled like smoke again, but it was a different smell -woody, dry, morning (Shuksh.).

Definitions located inside a sentence can be distinguished by a dash on both sides. They acquire the meaning of explanatory and clarifying members of the sentence: Every time I return from fishing, catsof all stripes - red, black, gray and white with tan - they put the house under siege(Paust.) (see also § 97).

§52

Always stand out commas definitions expressed by short adjectives or passive participles. They can occupy any position in relation to the word being defined: Awakened at the usual hour , she got up by candlelight(P.); Covered with prophetic drowsiness , the half-naked forest is sad(Tyutch.); It flashed at me againshackled by sleep , crystal bowl in the darkness of the night(Sick.); The air vibratestransparent and clean , in the shining stars the leaf sways(Sick.); Then the beast appearedtall and shaggy , and just like many other animals, recognizing the man, he retreated back(Sick.).

Punctuation marks for isolated inconsistent definitions

§53

Inconsistent definitions expressed by nouns in the form of indirect cases with prepositions and related to common nouns, are isolated :

1) if the word being defined already has a preceding agreed definition: The door opens and he enters the rooma small, dry old man, with a pointed gray beard, wearing heavy glasses on his red, gristly nose, wearing a long white apron and holding a lamp in his hand (M.G.); There was a large photograph in the album: the insidesome empty chapel, with vaults, with shiny walls of smooth stone (Boon.); Wasa dry frosty day in early November, with a leaden-gray calm sky and sparse, almost just a few snowflakes (B. Past.); Waslast cold pre-spring day, with wind whipping drizzle (A. Color.);

2) if inconsistent definitions are included in the ranks of homogeneous members along with agreed definitions (the word being defined in this case may not have a preceding definition): Artist,short in stature, youthfully light despite his height, wearing a beret and a velvet jacket walked from corner to corner(Boon.).

If the defined name does not have other (agreed) definitions, then the separation of inconsistent definitions is optional. In this case, isolation is facilitated by the need to indicate very specific, private characteristics of the object or signs temporary, attributed to the subject at the moment: crumbs,the size of a hemp seed , must be carefully selected(Sparrow); Doctor,with a sword in hand , ran into the bedroom(Tyn.). Wed, however: Salesmanin a clean white robe and blue cap served... a client(Bulg.).

When designating permanent characteristics, the definition not isolated : On stools with gilded legs there was a whole row of ladies sitting(Bulg.).

§54

Inconsistent definitions are isolated if they refer to combinations of nouns and non-separate definitions that extend them: But then I approached the porcha gentleman in pince-nez, with amazed eyes, in a black velvet beret, from under which greenish curls fell, and in a long coat of shiny chestnut fur (Bun.) – the phrase is defined gentleman in pince-nez ; I built it next to the schooldormitory for twenty people, with a room for a man, a comfortable dining room and a bright kitchen (Sol.) – the phrase is defined hostel for twenty people .

§55

Inconsistent definitions related to to proper names, since a proper name in itself characterizes a person as unique and quite specific; the definition indicates the characteristics attributed to the person at the moment: In a minute, Ivan Markovich and Sasha,in coats and hats , going down the stairs(Ch.); Shabashkin,with a cap on his head , stood with his arms akimbo(P.).

§56

Inconsistent definitions related to personal pronouns are highlighted: Today shein the new blue hood , was especially young and impressively beautiful(M.G.); I looked out the window through the branches of the ash trees and saw: the river was all blue from the moon, and he,in a white shirt and a wide sash with the ends loose on the side , stands with one foot in the boat and the other on the shore(M.G.); In mid-January, at night,in the same coat, but with torn buttons , I was huddled in the cold in my yard(Bulg.).

§57

Inconsistent definitions are isolated, separated from the words being defined - nouns and pronouns - by other members of the sentence: Immediatelyall in the summer transparent sun , Maria Shcherbatova bent over him(Paust.); In a light airy dress , she entered the room and sat down opposite the window .

§58

Inconsistent definitions expressed by the comparative degree of adjectives are isolated (they have the meaning of clarification): ...There were shadows floating there, there were many of them, and one of them,darker and thicker , than others, swam faster and lower than her sisters(M.G.). – Wed. which was darker and thicker than the others; Sometimes, in the general harmony of the splash, a more elevated and playful note is heard - this is one of the wavesbolder , crawled towards us(M.G.). – Wed: who was bolder; Long,below the knees , the old man's shirt was dazzlingly white under the moon(Shuksh.); It seemed to him that another road was attached to the road along which he was walking,slightly less (Pelev.).

§59

Inconsistent definitions related to adjective definitions and having the meaning of clarification are isolated: Through her[greenery] shines throughblue, silver , sky(M.G.); He went into the upper room, undressed, and carefully hungfestive, with stripes , bloomers(Shol.); To the right, at the foot of the hills, spread out a large field, coveredtall, human height , grass(Chuck.); Exactly at thateve, before the storm , the year some significant incidents happened for Ivan Matveich(Leon.). (See also § 79.)

In the absence of a clarification value, such definitions are not distinguished: Red polka dots the dress made her stand out in the crowd .

§60

Inconsistent definitions expressed by the infinitive are usually not isolated; together with the noun they form a phrase: a desire to study, an order to leave, an idea to create a charity society, a dream to engage in art, an order to complete a task. For example: I gave the commandlie down and begin studying the enemy’s defensive system (Zl.); It takes courageadmit your failure (Copt.); Kirill Ivanovich felt a desire within himselfrepeat every word several times, but for some reason I was afraid to do it(M.G.).

The infinitive as a definition is separated from the word being defined by the sign dash, if the name being defined already has a definition with it. In this case, the infinitive definition takes on the meaning of additional clarification (it is possible to insert words namely): Vikhrov's old dream came true -once again touch his cheek to the dry breast that nourished him (Leon.).

Separate infinitive definitions, common and non-common, are located at the end of the sentence: – I will impose one duty on everyone -create (M.G.); Why don’t you, say, set yourself a simple and very important goal -save funds allocated by the state to your school (gas.).

When located inside a sentence, infinitive definitions, even if there are additional definitions with the defined name, are not isolated: But maybe my abilitycomprehend the world around us Is this why it was given to me, so that someday I can be transported to another space?(Hall.).

When placed inside a sentence, infinitive definitions can take on the character of plug-in constructions with a clarifying and explanatory meaning and are then highlighted on both sides dash(or parentheses): These two are completely different events in themselves -leave your native land and set foot on French soil , - each of which should be an independent grandiose event, merge into two or three general words of telegraph text: “Flew safely”(Sol.). (See also § 97.)

Punctuation marks for separate applications

§61

Common applications that appear after the word being defined - a noun or pronoun, as well as sentences separated from them by other members or relating to the missing member of the sentence, separated by commas : Volodya,a seventeen-year-old boy, ugly, sickly and timid , sitting in the gazebo(Ch.); I remembered the little girlSpirka's niece (Shuksh.); In “The Last Term” the old woman Anna left us like this, in “Farewell to Matera” - Matera,island on the Angara River (Hall.); There she ispredator of the underwater world , splashing on the spring ice(Ast.); They,mother and both daughters , were at home(Ch.); They really different,these lines , they oppose each other(Hall.); He I thought all this nightVershinin Sr. (Hall.); He was bitter and spiritual,this winged, steppe, eastern wind (Shol.); ...But the “base” was exactly the same as in Veisk,the decrepit heritage of old Russian cities (Ast.); She did not know how to be affectionate towards her father or her mother.Child herself , I didn’t want to play and jump in a crowd of children...(P.).

Along with commas, common applications can be highlighted dash :

A) if the application has the meaning of clarification or clarification: Ryazantsev and Zoya -his wife - were from the same class(Hall.); And now two paternal uncles and Ivan Markovich -mother's uncle - solve the problem(Ch.);

b) if the application is widespread enough: Fiction writer Beskudnikov –a quiet, decently dressed man with attentive and at the same time elusive eyes - took out his watch(Bulg.);

V) if the application is at the end of the sentence: Finally the mechanic showed up -a young guy who has not yet taken off his college badge (Spread); It smells like rain -gentle and at the same time pungent smell of moisture, damp garden paths (Paust.); How firm and affectionate she was -this short, rather plump woman (Hall.). Such applications are highly independent and often contain a detailed description of an object or person: But they still were -boy , white and timid, in an old worn-out school uniform, with his ears tied up with a black scarf, andgirl , in a checkered, oversized, waterproof jacket(M.G.);

G) if the application repeats the same word as the one being defined: But he[fear] has already appearedin a new form - in the form dreary, expectant, persistent fear(M.G.).

§62

Common applications preceding the word being defined are highlighted commas(the conditions of separation coincide with the conditions of separation with agreed definitions, see § 46–48):

1. if, in addition to a definitive meaning, they also have an adverbial connotation: Kind and sympathetic person , the new teacher quickly won the respect and love of the students. If a common application does not have a circumstantial meaning, then it is not highlighted: Fourth brigade duty foreman Zyryansky took over duty on the convoy(Poppy.);

2. if they refer to personal pronouns: A tradesman by birth, who learned to read and write in a monastery cell , he, of course, did not read the “secular” books that were in our library...(Art.); Georgian, Prince Shakro Ptadze, one son of his father, a wealthy Kutaisi landowner , he served as a clerk at one of the stations of the Transcaucasian Railway and lived with a friend(M.G.).

§63

Uncommon applications are isolated or not isolated depending on their location in relation to the word being defined, and on the presence or absence of other definitions with the word being defined.

1. Uncommon applications related to proper names are not separated if they appear before the noun being defined: She came running from the young ladies' rooms at the noisehousemaid Dunyasha(Cupr.).

2. Separated (by signs dash or commas) applications expressed by proper names and related to common nouns. Such applications are of a clarifying nature and are located after the defined words: To his wife -Alevtina – I didn’t really want to go to the village in the summer(Shuksh.); Both older girlsKatya and Sonya , began to keep a watchful eye on the boys(Ch.). The same applies to clarifying applications related to personal pronouns: He,Sasha , received almost no education(Ch.).

