Antipyretics for children are prescribed by a pediatrician. But there are emergency situations with fever when the child needs to be given medicine immediately. Then the parents take responsibility and use antipyretic drugs.

What is allowed to be given to infants? How can you lower the temperature in older children? What medications are the safest?
Coniferous tree up to 35 m in height with a straight trunk and rounded crown; The bark of old trees is brown, with cracks, and yellowish higher up on the branches. The needles are arranged in pairs, smooth, hard, sharp, convex on the outside, flat on the inside, bluish-green. Male spikelets are crowded in the axils of scale-like leaves, female spikelets are single or collected in groups of 2-3. The cones are elongated ovate with gray winged seeds that ripen in the third year. Blooms in May. Location.
Found in all areas. Habitat.
Forms vast tracts of forests on poor sandy and sandy loam soils. Part used.
Needles, young shoots. Collection time.
Shoots are collected in May - June, needles - all year round. Chemical composition.

Needles and young shoots contain resin, essential oil, turpentine, starch, tannins, bitter substance pinicicrin, mineral salts, ascorbic acid, trace elements - manganese, iron; anthocyanins were found in the needles and bark. The composition of pine needle essential oil includes alpha-pinene, limonene, borneol, bornyl acetate, and cadinene. The seeds contain 26-32% fatty oil.

Methods of using pine

> >Scots pine root system

Scots pine root system

Cones at Scots pine They sit, as a rule, singly (this is typical of trees with a predominance of male “inflorescences”) or in whorls of three or four (mainly on trees with a predominance of female “inflorescences”). Only on "women's" pine trees ordinary sometimes form clusters of ten to fifteen cones.

Best time to collect seeds Scots pine- this is October, at this time the seeds are fully ripe, and their flight has not yet begun, and there is still no snow cover and therefore does not make it difficult to collect pine cones. At such a time, seed germination Scots pine, as a rule, exceeds ninety and even ninety-five percent. With proper storage of pine seeds, their germination capacity remains for four to five years, although it decreases over the years.

Scots pine famous as one of the most light-loving breeds trees. The photophilia of Scots pine, like other tree species, changes with age. Trees are most shade-tolerant in the first years of their life. However, it is precisely at such a time that shade tolerance pine trees ordinary is noticeably affected by the characteristics of the soil, since with a better supply of water and nutrients, the main part of the light falling on the needles is absorbed. In Scots pine this characteristic feature is especially clearly expressed. With equal illumination, juvenile growth pine trees under the forest canopy, the more arid and poor the soil is expressed, the more oppressed it is.

Due to the great plasticity of the root system, pine trees can grow on soils of completely different fertility. Tree root system pine trees more thermophilic than other conifers. According to observations made in Transbaikalia, pine roots begin to grow only at a temperature of plus four or plus five degrees Celsius, and the roots of Siberian spruce begin to grow at a temperature of zero degrees, and the root system of Gmelin larch - even at a temperature slightly below zero.

The thermophilic nature of the root system of pine trees is associated with its rare occurrence in moss swamps, since permafrost disappears very slowly under a layer of moss. The root system of Scots pine is quite sensitive to the degree of standing soil water. With an increase and decrease in this level by more than twenty centimeters, 100-year-old pine trees begin to dry out. Young pines are more resilient. For this reason, when forests are flooded due to hydroelectric reservoirs, it is the pine forests that dry out first.

Pinus sylvestris

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Species of the genus Pine from the Pine family. It grows naturally in Europe and Asia.

It is a medium-sized tree up to 25-40 m in height. The tallest pines grow on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, their height reaches 45-50 m. The annual growth is 12 cm. At a young age it has a cone-shaped crown, at a more mature age it is round, wide, with branches growing horizontally in whorls. Escapes single-headed, green at first, turning gray-light brown by the end of the first summer. Branches are arranged in 4-5 pieces and fan out, located at the same level around the trunk. Such whorls rise to the very top.

It has a plastic root system, which depends on the structure and nature of the soil in which the tree grows. There are 4 types of root system of Scots pine: a powerful root system with a tap root and several lateral roots (typical for fresh and well-drained soil); powerful root system with a weakly expressed taproot and highly developed lateral roots that grow parallel to the soil surface (dry soil with deep groundwater); weakly expressed root system of numerous branched short branches (waterlogged soils - swampy and semi-marsh areas); a dense, shallow root system, which is a kind of “brush” (dense soil with deep groundwater).

In dense plantings the trunk is erect, slender, even and highly cleared of branches. In sparse or single plantings the tree grows less tall and the trunk more knotty. The bark in the lower part is thick, red-brown or gray, furrowed, in the middle and upper part and on large branches it is yellowish-red, almost smooth, thin with peeling plates.

