Many electrical appliances can be repaired or made new with your own hands. For this house, there is always something that can be converted to perform new functions: an old electronic clock, a children's car, a disused computer, and much more. Useful crafts can always be repaired or redone. For work it is better to have a workshop with tools.
Equipped home craftsman's workshop
Power Supply
Homemade electronic devices need to be powered by different voltages. In particular, an adjustable power supply is needed for soldering. Such an opportunity can be provided by the LM-317 microcircuit, which is a voltage stabilizer.
Diagram of an adjustable power supply
Devices based on this circuit allow you to change the output voltage in the range of 1.2-30 V, using a variable resistor P1. The allowable current is 1.5 A, the power of the device depends on the choice of transformer.
Adjustment of the voltmeter is performed by a trimming resistor P2. To do this, set the current to 1 mA at an output voltage of the circuit of 30 V.
The more power is allocated on the microcircuit, the greater the difference between the input and output signals. To reduce heat, it requires a heatsink with a cooler.
A homemade board with an LM-317 chip is placed in a case - a computer power supply. A voltmeter and clamps to the output wires are installed on the front panel made of textolite.
Simple autoprobe
A probe for cars and other purposes should always be at hand at home, in the garage or on the road. The figure below shows a homemade circuit that allows you to check electrical circuits with a resistance of up to 10 kOhm and the presence of a voltage of 6-15 V.
The two indication circuits are connected in series to the battery and in parallel to each other. The first one consists of a resistor R1 and an LED HL1, which lights up when checking the voltage. At the same time, the battery is being charged.
Scheme and design: a) a homemade circuit that allows you to check electrical circuits with a resistance of up to 10 kOhm and the presence of a voltage of 6-15 V; b) self-made design of an autoprobe
When the circuit is being tested, current flows from the battery through circuit HL2, R2. At the same time, the HL2 LED lights up. Its brightness will be greater, the lower the resistance of the circuit.
Like all homemade products, the probe can be constructed in many ways, for example, by placing it in a transparent plastic case, which is easy to glue with your own hands.
Such devices are indispensable when repairing an electrical network or a household appliance at home. Crafts can be more complex and have additional features.
Electric appliances for heat treatment of meat products without the use of fuel are made for a small number of servings and can be used at home or in the country. To cook a shish kebab, with the help of an electric barbecue, there is no need to spend expensive hours of rest, standing on the street at the barbecue.
In specialized stores, you can choose any device, but the price decides a lot. If you have the skills to handle electricity, it will be much cheaper to make an electric barbecue with your own hands.
Designs are made in horizontal or vertical design. The power of the device usually does not exceed 1.5 kW. The meat is heated using a spiral with a tungsten or nichrome filament. All metal parts are made of stainless steel.
Typical devices are vertical heaters in the center and skewers with the product around. They are attached to the top. It is advisable to make skewers in the form of spirals, from which the meat does not slip down during cooking.
Type of vertical electric grill
For high-quality cooking of a shish kebab with your own hands, skewers should be placed as close as possible to the heater, but so that the product does not touch the spiral. When placed at a distance, the meat will not fry, but will dry.
Pieces of the product, no larger than 40 mm in size, are mounted on a skewer, which is placed vertically around the heater. Then the electricity is turned on and the coil is heated.
The basis of the heater is a heat-resistant ceramic tube, on which a spiral is wound. Mounting at the bottom is done using a special cartridge.
In the round base, special cups are attached to collect fat and a frame that serves to hold the skewers vertically.
Cups are made from stainless steel. From below, they have cruciform protrusions, which are inserted into the slots of the base. Inside they have mounted devices for attaching skewers. Fixing the cup on both sides allows them to hold the skewers vertically.
The connection must be strong and at the same time easy to disassemble for cleaning. You can make a common removable tray for all skewers.
The cross section of the supply wire is selected according to the power of the heater (2.5 or 4 mm 2). At home or in the country, there should be a 16 A socket for it.
timer for watering plants
Devices with timers are used for drip irrigation of a site from a container at a certain time. They can be connected to valves with any capacity.
Often branded devices do not provide the required reliability. Then the old wall clock comes to the rescue, which is in good condition, but is no longer used at home. Small magnets are attached to the ends of the minute and hour hands, and 3 reed switches on the dial.