3. Uncommon applications expressed by common nouns and standing after the defined word that already has definitions are isolated: This man, with a bag on his shoulder,soldier , has stopped(L.T.). Less often, such applications are isolated when there is an uncommon qualified noun (in order to prevent them from merging with the qualified name): And the enemiesfools , they think that we are afraid of death(Fad.). Wed. Aenemies are idiots think …

When referring to personal pronouns, the place of application does not play a role; it is always isolated: Engineer , he knew his business perfectly; He,engineer , knew his business perfectly .

§64

Applications that have words attached to them are separated by commas ( by name, by surname, by nickname, by origin, family etc.), as well as unions How(if complicated by causal meaning) and or(with explanatory meaning): Uncle Nikolai Uspensky had a son, a high school student,named Gleb (Chuk.); I have known the chairman of the artel for a long time. It was his peernicknamed Rudnya , a peasant from a neighboring village(Fed.); Soon a young engineer fell in love with Zoska,by the surname Rubshchikov, by the name Roman (Ast.); Her husband, Mr. Stas,Pole by origin , worked as a salesman in a store(Ast.); To him,as a timid and uncommunicative person , the first thing that caught his eye was something he had never had, namely, the extraordinary courage of his new acquaintances(Ch.); As an official, police officer , Soshnin is used to meeting different people(Ast.); Lydia,or , what was her name at home,Lida , spoke more with Belokurov than with me(Ch.).

§65

Applications are separated single dash(the second dash is absorbed by another character or omitted):

1. if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members of the sentence: A mechanic, a tractor driver spoke at the meeting -my brother , agronomist and rural teacher ;

2. in the presence of a number of homogeneous applications standing in front of the word being defined: A contemporary of Leo Tolstoy, Chekhov and Gorky, N. Roerich and Rachmaninov, a passionate and even biased witness of the turbulent revolutionary events in Russia– Bunin often argued with history, with the century, with his contemporaries(L. Kr.);

3. if the application refers to a number of homogeneous defined words: Poets, prose writers and playwrights came to Mikhailovskoye for the Pushkin holiday -Muscovites ;

4. if, according to the context conditions, there is a comma after the application: Walking along your carriage -our temporary home , we saw a familiar face in the window(the dash is absorbed by a comma separating the adverbial phrase);

5. if the application has a more specific meaning compared to the meaning of the word being defined: Source of strength from mother -native land seems to be an important and healing source for everyone(second dash omitted).

In the last two cases (paragraphs 4, 5) it is also possible to separate them with commas.

§66

In special cases, applications, common and non-common, can be separated dot(when dividing a sentence): ...The house modestly closed its eyes and dutifully sank into the ground between the blind ends of two panel structures.A landmark, a milestone, a childhood memory and a kind shelter for people (Ast.). (See § 9.)

§67

When combining applications, a combination of characters (commas and dashes) is possible: At night the dog often cried in his sleep,nicknamed Funtik, a small red dachshund (Paust.).

Punctuation marks in isolated circumstances

§68

The circumstances expressed participial phrases, stand out commas, regardless of location in relation to the predicate verb: Without putting on a cap , went out onto the porch(Shol.); Having gotten drunk overnight , the forest sank and fell silent,drooping wet pine branches (Sparrow); Girls,talking quietly and passing things to each other , got into a stagecoach(Paust.); On the hanging branches of fir trees,showering frost from them , the crows were landing(B. Past.); Thanks to the buyer for the purchase , the seller gave him a check .

The participle phrase located after the conjunction or allied word is separated from it by a comma (conjunctions are not included in the participial phrase): He smiled at his father andgoing down to the deck , approached one sailor who,sitting on the floor , untwisted a piece of rope(M.G.); In the pocket of his riding breeches, Sergei felt shag crumbs and,gently shaking its contents into your hand , rolled up a thick clumsy cigarette(Sparrow); The prince told me that he too would work and that,having earned money , we will go by sea to Batum(M.G.).

The exception is the union A : depending on the context, a comma is placed after the conjunction A, before the participial phrase (such a participial phrase can be omitted without damaging the grammatical structure of the sentence), or is not placed if the conjunction A included in the participial phrase. Wed: We need to understand the essence of the restructuring of social consciousness, andrealizing this , do not be content with just verbal calls to her. – We need to understand the essence of the restructuring of social consciousness,and having realized this , join the active fight for it .

When combining participial phrases, punctuation marks between them are placed in the same way as with homogeneous parts of the sentence: He went,staggering and still supporting his head with the palm of his left hand, and with his right hand quietly tugging at his brown mustache (M.G.).

Participial phrases relating to different predicate verbs are distinguished separately: Sergey,after standing for another minute , slowly walked towards the pile of coal and,carefully laying out the overcoat on the floor , sat down on a large piece of anthracite(Sparrow); Pushing the door with your chest , Sergei jumped from the house and,not paying attention to the dry bushes tearing the body and the pine branches whipping in the face , ran panting forward into the very thicket of the forest(Sparrow).

If adjacent participial phrases refer to different predicate verbs and the conjunction And is not included in their composition, then each of them is distinguished separately: He stood,leaning against a pile of tea bags and looking around aimlessly , drummed his fingers on his cane like a flute(M.G.) (he stood and drummed).

§69

Boundary particles only, standing before participial phrases, are included in their composition, and a comma is placed in front of them: So she lived without love,just hoping for her . The same in the presence of conjunctions that begin an adverbial phrase: Along the dark stairs... two walked, then three... hesitating and lingering everywhere,as if afraid to get down to business (Fed.).

§70

Single gerunds are isolated while they retain the verbal meaning - designation of action: Without getting off her horse, she took the package,swinging , threw him into the open stable door(Street); At first, even in the car, we moved at walking speed, every now and then we scratched the differential and,backing away , drove around the stones(Hall.); Grinding , the doors closed(Sparrow).

§71

Participles and participial phrases are not isolated :

1) if the gerund is directly adjacent to the verb and has the meaning of a manner of action: Leisurely horses run among green hilly fields(Boon.) – running how?; Sergei lay for a long timewithout moving (Sparrow) – lay how? Such participles are similar in function to the adverb: This exercise is donesitting on a chair ; He readlying down ; My mind is failing, andsilently I must die(P.). Compare, however, with a change in word order and, as a result, an emphasized strengthening of verbosity (denotation of action): Engineer,lying down , read my rock art(Fad.); or when there are other parts of the sentence between the gerund and the verb: Trembling , Trofim grabbed the rifle and fired... (School.). Wed: Along the garden path hewalked without looking back . – Without looking back , Hewalked along the garden path ;

2) if the participle is included in stable circulation: work carelessly(cf.: rolling up my sleeves), work tirelessly; run with your tongue out; run headlong; listen with bated breath; listen with open ears and etc.: On difficult days hehave worked with ustirelessly . Some of them ( later, at breakneck speed) have an archaic form and in modern language are no longer participles;

3) if the participle or participial phrase is among homogeneous members of the sentence, expressed by other parts of speech: He saidin a whisper and without looking at anyone ; Klim Samgin walked down the streetcheerfully and without giving way to oncoming people (M.G.);

4) if the participle as part of the attributive clause has a conjunctive word as a dependent word which: We are faced with a task,without deciding which we cannot move on .

§72

Single gerunds are separated or not separated depending on the context. For example, when acquiring the meaning of clarification, the gerund is isolated: Childrenconstantly made noisewithout stopping (cf. without specifying meaning: The children were noisywithout stopping ). When the emphasis is on the verb, the gerund can be isolated in order to give it the meaning of a passing remark: The children were noisywithout stopping .

The isolation or non-isolation of a gerund depends on whether the gerund denotes a circumstance (separation is not necessary) or a second action (separation is necessary). Wed: Sheldo not stop (walked non-stop); I askeddo not stop (the gerund denotes the second action - asked, but did not stop for this).

§73

Turns with words depending on, starting from, which have lost their verbal meaning and turned into prepositions and prepositional combinations, are not isolated: Let's actdepending on the circumstances (cf.: according to circumstances ); Starting Tuesday the weather changed dramatically(cf.: From Tuesday the weather changed dramatically). If these phrases have the meaning of clarification or accession, then they are separated: We will act skillfully and quickly,depending on the circumstances ; Last week,starting from Tuesday , the weather changed dramatically .

Turnover with words based can have two meanings: if the action denoted by it correlates with the actor, he is isolated; in the absence of such a connection, it is not isolated: It turns out we're not the only ones<…>We strive to learn, understand and make the best use of the properties of living nature; they did itour ancestors long before usbased on your knowledge and needs (Chiv.). Wed: He developed a house project, . – Project developedbased on planned cost .

§74

The circumstances expressed nouns in oblique case forms with prepositions, are isolated for incidental explanation or semantic highlighting. This separation is optional: All that was left was silver dust. But when the girlsout of stupidity , a few days later they erased it, Aunt Tonya became hysterical(Boon.); Owl,with a rustle , touching the straw with its wings, fell off the roof(Boon.); And Natasha,with painful surprise , looked at the dressed-up people(Boon.); In complete darknessin the middle of the night , drove Medea to the train station(Street); At night,against the stronger wind , the detachment was heading to the port to land(Plat.); In eleven years,during daily driving I've probably had a lot of interesting adventures(Ch.). (See the possibility of placing a dash in § 76.)