Needles dark green in color, located 2 in a bunch, the length of the needles is 4-7 cm. The needles are convex on top, hard, flat, and pointed below. The needles remain on the tree for 2 years. The needles fall off along with the shortened shoots, which are arranged in a spiral on the main and side shoots. The structure of shortened shoots is complex - a short stem up to 2 mm, 2 needles, between which there is a dormant bud. It also has two types of scales that tightly cover the shoot. These scales represent failed reduced leaves. They are noticeable only in early spring, later they dry out and fall off.

Kidneys reddish-brown in color, elongated-ovoid in shape, pointed, 6-12 mm in length, resinous, located whorled around the terminal bud at the ends of the shoots. Sometimes they form on the side of shoots, but then they do not form branches.

The plant is monoecious. Male cones are collected in spike-shaped inflorescences, which consist of separately sitting cones, 8-12 cm in length, yellow or pink. Female cones are 3-6 cm long, cone-shaped, symmetrical, arranged singly or in groups of 2-3, light green or light brown when ripe, matte. They ripen in October-November, 20 months after pollination. The seeds are black, 4-5 mm in length, the wing is membranous, 12-20 mm in length.

Frost resistance zone 4. Drought resistant.

Shapes:"Watereri", "Alba", "Aurea", "Globosa Viridis", "Compressa", "Tastigiata", Lapland (f. lapponica); Riga (f. rigensis); Siberian (f. sibirica); cretaceous (f. cretacea); Kulundinskaya (f. kulundensis); Scottish (f. scotica); columnar compact (f. columnaris compacta), pyramidal blue (f. ruramidalis glauca); weeping (f. pendula); twisted (f. tortuosa), Geneva (f. genevensis), small (f. pumila), dwarf (f. pygmaea), umbrella (f. umbraculifera), variegated (f. variegata), snow (f. nivea), silver (f. Argentea).

Location: light-loving, undemanding to soil fertility, does not like compaction. Does not tolerate air pollution and soil salinity. Does not suffer from heat and drought, and is wind-resistant. Grows well in breathable sandy soils. Low requirements for moisture.

Landing: Planting is recommended between November and February. The depth of the planting hole is 0.8-1 m. The distance between plants is 3-4 m. On heavy soils with excess moisture, it is recommended to make drainage 20 cm thick. Soil mixture: sand, peat and topsoil in a ratio of 2: 1: 1 - for planting in soil with a neutral reaction. For acidic soils, add 200-300 g of lime to the pit. Superphosphate 150g/hole is added to the planting mixture, and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are added in the fall.

Care: In the second year after planting, it is necessary to apply complex fertilizer, and in the 2nd half of summer - phosphorus-potassium fertilizers 40-50 g per 10 liters of water.

Trimming: sanitary pruning. When formative pruning, it is recommended to remove no more than 1/3 of the green mass. To increase the density of the crown, a third of the current year's growth is removed, while maintaining the shape of the crown. You cannot leave bare branches without needles. Formative pruning should not be carried out earlier than a year after planting. It is recommended to prune from early spring to late autumn.

Diseases: rust, pine spinner, rust cancer (seryanka tar cancer), scleroderriosis (umbrella disease), Schutte, bark necrosis.

Pests: pine aphid, hermes, pine scale insects, pine scale bug, spider mite, red pine sawfly, pine silkworm, pine shoot moth, pine moth, pine cutworm, pine leaf miner, pine pine moth, pine pine moth, large and small pine d, pine longhorned beetle, pine borer, pine elephant, pinpoint tar.

Reproduction: propagates by seeds, which are sown in the ground in early spring, but can also be done in autumn. Seeds must be pre-stratified for a month. Seedlings are grown on sandy loam and light clay soils. Rarely on sandy ones.

Usage: Used in forest plantations, parks, for landscaping countryside medical institutions, in groups, mixed groups and alone. Wood is used in construction and for making a variety of crafts. The resin is used to make turpentine, rosin, tar and wood vinegar. Buds, needles, young shoots, cones are widely used in medicine. Widely used as bonsai material.

They occupy only 0.57% of the total forested area of ​​the Far East. Wood reserves in forests account for an even smaller share of the total reserves of Far Eastern forests - 0.55%.

The main forest areas (about 75%) are concentrated in the Amur region. The Khabarovsk Territory accounts for less than 25%. The pine forests of Primorye, where, by the way, only funerary pine grows in natural conditions, make up only 0.12%. In the Magadan and Kamchatka regions, the tree does not occur in natural conditions. As for the Sakhalin region, 400 hectares are occupied by pine crops. In recent years, artificial cultivation has also begun in Kamchatka.