Timer scheme for watering plants, in which a wall clock is applied
As soon as the hour hand reaches the number 7, and the minute hand reaches 12, which corresponds to the time of 7 hours, the reed switches SA1 and SA3 are triggered and the signal opens the solenoid valve. After 2 hours, the hands will move to 9 and 12, and the current through the contacts of the reed switches SA1 and SA2 will be supplied to close the valve.
The diagram shows a "rain sensor", which in wet weather closes the transistor VT1 and the valve remains permanently closed. Manual control of the solenoid valve is also provided through the buttons S1 and S2.
The clock can be set to any time the valve is turned on.
Car with remote control
Homemade radio-controlled models capture not only children, but also adults. They can be used to play at home or arrange real competitions in the yard. To assemble with your own hands, you will need a chassis with wheels, an electric motor and a body.
There is a large assortment on sale, but first of all, you need to decide which machine is best to make. The control panel can be wired or radio controlled.
When choosing parts, you should pay attention to their quality. There should be no notches, inclusions and other mechanical defects on the plastic. The wheels are sold with the chassis and should turn easily. Grip with the surface is better provided by rubber. Plastic wheels in this regard are much worse.
It is better for a beginner to take an electric motor, which is cheaper and easier to maintain than an internal combustion engine. You can choose any case or make according to your sketch.
The motor, battery and radio unit with antenna are mounted on the chassis of a mini-car. If a kit with accessories is purchased, assembly instructions are included with it.
After installing the parts, the operation of the motor is regulated. The body on the chassis is installed after everything works.
You can assemble mini-copies at home as follows:
- the car is assembled carefully and by common efforts;
- materials of parts of the model may differ from the original;
- small and insignificant details can be omitted.
The model can be made without looping on a certain brand of car. Much depends on finances and the availability of free time. Assembling a mini-car at home with a child is of great educational value.
Work on assembling the car model is carried out according to plan. Some parts need to be bought, but old toys can be used.
The motor must match the weight of the device in terms of power. Fresh batteries or accumulators are used for power.
If you use a special autoconstructor, crafts can be very diverse. Assembly sequence:
- the frame is assembled first;
- the motor is mounted and adjusted;
- a power supply is installed;
- an antenna with a radio unit is fixed;
- wheels are installed and adjusted.
Types of radio-controlled car models
Many homemade tricks are revealed in this video.
Electronic homemade products can make life more comfortable and save a lot of money. In addition, you can find a use for old electrical appliances so that they do not gather dust in the pantry without a purpose. Useful do-it-yourself crafts often turn out to be better than factory-made products.
According to the results of many experiments, it can be seen that hand-made production of unique and non-standard souvenirs is a very exciting and interesting work. It promotes the development of flexible thinking, creative taste and aesthetic imagination.
Participation in such a cognitive process is within the power of even small children, because making crafts from improvised means with their own hands takes even not assiduous and not very obedient children for a long time.
For the manufacture of any materials of natural and artificial origin. After all, improvised raw materials are always available and do not require any waste.
And the masterpieces that are made from materials that are no longer needed or not suitable are fully competitive with store counterparts, since they have no analogues. Such products will organically fit into any interior, which will add to it exquisite originality.
What crafts can be made from improvised means
- various photo frames;
- coasters for hot cups;
- many different toys;
- decorations for every taste and color;
- key holders;
- original quilling souvenirs;
- different candlesticks;
- skillful crafts for flower beds and garden plot;
- designer suits and dresses for matinees;
- playground design for children;
- graceful decorative flowers;
- interesting decorations;
- and many other various design masterpieces.
To make it easier to make souvenirs with your own hands, photos of crafts from improvised means that can be found on the worldwide web will help with this. No need to copy, you just need to understand the technique of work and do something of your own.
By the same principle that postcards are made, it is possible to make a bright panel from paper and cardboard. But in this case, in order for the souvenir to look complete, you also need to think about a frame that can be made from various materials.
Instructions for crafts from improvised means
Let's take a closer look at the example of crafts from plastic bags - a kite, which the kids like so much. For manufacturing, you need to prepare:
- 2 bags with polyethylene;
- 2 skewers;
- scotch;
- black marker;
- scissors;
- fishing line, which can be seen with strong threads.