§75

Adverbial members of a sentence containing derived prepositions and prepositional combinations ( thanks to, in spite of, in view of, for the purposes of, in connection with, in order to avoid, as a result of, on occasion, for the reason of, in the presence of, in accordance with, in contrast to, in contrast to, like, provided, due to, for the absence of, despite , despite, after, regardless of etc.), are isolated by emphasizing their meaning: Thanks to father , my sisters and I speak French, German and English(Ch.); A rotten, blue-gray balcony from which,due to the lack of steps , I had to jump, drowned in nettles, elderberries, euonymus(Boon.); Metelitsa silently, mockingly stared at him, holding his gaze, slightly moving his satin black eyebrows and with his whole appearance showing that,no matter , what questions they will ask him and how they will force him to answer them, he will not say anything that could satisfy those asking(Fad.); But,contrary to possibility , the sun came out bright red, and everything in the world turned pink and red(Sol.); Curious,despite the apparent silence and desertion of the village , a lot has gathered(Step.); Sooner or later she[life] takes revenge for disregard for morality. Takes revengeregardless of merits, ranks, titles (gas.).

Turnover with words despite may not be isolated only if it stands immediately after the verb: He did itdespite doctors' ban (cf.: Despite the doctors' ban , he did it).

With adverbial members of a sentence, there may be differences in their punctuation, due, in particular, to different word order.

Phrases with derived prepositions and prepositional combinations are necessarily isolated if they are located between the subject and predicate: breaking their direct connection helps to isolate the phrases. In other positions, such phrases may not be isolated (without the need for underlining). Wed: Thanks to the rains the crops turned green. – Crops,thanks to the rains , turned green;To avoid gas leakage The faucet is turned off. – Disabled,to avoid gas leakage , tap; He did itby force of habit . - He,by force of habit , did this;According to the order the group has been disbanded. - Troupe,according to the order , disbanded;In the absence of corpus delicti the case was dismissed. - Case,for lack of corpus delicti , discontinued;After some time Vesovshchikov came(M.G.). – I cameafter a while , Vesovshchikov .

§76

Circumstances expressed by nouns can be emphasized dash, if there is a need to specially emphasize such circumstances: At our last meeting, Oleg asked to bring a general notebook with hard “crusts” -for taking notes while lying down (gas.); It[creative imagination] created science and literature. AND -at great depths – the creative imagination of at least Herschel, who discovered the majestic laws of the starry sky, and the creative imagination of Goethe, who created “Faust”, largely coincide with each other(Paust.).

§77

For semantic emphasis, certain circumstances expressed by adverbs (with or without dependent words) can be isolated. The conditions for their isolation are the same as for circumstances expressed by nouns in indirect cases: And so,unexpected for everyone , I passed the exam brilliantly...(Cupr.); Do you see at the top of this sheer cliff,right , a narrow area?(I.).

Punctuation marks for restrictive-exclusive phrases

§78

Revolutions with value inclusions, exclusions and substitutions, naming objects included in a series of homogeneous members or, conversely, excluded from it, or objects replacing others, are highlighted or not separated by commas according to the conditions of the context. Such phrases include prepositions and prepositional combinations except, along with, besides, (not) excluding, apart from, including, over, instead and etc.

Separation Necessarily under the following conditions: location at the absolute beginning of the sentence; location between subject and predicate (breaking their connection); location between the control word and the controlled one (breaking their relation): When the difficult years of the Civil War began, Lise,along with everyone else , had to look for a service(Fed.); Squad,with the exception of three or four people who are “homeless” , as usual, broke up into groups(Fad.); A job that hasbesides everything , and great purely scientific significance(Paust.); With everyone on the ship,not excluding the silent bartender , Smury spoke abruptly(M.G.); Many existing problems and trends,including human factor , indicated in the report(gas.); Beyond Grigoriev's expectations , the gunfire did not cause noticeable confusion in the ranks of the Reds(Shol.).

Wed: I found myself in a column of demonstratorsalong with others . – Along with others , I found myself in a column of demonstrators(start of sentence); I,along with others , found himself in a column of demonstrators(between subject and predicate); – I found myselfalong with others , in the column of demonstrators(between the control and controlled word).

Currently, differences in the meanings of phrases with the word except do not affect punctuation: in both cases, comma separation is provided. However, in the past, phrases with the meaning of inclusion were not marked with punctuation marks. Wed: Besides teachers The students also came to the meeting. –Besides teachers , no one came to the meeting .

He slowly walked around all the harbors and all the piers - incredibly thin and solemn, like Don Quixote, leaninginstead of a knight's spear on a thick stick(Paust.) preposition instead of has the meaning “in return” (leaned on a stick, not a spear).

Pretext instead of can have one of the meanings of the preposition behind. In this case, the turnover from instead of not isolated: He got into the cab of the car instead of the driver(for a driver, as a driver).

Punctuation marks for clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of a sentence

§79

Clarifying members proposals stand out commas. Referring to a particular word in a sentence, they narrow the concept they denote or limit it in some way. Most often, the significance of clarification is acquired by the circumstances of place, time, manner of action, degree, measure: There,in the mountains , it started snowing(T. Tolstoy); At the bottom,in the hall , they began to put out the lights(Ch.); Vikhrov lived the pre-war winter in St. Petersburg,at home in Lesnoy , Outdoors(Leon.); Eighth of Julyon Friday , Elizarov, nicknamed Kostyl, and Lesha were returning from the village of Kazanskoye(Ch.); Now,after the flood , it was a river six fathoms(Ch.); In three or four hours,closer to dusk , to the side of the road in a field, two figures appeared out of the ground(B. Past.); Rahim lies with his chest on the sand,head to the sea , and thoughtfully looks into the muddy distance(M.G.); So,in disorder and among constant mysteries , Yura’s life passed, often in the arms of strangers(B. Past.); It got dark quicklyautumn-like (Paust.); It’s sad on the crooked haystack,orphan-like , the crow perched(Fad.); The answer came soonin two and a half hours (Akun.).

Definitions can be clarifying (usually clarifications relate to size, color, age) and applications: A minute later they passed the sleepy desk, went out into the deep,on the hub , sand and silently sat down in a dusty cab(Boon.); The boat was moving, constantly moving in black,almost inky color , shadows cast by high coastal cliffs(Sim.); Stepanida lived in a largefor two families , at home alone with my niece Galka(Spread); Young man,about thirty years old , sitting on a bench and reading a newspaper(gas.); Both,mother and daughter , were wearing straw hats(Ch.). (See also § 59, 61.)

§80

Clarifying members, when emphasizing the meaning, are highlighted or separated dash : They[statues] were placed directly on the ground and on lawns -without pedestals - in some kind of deliberate disorder(Cat.) – the circumstance is specified; The mines are all in the snow, which is very shallow here -ankle length (V. Bull.) – the predicate is specified; There were, however, few monuments -only five or six (Paust.) – clarification in an undivided one-part sentence.

§81

The clarifying nature of the members of a sentence can be enhanced by special words, more accurately, more precisely, otherwise (they have the meaning of introductory words - see § 91 - or in combination with A used in the meaning of a conjunction introducing clarification). A comma is placed only before these words, which are not separated from the clarifying member of the sentence. Wed: I'll come in the eveningexactly at nine o'clock – introductory word for clarification; I'll come in the fallor rather in October – conjunction combination; He's overtiredor rather sick ; Report on what heights,or rather depths succeeded in understanding nature...(gas.).

§82

Explanatory members proposals stand out commas. Unlike the clarifying members of a sentence, which in their meaning are unequal to the specified members (they narrow the concept being specified), the explanatory members of the sentence are equivalent to the explained ones, but they are called differently. They are second names in relation to the first ones, explained, which express this or that concept not clearly enough or for some reason not clear enough. These members of the sentence usually have an indication of their explanatory nature, that is, they are accompanied by special conjunctions: that is, exactly, namely, or meaning "that is": But at this time,that is, at dawn on Saturday , did not sleep an entire floor in one of the Moscow institutions(Bulg.); From Nevsky Prospect it leads to the former Mikhailovsky Palace,that is, to the Russian Museum , short and wide street(Sol.); For Konstantin Levin, the village was a place of life,that is, joys, sufferings, labor (L. T.); Not far from younamely in the village of Pestrovo , sad facts are happening(H); Our house in Pechatnikovo was resettled ten years ago,namely in sixty-eight (Street); In this regard, even one very important event happened for both of them,it was Kitty’s meeting with Vronsky (L. T.); Someone came out of the house and stopped on the porch; this is Alexander Timofeich,or simply Sasha , a guest who came from Moscow(Ch.).

If there are words that necessarily require disclosure (explanation) of the meaning, a dash is placed: He always wanted with all the strength of his soulone - to be quite good(L. T.); The goal set for the detachment wasone - reach the forest before dawn; Baikal is glorious and holyothers - with its wonderful, life-giving power(Spread). In such sentences, a dash replaces the missing explanatory conjunction (you can insert namely). The omission of a conjunction can also be indicated by a dash in sentences with words that are quite definite in meaning, but need clarification from the point of view of the writer: The task assigned to the detachment wasdifficult - reach the forest before dawn; The weather is the bestsuitable - blizzard(P. Neil.).

§83

Explanatory agreed upon definitions are not highlighted, but only are separated from the explained definition comma. Explanation arises with definitions that are special in meaning - they have a general, unspecified, indefinite meaning. The second, explanatory definition removes uncertainty: There were snowdropsspecial, irresistible passion of Glory(Bar.); At allothers, urban sounds were heard outside and inside the block(Cat.) (see § 41).

However, in the absence of direct contact between such definitions, the explanatory definition is isolated: Another bedempty , was on the other side of the table(Bulg.).

The explanatory nature of the second definition can also be detected by combining contextual synonyms: One day I was fishing on a small lake withtall, steep shores(Paust.) - a high bank cannot be flat (high, i.e. steep).

An explanation may also arise in the case when the first definition is quite specific (for example, expressed as a numeral), and the second definition explains it in other words: Terrible path!On the thirtieth and last a mile away doesn't bode well(A. Inter.) - i.e. the thirtieth, which turned out to be the last.