Grape

In gardens and personal plots, you can choose a warmer place for planting grapes, for example, on the sunny side of the house, garden pavilion, or veranda. It is recommended to plant grapes along the border of the site. The vines formed in one line will not take up much space and at the same time will be well lit from all sides. Near buildings, grapes must be placed so that they are not exposed to water flowing from the roofs. On level areas it is necessary to make ridges with good drainage due to drainage furrows. Some gardeners, following the experience of their colleagues from the western regions of the country, dig deep planting holes and fill them with organic fertilizers and fertilized soil. The holes, dug in waterproof clay, are a kind of closed vessel that fills with water during the monsoon rains. In fertile soil, the root system of grapes develops well at first, but as soon as waterlogging begins, it suffocates. Deep holes can play a positive role on soils where good natural drainage, permeable subsoil is provided, or reclamation artificial drainage is possible. Planting grapes

You can quickly restore an outdated grape bush using the layering method (“katavlak”). For this purpose, healthy vines of a neighboring bush are placed in grooves dug to the place where the dead bush used to grow, and covered with earth. The top is brought to the surface, from which a new bush then grows. Lignified vines are laid on layering in the spring, and green ones - in July. They are not separated from the mother bush for two to three years. A frozen or very old bush can be restored by short pruning to healthy above-ground parts or by pruning to the “black head” of an underground trunk. In the latter case, the underground trunk is freed from the ground and completely cut down. Not far from the surface, new shoots grow from dormant buds, due to which a new bush is formed. Neglected and severely frost-damaged grape bushes are restored due to stronger fatty shoots formed in the lower part of the old wood and the removal of weakened sleeves. But before removing the sleeve, a replacement is formed. Grape care

A gardener starting to grow grapes needs to thoroughly study the structure of the grapevine and the biology of this interesting plant. Grapes are vine (climbing) plants and require support. But it can spread along the ground and take root, as is observed with Amur grapes in a wild state. The roots and aboveground part of the stem grow quickly, branch strongly and reach large sizes. Under natural conditions, without human intervention, a branched bush of grapes grows with many vines of different orders, which begins to bear fruit late and produces crops irregularly. In cultivation, grapes are shaped and the bushes are given a shape that is easy to care for, ensuring a high yield of high-quality bunches. Grapevine Planting Schisandra

Schisandra chinensis, or schisandra, has several names - lemon tree, red grapes, gomisha (Japanese), cochinta, kozyanta (Nanai), kolchita (Ulch), usimtya (Udege), uchampu (Oroch). In terms of structure, systemic relationship, center of origin and distribution, Schisandra chinensis has nothing in common with the real citrus plant lemon, but all its organs (roots, shoots, leaves, flowers, berries) exude the aroma of lemon, hence the name Schisandra. The schisandra vine that clings or wraps around a support, along with Amur grapes and three types of actinidia, is an original plant of the Far Eastern taiga. Its fruits, like real lemons, are too sour for fresh consumption, but they have medicinal properties.

They occupy only 0.57% of the total forested area of ​​the Far East. Wood reserves in forests account for an even smaller share of the total reserves of Far Eastern forests - 0.55%.

The main forest areas (about 75%) are concentrated in the Amur region. The Khabarovsk Territory accounts for less than 25%. The pine forests of Primorye, where, by the way, only funerary pine grows in natural conditions, make up only 0.12%. In the Magadan and Kamchatka regions, the tree does not occur in natural conditions. As for the Sakhalin region, 400 hectares are occupied by pine crops. In recent years, artificial cultivation has also begun in Kamchatka.

Grape

In gardens and personal plots, you can choose a warmer place for planting grapes, for example, on the sunny side of the house, garden pavilion, or veranda. It is recommended to plant grapes along the border of the site. The vines formed in one line will not take up much space and at the same time will be well lit from all sides. Near buildings, grapes must be placed so that they are not exposed to water flowing from the roofs. On level areas it is necessary to make ridges with good drainage due to drainage furrows. Some gardeners, following the experience of their colleagues from the western regions of the country, dig deep planting holes and fill them with organic fertilizers and fertilized soil. The holes, dug in waterproof clay, are a kind of closed vessel that fills with water during the monsoon rains. In fertile soil, the root system of grapes develops well at first, but as soon as waterlogging begins, it suffocates. Deep holes can play a positive role on soils where good natural drainage, permeable subsoil is provided, or reclamation artificial drainage is possible. Planting grapes

