Sewage wells: structure, types, functions. Types and types of sewer wells Storage well: example of a device

A well is a good alternative to a well as a source of water supply for a private home. There are three main types of water wells; they have different designs and capabilities, and the quality and volume of water supplied differ. The advantage of sources of this type is the possibility of completely independent construction.

Main types of water wells:

1. Key;
2. Mine;
3. Tube well-well.

Key well for water

The key well is quite simple in design. The main condition for its construction is the presence of an open spring (source) of water on the land plot. This phenomenon is quite rare, but occurs in areas with high groundwater levels.

If the ground water layer is close to each other, it is possible to construct an artificial source. For this action, the layer of water must be in close proximity to the surface.

The construction of a well of this type is low-cost, but often the water from the sources contains admixtures of waste from human activities. In any case, before determining the possibilities of consumption, water must be thoroughly tested and analyzed for chemical and biological content.

The key well has two subtypes depending on the type of source:

1. Well on an ascending spring;
2. A well on a descending spring.

Rising water spring

An ascending spring emits water vertically from the ground plane. The key area is fenced off in various ways:

1. Install a concrete ring;
2. A wooden frame is mounted, compacted on the outside with a layer of clay;
3. Install the plastic ring.

The edges of the enclosing structure are buried 300 - 400 below the water level. The upper part of the well is closed with a cover with a hatch (flaps, door) to protect it from precipitation, debris, insects, and so on. The bottom of the well is equipped with a filter - 150 mm of natural stone, dolomite, granite, and coarse crushed stone are poured. Washed quartz sand is poured onto the coarse fraction of the filter; the layer thickness is about 100 mm.

The well structure is concreted around the perimeter to a width of up to 50 cm and a depth of up to 400 - 500 mm. This blind area protects the source from melt water, excess precipitation, and flooding.

The fence is equipped with an overflow pipe directed into a water collection tank. A channel is organized in the container for overflow and removal of excess water. Pumping equipment and communications are connected to the reservoir.

Descending Key

The design of the well on a descending key is similar to the previous one, but differs in the internal layout. The downward key has a horizontal direction, so it is equipped with a transverse filter rather than a bottom one.

The internal volume of the well is divided into two compartments. Water is directed to the first compartment, filled with layers of medium-fraction gravel and quartz sand. From the upper part of the compartment there is an overflow into the second compartment, with a concrete bottom. From there the water is directed into the container.

Shaft type well

A shaft well is the main type of well-type structure. Their depth can reach more than 20 meters, their service life is 40 - 50 years. This service life is possible with high-quality care - timely cleaning.

The depth of the structure often allows reaching aquifers with acceptable drinking water quality indicators. Wells of this type are located in accordance with the requirements of SanPiN. The well in relation to the septic tank (cesspool, filter well, etc.) should be located:

• No closer than 50 meters for sandy and sandy loam soils;
• No closer than 20 meters in clay and loamy soils.

The well structure consists of the following main parts:

1. Aboveground part;
2. Mine shaft;
3. Water intake volume.

The water intake level has two configurations:

• Imperfect - water enters the internal volume through the bottom and walls of the shaft;
• Perfect - enters through a waterproof layer of soil.

In regions with a deep aquifer and an arid climate, the mine is equipped with a sump - a deep reservoir.

Tube well-well

The tube well (Norton well) is intended mainly for obtaining water of technical quality and purpose. The depth of the well can reach 8 meters, the service life is 3 – 5 years.

A sharp steel cone-shaped tip with a base diameter of 55 - 60 mm is welded onto a steel pipe with a diameter of no more than 50 mm. Above it, at a distance of 300 - 350 mm around the circumference, holes are drilled with a drill with a diameter of 3 - 4 mm. The holes should not be placed frequently, otherwise the rigidity of the pipe will be compromised. The recommended distance between holes is at least 7 - 10 mm.

The surface of the filter is covered with a stainless mesh - it will serve as protection against sand and silt.

The pipe (needle - well) is driven into the ground. The suction pipe of a manual or self-priming low-power surface pump is inserted into it. It is impossible to install a submersible pump due to its small diameter.