§84

Affiliate members sentences have the nature of additional information, reported incidentally, in addition to the content of the main statement. Such sentence members are highlighted commas and are usually introduced by words and combinations of words (particles, conjunctions or a combination thereof) even, in particular, especially, mainly, including, in particular, for example, and moreover, and therefore, yes and, yes and only, and in general, and, too, and also, and and etc.: It was very warmeven hot (Chuck.); At nightespecially in a thunderstorm When the garden was raging in the rain, the faces of images lit up in the hall every minute...(Boon.); I believe that it is precisely this - the mystery or the premonition of it - that is missing not only from your story, but also from all the works of your peers,especially modern lyrics (Ast.); Big,also square , the window looked out onto the garden(Hall.); Dictionaries,in particular intelligent , should be widely used in the educational process; On weekends you can relaxfor example, go out of town ; All,including a funny bouncing guy , reached for the window(Ch.); University students,and many schoolchildren , took part in the Olympics(about words in particular, for example see also § 93).

It is possible to select connecting members using dash, especially in the final position: Suddenly, interrupting her memories of the guys, a distant, distant day appeared before her -and also with the river (Spread).

§85

Affiliate members sentences that do not have special introductory words and act as explanatory additional messages, are separated sign dash. They come at the end of the sentence: The old woman accepted the death of the ball as fate -no more and no less (Spread); The stairs will also disappear -until next time (Spread); Knyazev crossed the street with everyone else and walked slowly along the other side of the street -just like that, with nothing to do (Shuksh.); He didn’t even wash himself, but went straight into the yard -chop wood (Shuksh.); All night and all day and again all night Nikita ran around the city -to the doctors, to the pharmacist, to the cloudberry shop (Gaych.).

§86

When dividing a sentence (with parcellation), to enhance their meaning, the connecting members of the sentence can be separated by a dot (see § 9, 32, 66). Wed: All night and all day and again all night Nikita ran around the city.To the doctors, to the pharmacist, to the cloudberry shop ; Although Kuzma told Aunt Natalya that Maria was crying, she did not cry anymore.She was silent (Spread); The girl spoke incessantly.About Siberia, about happiness, about Jack London (Shuksh.); These books are the key to everything.To all life (N. Il.); The three who came to her that evening had a long conversation about politics.About science. About departmental subsidies (Poppy.).

Punctuation marks in meaningful combinations with subordinating conjunctions or allied words

§87

In indecomposable combinations that include expressions that are integral in meaning, no comma .

1. In indecomposable combinations with subordinating conjunctions and allied words as if nothing had happened, do it as it should, do it haphazardly, do it as it should, at any cost, no matter what, do it as it should, come whenever you want, go wherever your eyes take you, say whatever comes to mind, pay God knows how much, scream at the top of your lungs, whatever happens, come what may, spend the night wherever you have to, save yourself who can, live as you know, tell it like it is, a miracle is good, a disaster is bad and etc.: He stayedas if nothing had happened where he stood...; I need to sleep for 24 hours straight to get enough sleep.properly (Shol.); Pitching thereno matter what boring(Art.). Such phrases are equivalent to the members of the sentence: He got the job doneproperly (i.e. good); Colloquial words began to be usedwhere it is needed and not needed (i.e. everywhere); The table set in the banquet room wasit's amazing how good (Akun.).

If such a phrase forms a subordinate part of a sentence, then it is separated by a comma: Properly , so he did the job; The proposed task: arrange,where needed , missing punctuation marks(where needed).

2. In indecomposable combinations with negative and restrictive particles not only that, not that, not that, not otherwise than, just not, only and... that, not so that and etc.: I myself know what's wrongnot just now You can't kill a bird, and you can't even shoot it(L. T.); And suddenly I didn’t like one phrase, evenNot really I didn’t like it, I just caught my attention(Grain); He expressed his thoughtsnothing less than high syllable; Henot really did not understand the problem, but simply did not want to solve it;Only and there were conversationsWhat about the writer's arrival. Wed. in the presence of a subordinate clause: All he does is go fishing; He doesn't say what he thinks .

3. In irreducible combinations with pronominal and adverbial words unknown who, unknown what, unknown which (whose, where, where, where, whence, why), it’s not clear who, it’s not clear what, it’s not clear which, it doesn’t matter who, it doesn’t matter what, it doesn’t matter which, rarely who, rarely what, rarely which, rarely where, who knows who, who knows what, who knows which, who knows whose, who knows who, who knows what , who knows what, few people, few things and etc.: They're comingunknown which ones personalities; They grew up near the houseunknown by whom and when planted flowers; Speaksthis is unclear ; The painting showswho knows what ; Kuzma turned his horse sharply andno one knows why drove her back home(Boon.); My sister was there for meno matter what mother(Grain). Wed. in the presence of a subordinate clause: It is unknown what surprise the weather has in store for us tomorrow; It was unclear which detachment was located on the river bank .

4. In irreducible combinations ( Not) more than , (Not) less than , (Not) better than , (Not) worse than, earlier than, later than etc., if they do not involve comparison: He got the job donenot more than in an hour(spent less than an hour); He is going to go to collegeno sooner than next year(not earlier than next year); Maslenitsa passed meworse than sad(Ch.). Wed. when comparing: The athlete completed the exerciseno worse than his rival .

Punctuation marks for comparative phrases

§88

Comparative phrases beginning with comparative conjunctions ( as if, as if, exactly, than, rather than, as if, like, that, as well as etc.), stand out (or separate) commas : Again the darkness rose and spread over the Kulikovo field and,like a harsh cloud , the coming day is clouded(Bl.); Barely noticeablelike drops of silver water , the first stars shone(Paust.); Dasha felt how everything in him was shaking with small tremors,as if from terrible excitement (A.T.); I remember the war more for work than for studying.(Chiv.); And her hair[mermaids] green,what is your hemp (T.); Aspen goes better with the northern grayish sky,than with the flaming azure of the sky (Sol.); It is known that luckas well as its antipode – failure , don't walk alone(gas.).

Comparative phrases beginning with a conjunction How, stand out:

a) if they denote similarity: At the bottom,like a steel mirror , lake streams turn blue(Tyutch.); The sun burned his hands and knees, the earth breathed hotly, it was even visible that above it,like over a brazier , the air is shaking(Boon.); Turbin was sleeping in his bedroom, and sleep hung over him,like a blurry picture (Bulg.); The roar of the city put me to sleep,like a lullaby (B. Past.); But there is a woman's hand that is especially sweet when it touches a tormented forehead,like eternity and fate (Eut.); From nowhere,like in a dream , my daughter floats towards me - dark and bright,like a strawberry (Current.); She looked at himlike an icon , with fear and remorse(Ch.);

b) if the main part of the sentence contains demonstrative words so, so, that, so: And on the other side of the gate stood a barn, completelysuch along the façade,like home (M.G.); Twosuch great Germans,like Schiller and Goethe , we couldn't help but meet(Paust.); His facial features werethose same,like my sister (L.T.).

§89

Always stand out combinations as a rule, as an exception, as a consequence, as always, as now, as on purpose, as for example, as now etc., except those that are included in the predicate: He came,As always , suddenly(Paust.); Like now I remember a quiet July day(Fad.); Usually , there is heavy rain in these places(cf.: It rains heavily in these placesusually ).

The revolution that begins with the combination is always highlighted as well as: At Smetanina’s,like Garth , there was a reverent attitude towards places marked by the memory of great people(Paust.); Levin sat downas usual , with a book on an armchair(L.T.).

In revolutions none other than And nothing more than a comma is placed before the conjunction how: This task could be completednone other than He; could be seen in the distancenothing else like a small tower .

§90

Revolutions with comparative conjunctions (particles) as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, what are not separated by commas in the following cases:

A) with a predicate that requires specification (the turnover has the meaning of identification or equation): That's why she was looking at the groundlike a vale of sorrow (New-Pr.); She perceived her motherlike an older sister ; ...Any official assignment at that time was perceivedas the fulfillment of a sacred Revolutionary Duty (Cat.);

b) when conveying the meaning “as” (the turnover is part of the predicate): Sergei Lazo was sent by the committeeas commander in chief (Fad.); ...Tamara Ivanovna understood this voicelike a farewell sent after her (Spread);

V) if the turnover is predicate: Snow on the porchlike quicksand (Ec.); There were splashes and wavesjust like in life (Fed.); Lifelike a legend ; You to melike a song ; Like a child I became a soul(T.); We are with herlike sisters ; Stream in the springthat the river ; Her eyeslike lakes ;

G) if the phrase has the meaning of a manner of action (such phrases can be replaced by the instrumental case of a noun or an adverb): We were advancing. Serbs foughtlike lions (Cat.) (cf.: like a lion); The path twistedlike a snake (cf.: snake);

d) if the comparative phrase is preceded by a negation Not or particles completely, completely, almost, like, exactly, exactly, simply and etc.: Yes he does everythingnot like people (M.G.); It became lightalmost like daytime ; He lookedabsolutely (at all ) like a child ;

e) if the turnover is with a union How is a stable combination: pale as death (like a canvas), shine like a mirror, gray-haired like a harrier, spin like a squirrel in a wheel, roll like cheese in butter, hungry like a wolf (like a dog), go as if to an execution, fly like an arrow, red as a lobster, know like the back of your hand, sit like on pins and needles, naked like a falcon, feel at home, stick to your throat like a knife, stop dead in your tracks, tremble like an aspen leaf, needed like air, fall like a stunned man, stubborn like a donkey, dissipate like smoke, hit you on the head like a butt, walk like a daze and etc.: You'll see - he'll take it and come back and fallout of the blue (Ait.); Like smoke dreams dissipated(L.); Suddenly he lowered the muzzle of the pistol and,turning pale as a sheet , turned to his second(L.); The rain, which began on Wednesday, poured from morning until evening,poured like buckets (Boon.).