You can quickly restore an outdated grape bush using the layering method (“katavlak”). For this purpose, healthy vines of a neighboring bush are placed in grooves dug to the place where the dead bush used to grow, and covered with earth. The top is brought to the surface, from which a new bush then grows. Lignified vines are laid on layering in the spring, and green ones - in July. They are not separated from the mother bush for two to three years. A frozen or very old bush can be restored by short pruning to healthy above-ground parts or by pruning to the “black head” of an underground trunk. In the latter case, the underground trunk is freed from the ground and completely cut down. Not far from the surface, new shoots grow from dormant buds, due to which a new bush is formed. Neglected and severely frost-damaged grape bushes are restored due to stronger fatty shoots formed in the lower part of the old wood and the removal of weakened sleeves. But before removing the sleeve, a replacement is formed. Grape care

A gardener starting to grow grapes needs to thoroughly study the structure of the grapevine and the biology of this interesting plant. Grapes are vine (climbing) plants and require support. But it can spread along the ground and take root, as is observed with Amur grapes in a wild state. The roots and aboveground part of the stem grow quickly, branch strongly and reach large sizes. Under natural conditions, without human intervention, a branched bush of grapes grows with many vines of different orders, which begins to bear fruit late and produces crops irregularly. In cultivation, grapes are shaped and the bushes are given a shape that is easy to care for, ensuring a high yield of high-quality bunches. Grapevine Planting Schisandra

Schisandra chinensis, or schisandra, has several names - lemon tree, red grapes, gomisha (Japanese), cochinta, kozyanta (Nanai), kolchita (Ulch), usimtya (Udege), uchampu (Oroch). In terms of structure, systemic relationship, center of origin and distribution, Schisandra chinensis has nothing in common with the real citrus plant lemon, but all its organs (roots, shoots, leaves, flowers, berries) exude the aroma of lemon, hence the name Schisandra. The schisandra vine that clings or wraps around a support, along with Amur grapes and three types of actinidia, is an original plant of the Far Eastern taiga. Its fruits, like real lemons, are too sour to be consumed fresh, but they have medicinal properties and a pleasant aroma, and this has attracted a lot of attention to it. The taste of Schisandra chinensis berries improves somewhat after frost. Local hunters who consume such fruits claim that they relieve fatigue, invigorate the body and improve vision. The consolidated Chinese pharmacopoeia, compiled back in 1596, states: “the fruit of Chinese lemongrass has five tastes, classified as the first category of medicinal substances. The pulp of lemongrass is sour and sweet, the seeds are bitter and astringent, and in general the taste of the fruit is salty. Thus, All five tastes are present in it." Grow lemongrass

Pine (Pinus sylvestris) is an extremely attractive and familiar evergreen coniferous tree. It is the species that occupies the largest area among pine trees and accumulates the largest amount of biomass. Scots pine is distributed in Eurasia from Scotland to the Pacific coast, from Northern Norway (70° 29" N) to Portugal, Spain (37° N), as well as in Italy, the Balkans and Asia Minor. Throughout this vast region, Scots pine occupies a variety of habitats on the endless plains of Russia and in the high mountains (Pyrenees, Alps, Balkans, Caucasus). Having such a wide range and growing in such different conditions, pine has many morphological forms and ecological types. In parts of its range, from 5 to 20 morphological forms and up to 10 ecotypes of pine are distinguished, with which these forms are often associated. Sometimes they are considered by some botanists as separate species.

Scots pine forms forests of the most varied composition, where different types of trees, shrubs and grasses grow together with it, pleasing to the eye in any plant community. White-moss burs are especially good. But pine is no less attractive in the form of a solitary tree with a powerful, often curved trunk and low-hanging crown. Such pines seem to emanate a heroic spirit.

Pine reaches a height of 35-40 m, sometimes up to 50-55 m (with a thickness of up to 1.5 m). In favorable conditions, it grows for more than 500 years. In the European part of Russia, pine trees aged 600-650 years are not uncommon (Nizhny Novgorod forests, Central Forest Reserve). In Siberia, with a sharply continental climate, the age of pine trees is much more modest, since harsh temperature conditions limit the mass distribution of pine, from which it is also replaced by dark coniferous species.

The pine trunk is straight, highly cleared of branches, with reddish, sometimes even somewhat orange bark, usually with a small but graceful crown. Young pine trees have a pyramidal crown, while old ones have a wide, loose crown; young shoots are bare and greenish.
Pine buds are resinous, elongated-ovoid, densely covered with brown scales.
Scots pine is characterized by two rather short leaves-needles in each bunch, which remain on the tree for 2-3 years. The cones are small (2.5-7 cm long and 2-3 cm wide), often single, sometimes 2-3, on downward-curved stalks. The cones ripen in the second year.
Pine is undemanding when it comes to soil moisture and the richness of its nutrients. In this it is superior to all tree species of the taiga zone.
Scots pine is one of the most light-loving tree species. The photophilia of pine, like other tree species, changes with age. Pine is most shade-tolerant in the first years of life. At the same time, it is at this time that its shade tolerance is noticeably influenced by the characteristics of the soil, since with a better supply of water and nutrients, most of the light falling on the needles is absorbed. In pine this feature is especially clearly expressed. With the same illumination, pine regrowth under the forest canopy turns out to be more depressed the poorer and drier the soil.