The process of creating a masterpiece:
Straighten the bag and put skewers on it, as if in a cross, but the longitudinal should be a third higher, from the middle. Now, with the help of a marker, you need to draw lines that connect the ends of the skewers.
Then, it is advisable to cut out the figure that turned out. Tape the skewers to the bag with adhesive tape.
From the second plastic bag, you need to cut a piece, 4-5 cm wide, of any length - for the snake's tail. It is possible to make a tail from several short pieces of packages, having previously combined them with tape. After that, you should tie the tail to the lower half of the flying kite.
At the end, you need to make a hole in the place where the skewers cross, and securely tie the fishing line there. Ready!
Step by step crafts for beginners
To make crafts - a goose from kinder eggs, you will need:
- yellow testicles from kinders;
- buttons: 1 for the nose, 1 for the tail and 2 for the eyes;
- ribbon;
- awl;
- elastic thread;
- glue.
The process of creating a masterpiece:
With a preheated awl, all the eggs are pierced, one opposite hole.
Then an elastic band is threaded from the tail to the head. Next, you need to put on a button-nose and thread the elastic in the opposite direction, through another hole.
Since both ends of the thread appear in the tail, it is advisable to secure them using a button. Now you need to glue the eyes and strengthen the button on the tail of the caterpillars. In this way, it is possible to manufacture a whole family of similar caterpillars.
Master classes on crafts from improvised means
For a cardboard Christmas tree, you need to prepare:
- cardboard;
- glue;
- scotch;
- paints, felt-tip pens, pencils;
- scissors;
- glitter, stickers, or something else - for decorations.
The process of creating a masterpiece:
Cardboard must be folded in half and cut where it folds. The halves that came out are folded in half again.
On one particle, on the opposite side of the fold, half of the Christmas tree is drawn.
The sheets are folded together and cut along the drawn line; so two identical Christmas trees are obtained. Then you need to secretly mark the middle of both Christmas trees.
On one Christmas tree, an incision is made from the top to the middle along the midline, and on the second, from the bottom to the middle. Now, it is advisable to insert the Christmas trees into the cuts, and you get one lush Christmas tree.
For greater stability of the Christmas tree, adhesive tape is used - both halves are glued together with it.
To decorate the Christmas tree, pencils, felt-tip pens, sparkles, paints, etc. are used. At this stage, everything that only the imagination suggests is done.
Conclusion
Every parent who loves his child sooner or later thinks that it is useful for a child to do at least something with his own little hands.
Indeed, in the life of children, more and more space is occupied by gadgets, and real exciting activities have a much higher value. That is why making crafts from improvised means will be an ideal activity for kids and adults.
Photo crafts from improvised means
Since you have decided to become a self-taught electrician, then for sure after a short period of time you will want to make some useful electrical appliance for your home, car or cottage with your own hands. At the same time, homemade products can be useful not only in everyday life, but also made for sale, for example,. In fact, the process of assembling simple devices at home is not difficult. You just need to be able to read diagrams and use a tool for radio amateurs.
As for the first point, before you start making electronic homemade products with your own hands, you need to learn how to read wiring diagrams. In this case, ours will be a good helper.
Of the tools for beginner electricians, you will need a soldering iron, a set of screwdrivers, pliers and a multimeter. To assemble some popular electrical appliances, you may even need a welding machine, but this is a rare case. By the way, in this section of the site we even talked about the same welding machine.
Special attention should be paid to improvised materials, from which every novice electrician will be able to make elementary electronic homemade products with his own hands. Most often, in the manufacture of simple and useful electrical appliances, old domestic parts are used: transformers, amplifiers, wires, etc. In most cases, it is enough for beginner radio amateurs and electricians to look for all the necessary tools in a garage or a barn in the country.
When everything is ready - the tools are assembled, spare parts are found and minimal knowledge is obtained, you can proceed to the assembly of amateur electronic homemade products at home. This is where our little guide will help you. Each instruction provided includes not only a detailed description of each of the stages of creating electrical appliances, but is also accompanied by photo examples, diagrams, as well as video tutorials that clearly show the entire manufacturing process. If you do not understand some point, you can clarify it under the entry in the comments. Our experts will try to advise you in a timely manner!