Theory for task 17 from the Unified State Exam in Russian

1. Separate definitions
Separate definitions in a sentence can be expressed:
1) participial phrase;
For example, in At the far edge of the park, overgrown with tall grass and bushes, there was an alley.
2) single participles or adjectives.
For example: The sky, gloomy and inhospitable, covered the city.
3) an adjective with dependent words
For example: On the table I saw a book that looked like an ancient encyclopedia.
2. Dedicated applications
Detached applications are syntactically definitions.
Separate applications in a sentence can be expressed:
1) nouns;
For example: We schoolchildren are tired of exams.
2) nouns with dependent words;
For example: Pyotr Ivanovich, our good friend, helped us.
3. Special circumstances
Separate circumstances in a proposal can be expressed:
1) single gerunds;
For example: Dancing and spinning, she looked at me.
2) participial phrase;
For example: After driving a few kilometers, I saw a traveler on the side of the road.
4. Clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the proposal
1) Clarifying members of the sentence
Clarifying members of a sentence narrow the concept and clarify it. As a rule, they are represented by circumstances of place, time, manner of action, degree, measure.
For example: In the forest, behind the road, there is a chamomile clearing.
2) Explanatory members of the sentence
The explanatory members of the sentence give a different name to the concepts they refer to and represent another name for these concepts.
Often explanatory terms are accompanied by conjunctions: that is, exactly, namely, or in the meaning “that is” For example: Hippopotamus, or hippopotamus, is of interest to scientists.
3) Connecting members of the sentence
The connecting members of a sentence convey additional information. Such terms are usually introduced by words and combinations of words: even, in particular, especially, mainly, including, in particular, for example, and moreover, and therefore, yes and, yes and only, and in general, and, too, and also, and and etc.
For example: There is a lot of nobility in people, especially in women.

5. Comparative turnover
Comparative phrases beginning with comparative conjunctions as if, as if, exactly, than, rather than, as if, like, that, as well as etc., separated by commas For example: He flew into the room like a whirlwind.

Separate members of the sentence- these are minor members that stand out in meaning and with the help of intonation. On the letter isolated members are highlighted with punctuation marks.

The following can be separated:

1. Definitions.

Separate definitions.

Definitions in the sentence are isolated:

1. Two or more definitions that come after the word being defined:

And thunder struck, spring, life-giving.

2. Common Definitions which are expressed by a participial phrase or an adjective that has dependent words after the word being defined:

The boy saw a woman carrying a heavy bag and decided to help her.

3. Single definition, which comes after the word being defined and has an adverbial meaning:

The child, cranky, did not want to fall asleep.

4. A common or single definition that is separated from the word being defined by other words:

Having broken the window, the impudent boys ran away to play in another yard.

5. A common or single definition, which stands in a sentence immediately before the word being defined and has an additional adverbial meaning:

Crying, the baby whined quietly and shuddered.

6. Inconsistent definitions, which need to be torn away from the neighboring member of the sentence or to strengthen the conveyed or meaning:

First-graders, in beautiful uniforms, with bouquets of flowers, cheerfully walked to the line with their parents.

7. A definition that defines a pronoun (the word being defined is the pronoun):

He, tall and courageous, looked very attractive.

Definitions are not isolated in the following cases:

1. If we have before us a common definition, expressed by a participial phrase or an adjective with dependent words, which refers to an indefinite pronoun and comes after it in a sentence:

In the darkness I noticed something that looked like a dog.

2. If we have a common definition, which is expressed by a participial phrase or an adjective with dependent words, which is located before the word being defined:

This little lump is your little brother.

In writing, isolated definitions are separated by commas.

(task no. 16)

A lesson on isolated members of sentences: isolated definitions, applications, circumstances, clarifying constructions. Rules and exercises that will help you complete task No. 16 of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language

1. Separate definitions

Separate definitions include:
- participle phrases;
- adjectives with dependent words;
- single adjectives coming after the word being defined;
- applications.

Definitions are separated if:

- stand after the word being defined.

For example.

Road, cobblestone, went into the distance.

On the window, silver from frost, the chrysanthemums bloomed overnight. (Boon.)

Night has come, frosty, clear, quiet.

M.V. Lomonosov, a person of outstanding abilities and talents, is rightly called our first university.

- stand before the word being defined, which is expressed by a personal pronoun.

For example.

Loaded with shells, THEY moved away from the pier.

- stand before the word being defined, but have an additional adverbial meaning (reason, concession, time).

For example.

Surprised by the unexpected visit of guests, Ivan Ivanovich still smiled. (Despite what Ivan Ivanovich smiled? - concession).

Thirsty, the earth greedily absorbed moisture. (Why did the earth greedily absorb moisture? - the reason).

Still transparent, the forests seem to be turning green. (P.) (Why do the forests turn green as if they were fluff? - the reason).

Note! Inconsistent definitions, which are expressed by nouns in indirect cases, are most often isolated if they relate to proper name or personal pronoun.
For example.

Prince Andrey, in a cloak, riding a black horse, stood behind the crowd and looked at Alpatych. (L.T.)

Now she, in a new green dress, was especially beautiful and young.

2. Application

Application– definition expressed by a noun.

Separated and separated by commas:

- single and common applications, if they refer to a personal pronoun.
For example.

Is it him? dwarf, compete with a giant. (P.)

We, reporters, we often find ourselves in hot spots.

To him, hereditary military man, whose ancestors repeatedly defended their Motherland, it was unpleasant to listen to the reasoning of young people that patriotism is “not fashionable.”

- common and single applications, standing after the word being defined.
For example.

Onegin, my good friend, was born on the banks of the Neva. (P.)

Eagles, satellites of the troops, rose above the mountain. (P.)

Only the feeder is awake, silent northern old man. (CM.)

Young people sat nearby students.

Common and non-common applications preceding the word being defined are separated if they have the meaning of causality.
For example.

The theater is an evil legislator, a fickle admirer of charming actresses, an honorary citizen of the backstage., Onegin flew to the theater. (P.) (Why did Onegin fly to the theater? - the reason).

Best student in class, Vanya was awarded a ticket to a children's camp. (Why was Vanya awarded a ticket? - the reason).

Applications that are joined by conjunctions THAT IS, OR (meaning that is), the words EVEN, FOR EXAMPLE, ESPECIALLY, BY NAME, BY NAME, BY Knickname, INCLUDING, etc.
For example.

Many people from the last ball are sulking at me, especially the dragoon captain. (Lerm.)

Arctic foxes, or polar foxes, breed well in captivity.

The neighbor's dog named Sharik, an extremely ferocious creature.

NB! Most applications attached by unions are of a clarifying nature.

⁠ ⁠ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Note! A common application may be separated by a dash instead of a comma if it comes at the end of a sentence or if it not only defines a word, but also completes it.
For example.

Topolev – a tall, bony old man with a gray-greenish mustache– I didn’t say a word the whole evening. (V. Azhaev)

I had a cast iron kettle with me - my only joy is traveling around the Caucasus. (Lerm.)

⁠ ⁠ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Applications with the conjunction HOW are isolated if they have the meaning of causality.

For example.

Like an unsurpassed craftswoman, Maria Pavlovna was recognized as the best employee of the year.

Applications with the conjunction HOW are not isolated if HOW can be replaced with the combination IN QUALITY.

For example.

Rich, good-looking, Lensky was accepted everywhere like a groom.

We all know him like a good writer, but not enough like a wonderful person.

⁠ ⁠ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Special circumstances

Special circumstances include:
- participial phrases;
- single participles;
- circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions;

Comparative turnover.

Participle phrases and solitary participles are always separated!

⁠ ⁠ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exception! Not separated:
- participial phrases included in phraseological units:

work carelessly;

work rolling up my sleeves;

run headlong.

Single gerunds like silently, sitting, lying down, joking, reluctantly, without looking, slowly, slowly etc., because in meaning they are close to adverbs:

He read lying down;

she jokingly told jokes;

we were talking standing.

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Comparative phrases beginning with conjunctions as, as if, as if, what, than, really etc., are separated in writing by commas.
For example.

She was beautiful like the rose of may.

I love theater more than cinema.

She fluttered like a butterfly.

⁠ ⁠ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exception! Comparative phrases included in phraseological combinations are not separated by commas.
For example.

Rain pours like buckets, pale as death, red as a lobster, feared like fire, flies like an arrow, white as a sheet and etc.

⁠ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

For the purpose of strengthening, various circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions can be isolated thanks to, according to, despite, due to, in case of, in the presence of, due to, in view of, as a result etc. Such circumstances are usually isolated if they are common and come before the predicate.

For example.

Cruisers, due to lack of space in the bay, stayed in the open sea. (New-Pr.)

⁠ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Circumstances with a pretext are always isolated despite, which have a concessional meaning.
For example.

Despite the heavy rain, no one went home.

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4. Clarifying constructions

ALL members of the proposal can be specified - both main and secondary.
Most often, the clarifying constructions of TIME and PLACE are isolated, which are connected to the circumstances being specified without conjunctions or other words.
For example.

Up, on deck, the sailors called to each other. (K. Paust.)

On the horizon, there, where a blurred red spot had just been visible, the sun suddenly emerged. (T. Leontyeva)

Every morning, at six o'clock, I went to work. (M.G.)

Less often, the circumstances of the MODE OF ACTION are clarifying.

For example.

During heavy rains, it (the river) overflows like spring, (how exactly?) stormy and noisy, and then it makes itself felt. (Czech.)

Clarifying constructions also include applications attached to the word being defined by conjunctions: You can walk to the river along a small path, or the road, as everyone calls her here.

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Note!
As clarifying ones, additions with the prepositions EXCEPT, IN ADDITION, INSTEAD, EXCEPT, EXCEPT, INCLUDING, ALONG WITH, OVER, etc. are often isolated.
For example.

There are no special beauties and riches in the Meshchera region, except forests, meadows and clear air. (Paust.)

With the exception of some students, everyone in our class is doing well.

We, besides studying at school, we play a lot of sports, go to the art studio and choir.

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5. Practical tasks

Exercise 1. Explain the placement of commas.