Pine blossom

This is hereditary in nature, but can vary depending on growing conditions and economic influence. Male "inflorescences" (strobili) are crowded at the base of the shoots. Female “inflorescences” look like cones located at the ends of the shoots. Pine blooms in late May - early June, when daytime temperatures reach 22 degrees.

Pollination is carried out by the wind. In favorable weather, pollen dispersal lasts 3-4 days. Rainy weather lengthens this process by one and a half to two times. Fertilization occurs only in the spring of the following year. Mature pine cones are yellowish-gray, matte, and crack when the seeds ripen.

A lot of pollen is produced in pine forests, so that the surface of the bare soil becomes covered with a yellow coating. Pine pollen has large air sacs, which makes it very light and allows it to be scattered over long distances. The abundance and good scattering of pine pollen mislead polylogists (specialists who study the composition of vegetation of past periods by the amount and species composition of fossil pollen), who significantly exaggerate the distribution of pine in the past.

Pine needles, shoots and seedlings do not suffer from frost, but its reproductive organs are quite sensitive to low temperatures, at least compared to birch and spruce. The quality of pine seeds depends on the temperature regime during its flowering period: for its successful flowering, a larger sum of positive temperatures is needed than for birch and spruce. Therefore, a prolonged cold spring reduces the yield and worsens the quality of seeds next year. The temperature regime during seed ripening has a similar effect.

Pine seeds

However, due to the hardness of the seed scales of the cones, the resinousness of the scales and the seeds themselves, their consumption by mammals and birds is the lowest of all conifers. This, together with the high quality of seeds, creates conditions for the rapid emergence of pine in cleared areas and burnt areas.

Pine seeds ripen in September of the year following pollination and remain in cones all winter. The massive emergence of seeds from cones occurs in March - April, when the daytime air temperature rises to +10 degrees. In central Russia, almost all the seeds fall out of the cones by the time the pine begins to bloom.

For the opening of the seed scales of cones, it is not the positive temperature itself that is important, but the decrease in relative air humidity with a rapid rise in temperature in spring. Therefore, in a continental climate, where daytime temperatures rise very quickly in spring, pine seeds usually begin to fall out of cones when there is snow cover. Therefore, pine seeds are partially distributed by the wind along the crust.

Seed production in free-standing pines begins at 10-15 years, in plantations - at 30-40 years and older, depending on the density of the crowns. In productive years, up to 500-1000 cones are formed on one hundred-year-old tree, with a large variation in their number in individual trees, depending on the predominant sex of the “flowers”. The cones sit singly (on trees with a predominance of male “inflorescences”) or in whorls of 3-4 (mainly on trees with a predominance of female “inflorescences”). Only on “female” trees sometimes clusters of 10-15 cones are formed.

The best time to collect seeds is October, when the seeds are fully ripe, their flight has not yet begun, and there is no snow cover and it does not complicate the collection of cones. At this time, seed germination usually exceeds 90 and even 95%. With proper storage of seeds, their germination capacity lasts 4-5 years, although it decreases over the years.

Pine root system

The pine root system is very sensitive to the level of soil water. When this level rises and falls by more than 20 cm, century-old pines begin to dry out. Younger people are more resilient. Therefore, when forests are flooded by hydroelectric reservoirs, pine forests are the first to dry out. For the same reason, digging ditches for underground communications, which lowers the level of soil water, is detrimental to pine.

Growing pine

The hole for planting pine usually has a diameter of 1 m and a depth of up to 60 cm. For large seedlings, it can be larger so that the root system of a large seedling can fit freely in it. The best soil for planting pine is a mixture of soil, peat, sand and humus, which can be fertilized with nitrophoska (200-300 g). Pine should be planted with great care, trying not to damage the earthen ball, since successful development pine seedling depends on the condition of its thin roots and mycorrhiza on them. Pine trees should not be replanted with an exposed root system, which dies in air within 15 minutes.

A young tree needs watering. When planting several pines, a distance of 4 m is left between tall seedlings, and about 1.5 m between low ones. It is recommended to monitor the condition of the bark, since pine trees are very popular with pests.