Nothing brings joy to the house like a thing created by oneself. Indeed, various homemade products for the home not only fill life with bright colors, but also give the interior a uniqueness and some kind of zest. And it is certainly impossible to forget about such a thing (even if it is a small trinket). And it’s not so important that these are homemade wood products for the home, paper or plasticine. There are millions of options and methods for making various gizmos, and today we will consider a few of them. So, how to make interesting homemade crafts for the home?
Shelf of tin cans
It would seem that such a trifle - a jar of coffee. However, even from it you can make a beautiful, convenient and useful shelf for storing household items. Often, various souvenirs and memorable photographs are stored in such containers. There is little practical use for this homemade product, but such jars look very harmonious.
Details on how to make this craft
1. First, holes are punched in jars with a drill or with a special ripper (in the upper and lower - 3 each, and in the walls of all the others - 2 points each).
2. Next, the jars are fastened together. Small nuts and screws are used as fasteners. By the way, to get the desired (beautiful) result, you will need to have at least 5-6 of these jars.
3. After that, a hole for the screws is punched in the containers. In the bottom of the jars located in the upper part of the structure, 1-2 holes are made to attach the shelf to the wall. The finished homemade is screwed with a screwdriver or screwdriver. For this, dowels are driven into the wall first.
Everything, now homemade products for the home are being put into action. Be sure - various trifles in such jars will definitely not get lost. Thus, you kill two birds with one stone - decorate the interior and get rid of the mess in the house.
DIY for home - how to make a clock on a CD / DVD?
A clock on a CD is also a very interesting and original option for interior decoration.
As you can see, the design of this device is very original, and therefore it will look organically against the background of any interior (perhaps it will become its highlight). Such "smart" homemade products for the home are made in a matter of minutes. We will tell you more about all the stages below.
So, how to make a homemade clock with your own hands? To begin with, you will need to prepare the appropriate materials - a CD / DVD CD (you choose the design of its front part at your discretion) and a cover-case for it (the distance between the walls should be at least 0.05 centimeters). It is very important that the last part does not have any chips or scratches. To facilitate the work, you can purchase a ready-made watch and then simply replace the standard dial.
It must be arrow, otherwise it will not work to make a homemade product. You should also make numbers. There should be twelve of them in total. It can be cardboard, paper or plastic circles. Their thickness should not exceed two millimeters. Rhinestones can be used as decorations. You also need to prepare about 30-40 centimeters of wire, a piece of leather or fabric and Moment-type superglue. The basis of this whole structure will be a CD-ROM. We will remake it in the first place.
First you need to mark the disk into twelve equal parts and stick numbers on the marked points. In this case, the sectors should not go beyond the outer diameter of the device. How are homemade products made for the home? After the sectors, we proceed to the clock itself - remove the arrows and place them exactly in the center of our disk. By the way, before fixing them, you can stick some interesting photo on the disk, which will make the design of the watch even more original.
To increase the size of the arrows, use thin metal strips. To achieve the desired result, it is enough to apply glue to them and carefully position the part evenly over the entire surface of the leading elements. The very same mechanism of the arrows is attached to the reverse side of the disk.
What to do next?
So, the base of the clock is almost ready. The next step is to make holes in the device along the contour of the arrow mechanism. The box of this disc is installed in a case. The mechanism itself is brought out through the hole and tightly closed. Now, with the help of a wire, an emphasis is made, which is glued to the back cover. To make it more durable, glue a piece of fabric or leather on top of it. This will make the emphasis not only strong, but also beautiful, since the excess part of the wire no longer gapes on the clock as before. Everything, a homemade watch from a CD is successfully made. It remains only to insert an AA battery and set the time. By the way, you can also make a battery with your own hands.
How to make a source of energy from a lemon?
As we know, this fruit contains a lot of acid, respectively, with the right actions, a lemon can be turned into a real mini-battery.
Of course, the charge from such a “battery” is not enough for the operation of household appliances, however, this current is quite enough for the functioning or charging of a mobile phone.
We make homemade products for the home - preparing tools to turn a lemon into a source of constant energy
During the work, you will need tools such as a knife, a soldering iron, a drill, an iron pin, as well as several pieces of copper wire in insulation. Among other items, it should be noted the need for one glass or glass, a pair of wooden sticks and the same number of pushpins. And, of course, the lemon will be our main source of energy. You can also use an orange, but there is much less acid in it, so the charge from it will be minimal.