1. They drank coffee in a gazebo on the shore of a wide lake dotted with islands.
2. The old woman, looking at him from behind the partition, could not know whether he had fallen asleep or was just thinking.
3. Deeply offended, she sat down under the window and sat until late at night without undressing.
4. A night bird rushing silently and low on its soft wings almost stumbled upon me and timidly dived to the side.
5. And either he made a grimace, blinded by the setting sun, or his face was generally characterized by some strangeness, only his lips seemed too short...
6. Children, curious and omnipresent, immediately noticed that something incomprehensible was going on in the city.
7. His father met him with a gloomy and surprised look.
8. He opened the notebook and drew two segments parallel to each other.
9. The princess absolutely hates me, two or three epigrams about me have already been retold to me, quite caustic, but at the same time very flattering (Lermontov).
10. Tired to the last degree, the climbers could not continue their ascent.
11. Exhausted by the long trek, the tourists nevertheless continued on their way.
12. Sun-soaked fog lay over Moscow.

Task 2. Place the missing punctuation marks, graphically indicate the participial phrases.

1. In the depths, round leaves of water lilies were visible that had not yet reached the surface of the water.

2.She looked arrogantly from under half-lowered eyelids at the admiring spectators.

3. He looked at the ground of the path made to the hut and not overgrown with grass.

4. I was afraid to look up and saw only the midshipman’s strong boots, polished to an incredible shine.

5. Behind her in a wicker bag hung bagels sprinkled with poppy seeds.

6. We approached the house surrounded by excited barking dogs.

7. We felt sorry for the Boers who fought for their independence and hated the British.

8. Svyatoslavskaya Street, lined with boring apartment buildings made of yellow Kyiv brick with the same brick sidewalks, abutted a huge wasteland cut by ravines.

9. A stuffed gorilla surrounded by foliage made of painted shavings carried an unconscious girl with flowing golden hair into the forest thicket.

10. The tourists, tired from the long trek, were silent.

11. You love every blade of grass drooping from dew or warmed by the sun, every mug of water from a forest well, every tree above the lake trembling its leaves in the calm, every rooster crow and every cloud floating across the pale and high sky.

12. Tired after a hard day, she quickly fell asleep.

(From K. Paustovsky)

Task 3. Rearrange the sentences so that homogeneous definitions appear after the noun. Place a relative adjective before the noun. Write it down.

Sample. It was a clear, warm autumn day. – It was an autumn day, clear and warm.

1. A flat, straight asphalt highway allowed cars to reach higher speeds.

2. At dusk, the expedition entered a damp, gloomy mountain gorge.

3. The flame of the fire illuminated the bleak, dead snowy plain.

4. A sharp, cold north wind rose.

5. We took refuge in a large, comfortable canvas tent.

Task 4. Fill in the missing commas.

1. His voice sounded hoarse and courageous on the phone.

2. Draw an equilateral triangle with a side equal to five centimeters.

3. Staggering and gasping for breath, he finally went ashore and saw a robe lying on the ground, picked it up and mechanically rubbed himself with it until his numb body warmed up.

4. My father’s elder brother, who died in 1813, intending to establish a village hospital, sent him as a boy to study the art of paramedic.

6. One of them, black, large and shabby, was very similar to those rats that he saw on ships during his travels.

7. Children left to their own devices will find themselves in difficult situations.

8. Dressed in a light checkered jacket and trousers as white as snow, he quickly walked along the road; Under his arm he carried a box wrapped in green cloth.

9. Rich, good looking... Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom.

10. The sky, full of thunderstorms, was trembling with lightning.

11. Misha, captivated by the film, nevertheless noticed that his sister was upset about something.

12. A fighter who received a serious wound still did not leave the battle.

13. The clothes, still wet after the rain, felt cold to the body.

14. The teacher did not allow a student who was 10 minutes late into class.

Task 5. Open the brackets and insert the missing letters. Place punctuation marks.

1. The Foolovites (not) strengthened in self-government began to attribute this phenomenon to the mediation of some unknown force. (S. - Generous.)
2. The waves of the sea, chained in granite, are suppressed by huge weights sliding along their ridges, hitting the sides of ships, the shores, beating and grumbling foamy polluted with various rubbish. (M.G.)
3. The black tops of birch trees, thin as letters, were drawn across the bright landscape. (B. Pasternak)
4. The wide, free alley (into) the distance attracts. (Bruce.)
5. The sun, magnificent and bright, rose above the sea. (M.G.)
6. Only people who are capable of loving deeply can also experience strong grief... (L.T.)
7. He was lying pale on the floor. (L.)
8. They entered a narrow and dark corridor. (G.)
9. The rusty sedge was still green and juicy, bending towards the ground. (Czech.)
10. Officers in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulettes paraded along the streets and boulevards. (L.T.)
11. Soon Odintsova herself appeared with a simple morning dress. (Turg.)
12. A man of about sixty, white-haired and dark-skinned, came in, wearing a brown tailcoat with copper buttons and a pink scarf around his neck. (Turg.)
13. A man of about thirty, healthy, handsome and strong, was lying on a cart. (Cor.)
14. Berezhkova herself, wearing a silk dress and a cap on the back of her head, was sitting on the sofa. (Gonch.)
15. The lady with gray hair did most of the talking. (Turg.)
16. The good-natured old hospital watchman immediately let him in (L.T.).
17. The response received is considered as consent. (V. Azhaev)
18. The reading public has managed to get used to Chekhov as a humorist. (Fedin)
19. A doctrinaire and somewhat pedantic, he loved to instruct. (Herzen)

Task 6. Write it off. Fill in the missing letters and open the brackets. Place punctuation marks.

1. So the inhabitant of the world, the inspiring one, in the bosom of idle silence, I glorified with the lyre of the obedient veneration of the dark old (n/nn)s. (P.)
2. Ivan Ivanovich and Burkin were met in the house by a young woman’s maid. (Czech.)
3. Prince Andrei’s old uncle Anton dropped Pierre out of his carriage. (L.T.)
4. Turgenev’s peers, pupils of the great poet’s school, nurtured by his poetry, we all retained within ourselves (for) always the embrace of his genius. (Gonch.)
5. The stars of the harbingers of frost appeared in the green (n/nn) sky. (Cupr.)
6. We hunters find our happiness by the fire. (CM.)
7. My second Chadaev, Evgeniy, fearing jealous condemnation, was a pedant in his clothes... (P.)
8. The girls, especially Katya, with joyful, delighted faces, look out the window at the slender figure of Volodya (L.T.) getting into the carriage.
9. Every bird, even a sparrow, attracted my attention.
10. Linguistics or linguistics is the science of language.
11. The tears of humiliation were caustic.
12. Here is the explanation.
13. The mighty Lion, the storm of the forests, lost his strength.
14. Nearby there was a closet for catalog storage.
15. My sergeant is cleverly masking the mines.
16. The son of a Pomor fisherman, Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, spent the first 19 years of his life in the far North.
17. Wrote by a mother, a teacher from a (small) large Volga town, and a sister from Moscow.
18. Nikolushka walked along the soft, crunching pine needles of the forest carpet.
19. The kitchen is led by cook Ivan Ivanovich, nicknamed Bear...nok.

Task 7. Place commas in applications with the conjunction HOW.

1. Sometimes Ilyusha, as a playful boy, just wants to rush in and redo everything himself. (Gonch.)
2. As a high-ranking person, it is not appropriate for me to ride a horse-drawn horse... (Czech.)
3. As an old artilleryman, I despise this type of edged weapon. (M. Shol.)
4. The response received is considered as consent. (Azhaev)
5. This variety of wheat, as the most frost-resistant, is sown in the northern regions of the country.
6. My friend is known as the best mathematician in the class.
7. This gift is dear to me as a memory of a tourist trip.
8. This gift as a memory of a tourist trip is very dear to me.
9. As a wonderful person, he (Bazarov) has not met his equal. (D. Pisarev)
10. As a sailor, I understand these murderous (n/nn) surges of waves, this clanging of an iron mass trembling and groaning in violent embraces of poetry... (New.-Pr.)
11. Like a new and expensive thing... at home, the coat hung not in the hallway, but in the bedroom, next to my mother’s dresses. (Czech.)

Task 8. Indicate which members of the sentence have the conjunction as. Write it down, placing commas where necessary before the conjunction as. Explain punctuation.

1. Gerasim, as an excellent worker, was immediately given a scythe. (Turg.)

2. Already (n...) times I heard rumors about Yashka Turk as the best singer in the area. (Turg.)

3. Polesie remains in my memory as a sad but slightly mysterious country. (Paust.)

4. Oak, as a very strong tree, is used to make… p…rket.

5. Our garden is like a passage yard. (Czech.)

6. As a passionate lover of hunting, I (n...) was at home all day long. (CM.)

II.

1. The sky was blue as the sea. The sea was blue as the sky. (A. Kukhtinov)

2. And the rustling of the leaves was like delirium. (B. Past.) 3. The moon hung on the tree, and the tree was like a net. She sparkled there like a fish, she had fun hanging there. (N. Glazkov)

4. There was a forest like a dream and snow like a dream under every spiking tree. (M. Dudin)

5. Moments last like a century, and a century passes like an instant. (Fet)

Task 9. Write by opening the brackets and inserting the missing letters. Place punctuation marks. Explain their arrangement.

1. Having rounded a high cape, the steamer entered the bay.

2. The wind grew stronger, shrouding the city in a shroud of sea fog.

3. In the north, some whitish clouds rose, faintly shimmering.

4. Peering far (at) above, the young man discerned the (un) clear outlines of a cloud. (V. G. Korolenko)

II.

1. The water (not) although flowed over the riffle. (Cool.)

2. I spoke and she walked silently. (Shol.)

3. He worked tirelessly. (M.G.)

4. Panteley Prokofievich secretly entrusted his heart to Daria with the bulls. (Shol.)

5. The loaders abandoned their jobs and scattered around the harbor. (M.G.)

6. Chelkash (not) letting go of the watchman’s hands continued to talk. (M.G.)

Task 10. Read it. Find gerunds and adverbs formed from them. How are they educated? Write it down using punctuation marks.