Pine pests and diseases

If the pine needles shorten and become lighter, white fluff appears, then it means that one of the varieties of aphids has settled there - pine hermes. To get rid of this pest, in May you need to treat the branches with a solution of Actellik or Rovicurt. Pine aphids (grayish in color) do not decorate the tree either. They get rid of it by spraying it with karbofos (30 g per 10 liters of water) in May. After 10 days, the treatment is repeated.

The falling of needles and branches can be caused by scale insects. It is very difficult to fight it, since the females are protected by a shield. You need to catch the moment when the larvae emerge (May-June), and at this time treat the plants with acarin (30 g per 10 liters of water).

Drying of the tops, decreased growth of branches, and fading of the needles can be caused by the pine subbark bug. It overwinters on coniferous litter, so in the fall and early spring the tree trunk circle should be sprinkled with dust (25 g per tree). In May, it is necessary to treat the hatched larvae with Actellik (15 g per 10 liters of water), spending a quarter of a liter on the tree.

If in May the needles become reddish-brown, dry out and fall off, the buds do not begin to grow, and in the summer the shoots begin to die off and become covered with grinding ulcers, then there are signs of cancer. Medicine - treatment throughout the season: at the end of April, at the end of May, at the beginning of July and in September. To prepare a working solution, you can use foundationazole or antio (20 g per 10 liters of water). It is advisable to spray the diseased tree during winter thaws (20 g of the drug Karatan per 10 liters of water).

Disease Schutte ordinary on pine it manifests itself as spotting of needles. Treat diseased plants
spraying in July - September with zineb, Bordeaux mixture or colloidal sulfur (200 g per 10 liters of water).

Application of pine

Pine wood

Pine wood is sound, resinous, quite dense, and low-elastic. The color of its wood can be brown, reddish, yellowish and almost white with slight streaks of red. In young and middle-aged trees it is straight-layered. With age it becomes thin-layered.
Depending on the characteristics of the growing conditions of the tree, the density and specific gravity of pine wood change. On dry, infertile soils, pine forms a fine-layered dense hardwood, especially valued in construction. The best material is obtained from those trees that grow on hills, dry hills, and sandstones; their annual layers are located close to each other, and the wood has a dense structure. The structure of pine wood growing in humid places is more loose.

When dry, pine is a light and pliable species for carpentry. It is planed along the fibers well, across it is difficult, but sawed across it is good, along it is bad.
Pine wood glues well. Furniture is made from it (for this purpose, natural wood with a beautiful, pronounced texture is selected), lining boards, frames of carpentry structures and structures for facing with planed veneer of valuable species. Pine is widely used for making doors, windows, and flooring.

Wood is well processed with dyes and varnishes after deresining. Pine is also used for mosaic and carving work.

Pine tapping

Pine resin

Turpentine

Turpentine dissolves well in lipids and penetrates deeply into the skin, irritating its receptors and causing reflex changes in the body - general excitation of the central nervous system (increased blood pressure, anxiety, shortness of breath). In large doses, turpentine can cause poisoning, accompanied by convulsions and death of the animal.

Turpentine and less toxic drugs obtained from pine - resin and terpene hydrate - are excreted through the kidneys, while providing some antiseptic effect on the urinary system. The antiseptic effect also manifests itself when terpene drugs are released through the mucous membranes of the respiratory organs. In addition, terpene hydrate significantly enhances bronchial secretion, thins mucus and promotes faster evacuation from the respiratory tract.

If earlier turpentine was often used as an external distraction for respiratory diseases, now, due to the introduction of more effective means into medical practice, it is rarely used. Turpentine is used as a local irritant for neuralgia, rheumatism, gout and for inhalation.

Rosin

Medicinal properties of pine

Pine preparations

Terpinhydrate

Turpentine baths

Indications for the use of turpentine baths: diseases of the cardiovascular system (hypertension, angina pectoris, thrombophlebitis, obliterating endarteritis, atherosclerosis of the vessels of the lower extremities, Raynaud's disease, vegetative-vascular dystonia, hypotension); diseases of the musculoskeletal system (arthritis, arthrosis, osteochondrosis, rheumatism); diseases of the urinary system (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis); diseases of the liver and gall bladder (hepatitis, cirrhosis, cholecystitis); respiratory diseases (bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pharyngitis, sinusitis); diseases of the reproductive system (adnexitis, prostatitis); neurology (polyneuropathy, neuritis, sciatica, lumbodynia); diabetes; obesity; prophylactic for colds.
Turpentine baths can be taken all year round at home. There are three types of turpentine baths: white, yellow and mixed.

Contraindications to the use of turpentine baths: open form of tuberculosis, arrhythmia, stage 2-3 heart failure, stage II-III hypertension, skin diseases during exacerbation, scabies, acute inflammatory process or exacerbation of chronic diseases, malignant neoplasms, pregnancy, individual intolerance to turpentine bath
Increased pain in the joints, sometimes with a slight increase in body temperature, is not a reason to cancel baths.