Instruction
First, cut the lemon in half. This is necessary so that he gives more acid, which is necessary for the lemon to be fixed in the glass so that it does not roll around the table. Further, copper and iron pins are inserted into its pulp around the entire perimeter at a distance of 0.5-1 centimeter. "Minus" we will have iron, and "plus" - copper.
Pieces of wire are attached to all pins with a soldering iron. They will act as a connector for the power supply. All elements are connected in series.
At the final stage, sticks are inserted into the battery compartment. Polarity is important here. Contacts are pressed against the contact group. The container remains open throughout the entire process of charging the device.
So, we figured out how to make useful homemade crafts for the home with our own hands. Good luck in your endeavors!
Crafts made from old items and things that can be given a second life can make your home much more comfortable. Some do-it-yourself homemade crafts for the household can significantly save the home budget, make work easier, or make the surrounding interior more interesting. And even if difficulties arise in the process, overcoming them will be worth it.
DIY for the home workshop
In almost any home there is always some set of tools necessary for the household. But sometimes situations arise when working in your own workshop or garage requires some kind of device that is either impossible to purchase in a store or is very expensive. In this case, the way out can be found by making it yourself.
Blacksmith's forge from a cylinder
This device for heating metal will become an indispensable assistant in the home workshop. The forge can be safely used to make original items using artistic forging. These will be truly unique forged items.
For the bugle, it is best to use an empty gas cylinder with a capacity of 25 liters. Its ends are cut off by a grinder, and the hearth door and its back will be made from the cut parts. The inside of the cylinder is covered with refractory ceramic wool, which is able to withstand temperatures of more than 1200 0 C. From above it is coated with chamotte clay (lined), which can withstand temperatures up to 1500 0 C. Fireclay slabs or refractory bricks are laid on the bottom of the hearth after lining.
A hole is drilled from above and a small drive is inserted, which allows inserting the nozzle of a gas-powered burner, which can create a temperature of more than 1000 0 C in the furnace - quite sufficient to heat the metal to a certain temperature suitable for forging.
Collapsible garage crane beam
In the manufacture of such a lift, the cash costs will be much less than buying a factory model. For its manufacture, you will have to spend money only on materials, half of which, perhaps, can be found in the garage.
Materials needed to assemble the lift:
- Two racks - a profile pipe 100x100x2350.
- The transverse bar is a steel pipe of arbitrary length with a diameter of 100 mm.
- Four supports for the rod - profile pipe 100x100x600.
- The basis and braces - a corner with regiments on 100 mm.
- Two metal rollers for the cable.
- Four wheels for movement.
For the lifting mechanism, it is best to use a hand winch with a worm gear with a maximum load of up to 500 kg, which is attached to one of the racks of the crane beam.
The design does not take up much space in the workshop, moves easily on hard surfaces and is quite convenient for removing the engine from the car.
Mobile tool rack
The main highlight of this rack is its small size., but at the same time it can accommodate a large number of tools, and if necessary, quickly move it to any place or adjacent room. It is very convenient to use such a rack in your workshop or when conducting construction and repair work in large rooms, especially when you need to frequently move tools.
The rack can be assembled on the basis of a collapsible plastic rack mounted on a self-made platform with wheels (trolley). The platform is made exactly to the dimensions of the rack from a metal corner with shelves 45x45 mm or a sheet of plywood with a thickness of at least 10 mm. For movement, furniture metal wheels are used.
Additionally, it is possible to make and fix fasteners for building levels, extension cords and other tools that can be stored in a hanging position to the rack.
Help for the hostess
There is not always a financial opportunity to buy, for example, something from new furniture in a furniture store or place an order for its manufacture. But you can always get out of this situation by making the right thing with your own hands, while making it attractive and unique, using improvised means for this.
Cork kitchen apron
A kitchen apron is a wall surface located between the countertop and wall cabinets. Usually this part of the wall is tiled. But many other materials can be used to cover it, for example, wine corks can be glued to the wall.
Such an exclusive decor looks quite great.
Before sticking, each cork is cut lengthwise into two halves with a sharp clerical knife. It is desirable to paint the wall black, which will emphasize the seams between the plugs.
Corks are glued to the wall using liquid nails in a checkerboard pattern or with a certain pattern, since it is unlikely that they will be laid out perfectly evenly, and curved rows will visually look disgusting.