2. I knew well where my favorite book was on the shelf and could take it without looking. It is difficult to play chess without looking at the board.

3. During training, Borzov jokingly ran a hundred meters in ten seconds. Having fun joking and laughing at each other, we quietly reached the camp.

Task 11. Choose explanatory words for the participles and write down the sentences using punctuation marks.

1. He spoke smiling.

2. The old man walked with a limp.

3. The girl sat thinking.

4. The train goes on without stopping.

Task 12. Insert the adverbial phrases in brackets before the conjunction And or after it, depending on the meaning of the predicate verbs. Write it down using punctuation marks.

1. The glider soared steeply up and began to smoothly descend (describing a large circle).

2. The boys looked at him and waved up (with their heads raised).

3. The installer inspected the wiring for a long time and eliminated the (mal)function (looking for damage; finding the location of the break).

Task 13. Copy using missing punctuation marks. Insert the missing letters.

1. All these sounds merge into the deafening music of a working day and, swaying rebelliously, stand low in the sky above the harbor.

2. Standing under steam, these giant steamers whistle, hiss and sigh deeply.

3. About six steps from Chelkash, on the sidewalk, on the pavement, a young guy was sitting with his back to the bedside table.

4. Chelkash bared his teeth, stuck out his tongue and made a terrible face and stared at him with wide eyes.

5. The guy blinked at first (in) bewilderment, but then suddenly burst out laughing and shouted through his laughter, Oh, eccentric! - and almost without getting up from the ground, he awkwardly rolled from his bedside table to Chelkash’s bedside table, dragging his knapsack through the dust.

6. The guy was scared. He quickly looked around and, blinking timidly, also jumped up from the ground.

7. Chelkash came, and they began to drink and eat while talking.

8. The clouds crawled slowly, either merging or overtaking each other, their colors and shapes interfered, absorbing themselves and re-emerging in new shapes, majestic and gloomy.

9. For a minute the boat shuddered and stopped. The oars remained in the water, foaming it, and Gavrila fidgeted restlessly on the bench.

10. Chelkash just... stood up from the stern (not) letting go of the oars from his hands and piercing his cold eyes into Gavrila’s face.

11. Chelkash’s boat stopped and wavered on the water (as if) (not) perplexed.

12. Gavrila silently rowed and, breathing heavily, looked sideways at where this fiery sword was still rising and falling.

13. The sea woke up. It played in small waves, giving birth to them, decorating them with a fringe of foam, pushing them against each other and breaking them into fine dust.

14. The melting foam hissed and sighed, and everything around was filled with musical noise and splashing.

15. Reflected by the playing sea, these stars jumped on the waves, either disappearing or shining again.

16. He walked (slowly).

17. The road stretches towards the sea; it twists and turns closer to the sandy strip where the waves rush up.

18. The batteries gallop and rattle in a copper formation, and smoke like wicks before a battle.

19. The ship finally set off and, having caught up with the squadron, took its place in the ranks.

20. The (un)friendly army was already marching out of the city, rattling timpani and trumpets, and the lords, akimbo, rode out surrounded by (in)numerable servants.

Task 14. Instead of dots, attach one of the two sentences indicated to these adverbial phrases. Explain why you chose this or that option.

1. Having reached the river, ... a) fatigue overcame us ... b) we made a ... wall.

2. While sailing in a boat, ... a) many birds in ... day along the banks of the rivers (i/e) b) travelers saw many birds along the banks.

3. Noticing boats and people from all sides, ... a) a herd of wild goats rushed (c) scattered b) the herd of wild goats was seized with horror.

4. When going on a hike, ... a) the guys carefully thought through all the details of the trip b) a meeting was scheduled for the meeting.

5. Approaching...the station..., a) the pa(ss/c)azhirs became worried and began to collect their things b) it became noisy in the carriage.

6. Picking up speed... a) the train was quickly approaching the mountain pass b) the flickering of telegraph poles could be seen through the window.

Task 15. Read, indicate comparative turnover. Copy it using missing punctuation marks. Underline comparative turns.

1. Like a slender poplar he (the rider) rushed about on his dun horse. (G.)

In a simple sentence, the members of the sentence with meaning are distinguished by intonation and meaning clarifications, clarifications and additions. In general, they have the function of additional messages.

In sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, dash.

A) Clarifying members of the sentence

When clarifying, they differentiate clarifying And to be specified members of the proposal. Those members of a sentence that clarify other, clarifying members are called clarifying.

Words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words are isolated (separated by a comma at the beginning and at the end of the sentence and highlighted on both sides in the middle of the sentence).

In relation to the specified members, clarifying members serve as names that are more specific in meaning, since they narrow the concept conveyed by the specified (main) member of the sentence, or in some way limit it. Thus, the members being specified and specifying are correlated as general and particular, broad and specific, generic and specific, and the specifying member of the sentence follows the one being specified (and not vice versa!).

Wed: Tomorrow ,(when exactly?) at six o'clock in the evening, a meeting of members of the cooperative will take place. - At six o'clock in the evening there will be a meeting of members of the cooperative.

All members of the proposal can be specified.

1. Most often specified circumstances of place and time, since they can be designated very generally and vaguely ( there, there, from there; everywhere, everywhere; then, then and etc.). It is the clarifying term that gives specificity:

There ,(where exactly?) on the horizon, a pale pink strip of light glowed(M. Gorky); Now,(when exactly?) after the flood, it was a river six fathoms(Chekhov).

Sometimes the relationship between broader and narrower concepts can be dictated only by a given context:

Tonight Yegor Ivanovich and I are going to Petrograd,(where exactly? / to whom exactly?) to Masha (A.N. Tolstoy).

Often, clarifying circumstances of a place form a chain, line up in a row:

Ahead,(where exactly?) far away, (where exactly?) on the other side of the foggy sea, prominent wooded hills were visible(L. Tolstoy).

2. Can be specified other circumstances, if they have a broader meaning than the clarifying one:

He shook his curls and self-confidently,(how exactly?) almost defiantly, looked up at the sky(Turgenev); He was careful(how exactly? / to what extent exactly?) until the pink gloss on the cheeks, shaved(Antonov).

Note!

1) Sometimes a series of circumstances may be devoid of a clarifying shade of meaning and be perceived (in this context!) as different sides of one phenomenon, without semantic subordination.

Several people are walking through the snow across the street to the house (Bykov).

If you put commas between the circumstances, then the relationship between them will become somewhat different: each subsequent one will be logically highlighted, perceived as subordinate to the previous one, which will enhance the impression of tension and even danger of the moment being described.

Wed: Several people are walking in the snow, across the street, into the house.

Pay attention to how the intonation changes!

2) Depending on the meaning, the same words can be considered as clarifying or not as specifying circumstances. Compare the sentences given in pairs:

Far in the forest the blows of an ax were heard(the listener is also in the forest). - Far , In the woods, blows of an ax were heard(the listener is outside the forest).

The children settled down in a clearing between the bushes (the clearing is surrounded by bushes, but there are no bushes in the clearing itself). - The children settled down in the clearing, between the bushes (the bushes are located in the clearing itself).

3) If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between them.

In 1961, 12th of April, man flew into space for the first time. - On April 12, 1961, man flew into space for the first time.

3. May be specified agreed definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.:

Another ,(which one exactly?) last thing, a legend - and my chronicle is finished(Pushkin); Here and there women peeked out,(which ones exactly?) mostly old ladies, heads(Turgenev).

Clarifying definitions can specify the general meaning of pronouns this, this, each, one(not in the meaning of a numeral, but in the meaning of a pronoun), etc.:

Chichikov was a little puzzled by this,(which one exactly?) partly sharp, definition (Gogol); Not a single trace, neither of the sled, nor of the human, nor of the animal, was visible (L. Tolstoy); I wanted to distinguish myself before this, (how exactly?) dear to me, man (M. Gorky).

Note!

1) The isolation of clarifying agreed definitions is a rather rare phenomenon and largely depends on the will of the writer. Typically, definitions with a clarifying meaning are considered homogeneous, that is, a comma is placed not on both sides, but on one side - between the definitions.

With quick steps I walked through a long “square” of bushes, climbed a hill and... saw completely different, strangers there's room for me(Turgenev).

2) Clarifying definitions can be added through subordinating conjunctions.

Irresistible, albeit quiet, the power carried me away(Turgenev); You can't kill yourself like that over something simple, albeit so expensive, suit(Savelyev).

But if the definition attached by a subordinating conjunction is homogeneous in relation to the previous one and does not have the nature of clarification (semantic and intonation!), then a comma is not placed after it.

Received important although not final intelligence.

4. More often, in comparison with agreed upon definitions, clarifying ones are isolated inconsistent definitions:

The boat was moving, all the time moving in black,(which one?) almost inky color, shadows cast by high coastal cliffs(Simonov); It was a young man of short stature, with an inconspicuous mustache, in a simple,(which one?) striped, shirt(Soloukhin); A young woman came in(which exactly?) seventeen years old, girl(Kuprin); Gavrik examined the little schoolboy in a long,(which one?) to toe, overcoat(Kataev).

5. Words give a clarifying character to the statement more precisely, more precisely, otherwise etc., however, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated, since the specified words, which have the meaning of introductory ( more precisely, more accurately, otherwise, rather are equivalent in meaning to the phrases “more precisely,” “in other words,” etc.), themselves separated by commas:

His kindness, or rather his generosity, touched me(in this example, the predicate agrees with the word closest to it, from which it cannot be separated by a comma); Quite recently, more precisely, an article of similar content was published in the last issue of the magazine; The data given in the report should be supplemented, or rather clarified.

The words moreover can act as clarifying words. They are separated by commas, while the definition that follows them is not:

It would be stupidity, nay, madness, to miss such an opportunity; He deeply respected his friend, moreover, he admired him.