Pine needles

Needles are a source of vitamins and are used as an expectorant and disinfectant. Pour 1 tablespoon of pine needles into a glass of boiling water, it is better to do it in a thermos. Leave for 7-8 hours. Strain, and when it cools, keep in the refrigerator, but no more than two days. Take 0.3 cups 2-3 times a day, preferably between meals.

Pine tar

Pine buds

Infusions and decoctions are made from pine buds, which have anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and expectorant properties. The glasses contain essential oils, bitter tannins, starch, ascorbic acid, and phytoncides. They can be used in the form of inhalations for inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract.

Pine buds for inhalation

Decoction of pine buds

To prepare a decoction of pine buds: pour 10 g of buds into 1 glass of hot water, keep in a boiling water bath for 30 minutes, cool for 10 minutes and filter. Take 1/3 cup 2-3 times a day after meals as an expectorant and disinfectant. A decoction of pine buds is used in folk medicine for old rashes, chronic pneumonia, rheumatism, dropsy, and as a “blood purifier” and choleretic agent.

Pine buds are contraindicated in some kidney diseases and can cause allergic reactions.

Infusion of pine needles

To prepare the infusion using the hot method, pour 50 g of pine needles into 0.5 liters of boiling water, keep in a closed enamel container over low heat for 10 minutes, cool, let it brew for 2-3 hours and filter. Take during the day in three doses after meals.

Pine vitamin drinks

2) Grind 50 g of young annual pine tops (which contain less bitter resinous substances) in a porcelain or wooden mortar, pour a glass of boiling water and leave for 2 hours in a dark place. You can add a little apple cider vinegar to the infusion, as well as sugar to taste. Strain the infusion through cheesecloth and drink immediately, since the infusion loses vitamins during storage.

Fresh pine needles are very rich in vitamins (C, B1, B2, P, K, carotene, tannins, phytoncides). The needles contain up to 0.36% essential oil, 12% resin, alkaloids and flavonoids. In branches with needles stored in snow, the vitamin C content does not decrease for 2-3 months.

Treatment with pine baths

There is no better remedy for the treatment of colpitis and cervical dysplasia than baths and douching with pine buds.

Finely crush a tablespoon of kidneys and pour a glass of boiling water. Dilute twice with boiled water at room temperature and douche in the morning and evening. Place a tampon overnight (every other day). The course of treatment is 14 days.

Recipe for a folk remedy for premature aging

Pine recipes

Pine cone jam

Plants are a kind of “lungs of the planet”. Coniferous plantations play a special role in purifying the atmosphere. Pine and spruce trees immediately come to mind here. Even at school, children learn about the properties of these trees, their types, shapes, and agricultural techniques for planting and cultivating. A comparison of spruce and pine deserves your attention. Plunge into the fascinating coniferous world. After all, not everyone can immediately answer the difference between pine and spruce.

You know that essential oils of coniferous trees kill pathogenic microbes, treat infections, and purify indoor air. You have probably noticed that they are trying to plant conifers along roads and in environmentally unfavorable places. This reduces the harmful effects of hazardous pollutants in the air.

All people have admired the smell of fresh pine needles since childhood. It is this tart aroma that fills the house on the eve of a magical New Year's evening. It is on New Year's Eve that coniferous trees or spruce and pine branches are decorated.

Places of growth

There are a lot of coniferous tree species, some of them are very similar to each other or completely different. So what is the difference between pine and spruce, do they have features unique to only one species? Well, let's start getting acquainted with the evergreen beauties. A comparison of spruce and pine should begin with a description of their habitats. Pine is listed in the pine family and the coniferous class. Vast areas are occupied by pine plantations in the northern hemisphere. Pines love cold and humid climates. These evergreen fluffy trees are considered long-lived; their lifespan can reach 350 years. Mature pines are quite tall - up to 75 m in height. In the southwestern United States there is a pine tree that is 6,000 years old, truly a long-liver. What is the difference between pine and spruce in terms of habitat?

Spruce is also classified as a member of the pine family, the coniferous class. This evergreen plant is quite tall and has a fluffy pyramidal crown. Spruce plantations have filled Eastern Europe, Central and Northeast Asia, China, and North America. A lot of forests consist of this species. The lifespan of spruce trees is slightly shorter than that of pines. But some species live up to 300 years and grow up to 50 m in height.