The corks themselves are not afraid of moisture, but they quickly get dirty and are poorly washed, so it is best to close them with a tempered glass screen. True, you will have to spend a little money on it and order glass in a special workshop, where they will cut it to a given size and make holes for sockets and fasteners.
Glass is fixed to the wall with anchor dowels, which can be purchased at almost any hardware store.
Although an apron decorated with wine corks can be expensive, the result will be worth it.
The surface of the countertop, as well as the wall, can be decorated with corks and covered with tempered glass.
Hinged folding table
A folding table fixed to the wall allows you to save some space in the apartment. In the folded state, it can protrude from the wall at a distance of no more than 10 cm and does not interfere with anyone at all, but when unfolded, it can replace a full-fledged table.
There are many options where you can use a folding table fixed to the wall. Here are just a few of the most basic ones:
Shower for giving
There is probably nothing better than refreshing yourself under running water on a hot summer day, especially if he was working in the garden. Naturally, only a shower will solve this problem and relieve the fatigue that has accumulated during the day.
The shower can be installed independently without outside help, the main thing is to choose a place for it and decide on the type of shower cabin.
Three types of cabins stand out among summer showers, which you can freely build on your own:
Installation of a simple shower is done in this way:
- A shower cabin frame is made, which can be assembled from metal, wooden beams or other materials at hand.
- A metal or plastic water tank is installed on the roof of the assembled frame, which can be from 50 to 200 liters in volume.
- It is advisable to paint a metal container black for better heating of the water. Additionally, several electric heating elements can be installed in the container, then you can take a shower even in cloudy weather.
The booth can be sheathed with boards, plywood, slate, or simply covered with a tarpaulin or cellophane film with folding canopies.
To build on your own
The topic of construction or repair, probably, worries everyone. And, of course, everyone who deals with it wants to finish it as soon as possible with minimal financial costs. Therefore, if you want to save money, you can make some materials for construction on your own. For example, it can be wall SIP panels or such a useful tool as a vibrating plate, the need for which often arises for many owners of a personal plot.
Homemade SIP panels
For their manufacture, you need to prepare a flat, hard platform. After laying a sheet of OSB 10-12 mm thick on it with a rubber spatula with teeth, apply glue to it.
Then lay sheets of foam grade 25-30 on the glue. After that, an adhesive mass is applied on top of the laid foam, as well as on the bottom OSB plate, and the second sheet of OSB is laid on top.
If several stacked boards are being made at the same time, work should be done quickly until the adhesive has set. Usually in this way you can prepare no more than 4-5 panels at a time.
After harvesting, the formed slabs need to be pressurized with a press. Since at home, of course, there is no hydraulic press, it can be replaced with a thick plywood sheet laid on prepared SIP plates over the entire plane and loaded for 2-3 hours, for example, with several bags of cement, sand or other cargo. You can even use a car by driving onto a plywood sheet along a pre-made flyover.
After the glue has completely dried, the home-made panels are ready, they can be folded into a separate pile and proceed to the preparation of new panels. The manufactured panels should lie unloaded for another day, after which they can be used for their intended purpose.
Vibrating plate manufacturing
To make a homemade vibrating plate, you will need to prepare:
- An electric motor with an eccentric brand IV-98E, which is the main part of the vibrating plate.
- Steel sheet, at least 8 mm thick, 450x800 mm in size. It can be ordered at any metal base.
- Two pieces of channel no more than 400 mm long.
- An inch pipe for the handle and two rubber bushings for attaching it.
- Of the tools you will need a welding machine, a grinder and a set of wrenches.
From the narrow sides of the plate, stepping back from the edges by 80-100 mm, make an incision with a grinder to a depth of about 5 mm. After that, bend the edges towards the notch at an angle of approximately 25 0 and weld them by welding. Bends are needed so that the vibrating plate does not sink into the material compacted by it and moves freely along its surface.
Then, across the plate at a certain distance, calculated for mounting the electric motor, two channels are welded with the shelves down. Through pre-drilled holes in the channel, with the help of M10 bolts, an electric vibrator is attached to them.
The tube handle is attached to the vibrator via soft rubber grommets, which can be purchased at an auto parts store or hardware store in the hardware department.
Thus, you can make a lot of useful things in the household with your own hands, spending on this only a part of the money that you would have to pay when buying a finished product. You just need to make some effort and have certain skills.