Note!

The word is rather not separated by commas if used in the following meanings:

A)“better”, “more willing”:

b)"it's better to say":

Pavel Petrovich slowly walked back and forth in the dining room..., uttering some remark or rather an exclamation, like “ah! hey! hm!”(Turgenev); He was not surprised, but rather pleased by this question.

Note. Clarifying parts of a sentence are usually separated by commas. However, it is also possible to set such a sign as dash.

A dash is usually placed in the following cases:

a) in clarifying circumstances, if not only the clarifying, but also the insertive nature of the circumstances is emphasized, for example: The rooks screamed across the river in the branches, and everywhere - in the bushes and grass- the birds sang and chirped(A.N. Tolstoy);

b) when emphasizing the sequence of clarification and correlation of clarifying and clarifying members, for example: He got a job in a mine, part-time- After school(Baruzdin). Here is the circumstance to the mine is explained by the entire following construction part-time - after school, and this construction has its own clarification After school, separated by a dash. Using a comma instead of a dash in this context is impossible, since a comma would distort the meaning, equalizing the positions of all three circumstances (cf.: to the mine, part-time, after school). And the dash emphasizes that the circumstances are unequally related to each other;

c) when specifying the nominal part of the predicate (cf.: The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep ).

B) Explanatory members of the sentence

Explanatory members of a sentence explain the meaning of the preceding members of the sentence. Explanatory and explanatory terms in principle denote identical concepts.

Difference between clarifying And explanatory members of the sentence is that clarification is a transition from a broader concept to a narrower one, and clarification is the designation of the same concept in other words.

Thus, explanatory terms are second names in relation to the first ones, expressing for various reasons this or that concept is not sufficiently defined and understandable:

Especially for us, Russians, conciseness should be close and precious.(Chernyshevsky); He imagined his home - six large rooms (M. Gorky); Sometimes you want to do something - read(Gogol).

1. The explanatory part of the sentence is preceded by the words exactly, namely, that is, that is:

She was brought up in the antique way, that is, surrounded by mothers, nannies, girlfriends and hay girls (Pushkin); We rode on our horses in leather, that is, in a mat-covered runner (Aksakov); While, exactly a year ago, I also collaborated on magazines(Dostoevsky); The third day that is, that week, I tell the headman...(Sleptsov).

If there are no words in a sentence exactly, namely, that is these words can be inserted:

Grandfather Semyon had his own golden and unfulfilled dream - to become a carpenter(Paustovsky); He always wanted one thing with all the strength of his soul - be quite good (L. Tolstoy).

Note!

1) In the absence of explanatory conjunctions that is, exactly, namely and if there is an explanation, emphasis is usually placed using a dash rather than a comma.

There was only one conversation - about the weather; His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.

2) There is a colon in the explanatory part of the sentence. Usually a colon is added to avoid two dashes.

Another way has been suggested: use of some types of marine plants- algae, rich in many valuable substances.

2. Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a conjunction or (meaning “that is”):

Note!

The conjunction or can have a disjunctive meaning (“either this or that”). In this case, he connects homogeneous terms, and a comma is not placed between them. If the conjunction or can be replaced by the conjunction that is, then it has explanatory meaning. In this case, the explanatory phrase is separated by commas.

Wed: From the forest ravine came the singing of a nightingale or goldfinch. - From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or turtle doves(Aksakov); It was decided to decorate the house with a balcony or mezzanine. - Around the entire building there is a vast stone balcony, or veranda, where the owners of the barracks lazily doze in bamboo chairs(Goncharov).

Note. Definitions that are explanatory in nature (they can be preceded by the words namely, that is), are separated by a comma from the word being explained, but a comma is usually not placed after them, for example: Thick firebrands stuck out, the remains of the former, burnt-out bathhouse; The next, sixth volume of the subscription edition will arrive in the store in a few days; He spoke in a completely different, serious tone; The fourth and final part of the novel will end with an epilogue.

B) Connecting members of the sentence

The connecting members of the sentence convey additional information, explanations or comments that arise along the way, in connection with the content of the main statement. The connecting parts of the sentence are separated by commas, less often - by a dash:

The reflection of light struck, shaking impetuously, in all directions, especially from above(Turgenev); Every river, even a small one, has merit on earth(Peskov).

1. The connecting members of a sentence may have special connecting words: even, especially, especially, for example, mainly, in particular, including, moreover, and moreover, moreover, and(meaning “and moreover”), yes, yes and, yes and in general, yes and only and etc.:

In an imperceptible way I became attached to a kind family, even to a crooked garrison lieutenant(Pushkin); There will be a bath for you now, and with your mistress(Pushkin); At night, especially in the heat,... it was scary in the house (Bunin); Some Cossacks and Lukashka as well, stood up and stretched out (L. Tolstoy); The new manager paid most attention to the formal side of the matter, in particular on clerical details(Mamin-Sibiryak); Three people in Zarechye, including Sima Devushkin, made bird cages and cages (M. Gorky).

Such members of the sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinctive role, put a dot instead of a comma.

Wed: You have solid work experience, moreover, in the field of restructuring and searches for new forms (Belyaev). - Among other telegrams there will be his. And the most unusual (Lapin); All things, especially tree branches and building corners, stood out in amazing relief against the dark pink darkening sky(Kuprin). - Many writers have possessed this ability to create an excellent oral story based on true facts. Especially Mark Twain (Paustovsky); It was very warm, even hot(Chakovsky). - The mechanisms in dolls are usually very primitive. Even in the most expensive and beautiful (Dementiev).

Note!

1) If the connecting member of a sentence begins with an introductory word ( for example, in particular etc.), then a comma is not placed after the introductory word.

The fastest ripening mushrooms for example, birch and russula, reach full development in three days(Aksakov).

2) You should not mix punctuation with connecting conjunctions and connecting conjunctions and, yes, connecting homogeneous members of a sentence. In the first case, a comma is placed before the conjunction, in the second, no sign is required before the non-repeating conjunction.

Wed: The author submitted the article, and in a timely manner (And- connecting conjunction). - The author presented the article in a revised form and in a timely manner (And- connecting conjunction); The work could have been done a long time ago, and even better. - The work could have been done faster and even better.

3) A comma is not placed before a conjunction and even in the following cases:

A) if it is used in a connecting meaning.

So he went into the forest to hunt for nuts and got lost(Turgenev);

b) in combinations like took and said (with the same form of the verb take and another verb to indicate unexpected or arbitrary action):

They lived a year in perfect harmony, and the next year she take it and die (Uspensky);

V) in combination no-no yes and:

...No, no, yes, he will remember her[mother], will write a letter(Gladkov).

2. Sometimes connectors can be included in a sentence without conjunctions (note the long pause that accompanies the connector):

Quite late another guest appeared, in a tailcoat...(Herzen); At night I stand at the gun, the orderly(Kataev).

Often a dash is used instead of a comma:

We went to the Caucasus - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains; He remained the same as before - calm, hardworking, modest.

3. Punctuation distinguishes not only the connecting members of the sentence, but also the connecting clauses:

No, I him[brownie] haven't seen yeah you can't even see him (Turgenev); I walked in some kind of intoxication, yes and there was a reason (Garshin); I took it into my head to turn under the shed where our horses stood to see if they had food, and besides, caution never hurts (Lermontov).

D) Separate revolutions with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution

Clarifying, explanatory and connecting constructions are accompanied by isolated phrases with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution. Such phrases consist of nouns (with or without dependent words) with prepositions and prepositional combinations except, instead of, besides, over, along with, except for, including, excluding and etc.:

instead of hard work; with the exception of three people; except three people; along with obvious successes.

Revolutions denote objects included in a homogeneous series or, conversely, excluded from such a series, or objects that replace others.

In writing, phrases with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution can be separated:

The crowd dispersed except for a few curious people and boys, and Gavrila returned home(Turgenev). Beyond all expectations, my grandmother gave me several books(Aksakov).

It should be remembered that highlighting such turns is not mandatory! They can be isolated depending on the semantic load, position in the sentence, degree of prevalence, etc., that is, if the author wants to highlight such phrases in meaning and intonation:

At the outpost, instead of a sentry, there was a collapsed booth(Pushkin). - Instead of an answer, Kirila Petrovich was given a letter(Pushkin).

Note!

1) In this kind of turn of phrase excluding, including are prepositions, not gerunds.

2) If an isolated member of a sentence is in the middle of a sentence, then it is isolated on both sides.

3) The preposition except can have the meaning of inclusion and exclusion.

Wed: Besides the big house in Zamoskvorechye, nothing reminded of the night battle(Leonov) is an exception (only the big house reminded of the fight); Except the city of Okurova, on the plain there is a small village of Voevodino(M. Gorky) - inclusion (on the plain there were both the city of Okurov and the village of Voevodino).

Typically, turns are isolated regardless of the shades of meaning. However, uncommon phrases with except in the meaning of inclusion may not be isolated (this is how their inclusion in a homogeneous series of objects is emphasized).

Wed: In addition to books, there were notebooks and pencils on the table.(inclusion). - There was nothing on the table except books(exception).

Recently, there has been a tendency to highlight revolutions with except, regardless of the shades of meaning. This happens especially often:

A) in the presence of negative pronouns nobody, nothing and interrogative pronouns who, what:

I couldn't discern anything except for the muddy twisting of the blizzard (Pushkin);

b) if there is a combination in circulation except:

We are evil to no one, except for bears, we don't(Markov).

Please note that the phrase besides in the meaning “besides” is an introductory word, therefore it is always isolated in writing.

4) Phrases with the preposition instead also differ in meaning. If they have a substitution value, then a comma is usually added.

Instead of bare cliffs, I saw green mountains and fruitful trees near me(Pushkin).

If instead is used to mean “instead”, “for”, then a comma is usually not placed.

He got into the car instead of the driver.