Soil requirements

Pine has no special soil requirements. Their growth zone can be swamps, dry sands, chalk slopes, granite rocks and ravines. Pines are not afraid of excessive amounts of moisture. At the same time, they can take root in sandy and rocky soils where the humus content is low. These plants are not afraid of frost, drought, wind, or hurricanes. The main thing that pine trees require is a sufficient amount of direct sunlight. Plants categorically do not tolerate shade and darkening. How does pine differ from spruce in terms of growing conditions?

Spruce plantings, unlike pine plantings, easily tolerate shade. Spruce trees often grow in mixed forests under the cover of other trees. Spruce trees also have no special soil requirements. Even stony, podzolic and calcareous soils that are poor in nutrients are suitable for them. In terms of moisture, spruce loves the middle, without extremes.

Root system

Pine has a powerful tap root system, one main root that goes deep into the ground. From this central root there are many lateral roots. With the help of such a powerful root system, pine trees easily draw water from the depths and penetrate into hard-to-reach areas of the earth.

What kind of root system does spruce have and how does it differ from pine? Spruce roots have a taproot type. It is characterized by a weak main root, which dies after 10 years of the plant’s life. After this, the main emphasis on maintaining the plant’s balance in the soil and feeding it with water falls on the lateral roots. Sometimes they fail to cope with this task, and a strong wind can uproot lonely spruce trees. The spruce root system resembles the above-ground part of a tree; the majority of roots are located on the surface.

Spruce and pine branches, pine needles

Pines are characterized by a whorled arrangement of branches. What does it mean? They have several central branches that form a skeleton, from which other branches radiate in different directions in the form of a fan.

Pine and spruce can be distinguished even visually. The spruce crown has a cone shape, with branches drooping down to cover the trunk. The spruce also has a whorled arrangement of branches. Every year a new whorl grows.

Pine needles are long and narrow, the needles are arranged in pairs. They fall in the same form in the fall, when the most abundant shedding of “needles” occurs. Pine needles on branches last 2-3 years and reach more than 4 cm in length.

Needle-shaped needles are attached to spruce branches. Spruce needles have a tetrahedral shape and a dark green color. Spruce needles stay on branches for 5-10 years. The spruce needles are small, sharp and dense. It consists of single needles (pine has two). Spruce does not have a clearly defined deciduous period. There is a gradual fall and replacement of spruce needles.

Spruce and pine cones

The cones of these two conifers also have their own differences. There are male and female pine cones. In spring, light yellow inflorescences grow on young branches. These are male bumps, they are very small, like a pea. Female cones are initially just as small, only located one at a time at the end of the branch. At first it is difficult to see them in the thick pine needles. An adult pine cone resembles a spinning top. The seeds ripen in the second year after pollination.

Spruce cones are also male and female. They develop differently. Female cones are initially bright red in color and the size of a hazelnut. They are located at the top of the crown. Male cones have a yellowish tint; pollen ripens in them. Mature cones hang downward and look like cigars. The first seeds ripen in trees 20 years old and older.

The use of spruce and pine in construction

Builders prefer to use pine wood. Its trunk is straighter, without defects and knots. Pine wood is soft and can be easily impregnated with antiseptics. It is also easy to machine.

Spruce has knotty wood and is more difficult to impregnate with antiseptics. It tends to strongly absorb water, so it is completely unsuitable for external work. Spruce wood is used for interior decoration.

Generalization

It is also worth remembering the bark of coniferous trees. Spruce has smooth gray-brown bark. Young pine bark is gray-greenish in color, and with age it takes on a reddish-brown tint. If we summarize all of the above, we can conclude that spruce and pine are visually easy to distinguish. The shape of the spruce resembles a cone. Pine branches stretch upward and begin to grow from the middle of the trunk. That is why it is always light in a pine forest, and dark in a spruce forest. Spruce has small and strong needles, and pine has long and sparse paired needles. For New Year's holidays, pine is often used. It has a strong scent and long lasting properties.

In order to correctly plan the cultivation of certain types of trees on a site, it is necessary to take into account their maximum sizes. Over time, not only the crown, but also the underground part of the plants increases. A feature of the spruce root system is its strong branching. Based on this, special attention should be paid to the choice of location.

Norway spruce root system

When asked what kind of roots spruce has, we can answer that they are horizontally located, densely intertwined and forming a powerful network. The bulk of the roots (85.5%) are concentrated in the upper soil layer at a depth of 1-9 cm. Only 2% of the roots reach a depth of 30-50 cm.

Choosing a place to plant coniferous trees

The volume of the root system of pine, thuja and spruce is twice the size of the plant crown. In this regard, the areas for their planting will occupy a significant area. The roots of pine, thuja and spruce are characterized by aggressiveness, which is expressed in their wide, dense growth. Because of this, almost no plants can grow nearby within a radius of 3-4 m.