The average water limit of an Abyssinian well is up to 1000 liters per hour. Water is used mainly for technical purposes - watering plants, washing and cleaning.

Construction of a water well

Mine wells are built using various methods. They depend on the material used to construct the trunk. The main volume of work - lifting the shaft - is usually done manually - independently or with the assistance of assistants.

Water well made of concrete rings

The construction of a well from factory-made concrete rings occurs in the following sequence:

1. A pit is dug 200 - 300 mm larger than the diameter of the ring;
2. The first ring is installed;
3. Further separation is carried out inside it, the ring lowers under its own weight;
4. When the ring is completely immersed, a second ring is installed, the rings are connected into a lock;
5. Then all subsequent elements are installed in a similar way;
6. When water reaches, the joints are sealed with sand-cement mortar.

Ring construction is popular due to its high speed and ease of construction. The disadvantage is the need to use a crane or manipulator to sequentially install the rings.

Wooden water well

Wooden frames for framing mines are now very rarely used. This is due to the presence of modern materials and the fragility of wood.

For the construction of a log house, wood species are used that do not emit significant amounts of by-products - resins, tannins, and so on.

The construction method is similar to using concrete rings - parts of the log house are attached in separate segments. The outer part of the log house is well compacted and compacted with clay of medium fat content.

Water well made of plastic rings

Plastic rings of various diameters and heights are very convenient for building a well. Construction proceeds according to a similar method; the rings are connected by thread. The threaded connection is sealed with plumbing sealant.

The advantage of plastic is its low weight, the disadvantage is its rather high cost (from 10 thousand rubles for 1 ring).

Brick water well

Brick wells are constructed with a complete separation of the mine shaft, and therefore have a depth of no more than 10 meters. Carrying out work in deeper mines is dangerous - there is a possibility of ground collapse.

The trunk is laid out with a round cross-section, 1 brick thick. Often a steel reinforcing frame is constructed to strengthen the structure. Not every brick is suitable for building a well; high-quality annealed bricks are considered the best material.

Sometimes shallow wells (up to 5 meters) are made by pouring concrete mortar into board formwork. In this case, high-quality grades of Portland cement are used, and a reinforcing frame is constructed from steel reinforcement with a diameter of 4–6 mm.

Arranging the bottom of the well

Fitting the bottom of the well with a bottom filter protects the well mouth from silting, purifies the water from large sand fractions, and increases the service life of the well.

A multilayer filter is formed from several layers:

1. Bottom layer – 200 mm, large natural stone and other similar materials;
2. Middle layer – middle fraction of material, 150 – 200 mm;
3. The top layer is washed and sifted quartz sand, 100 – 150 mm.

Other types of wells

There are other types of wells - drainage, stormwater, filter. They are designed for collecting and recycling atmospheric precipitation from land, draining soil, and treating domestic wastewater.

They have different structures and functions. The resulting water from collecting tanks can only be used for technical purposes or disposed of.

A well is a good alternative to a water well. Its construction is usually cheaper, but the amount of work is much greater. If there is high-quality water on the site, mine and key wells can supply the amount of water necessary for living, and the Abyssinian well can cover the needs of technical consumption.

Seasonal life in the country or permanent residence in the private sector involves working on the land to one degree or another. Green spaces require water, even a grassy lawn with watering will look much nicer than rare islands of withered grass, and it is impossible to solve everyday household problems without water. There are two ways to solve the problem of irrigation or water supply:

• connect to the central water supply, if available;
• either dig a well or drill a borehole.

Central water supply is a priority for cities and towns, but what to do if this is not possible. In this case, the solution is to dig a well or drill a well. Today we are looking at the types of wells, as well as the general rules for their construction and equipment.

From our school curriculum we also know about the water cycle in nature. Water has the ability not only to circulate in the soil, but also to accumulate in certain layers of the earth, where clay or basalt deposits create a natural shield for the further movement of moisture. This shield has its own name - a waterproof horizon. Based on the depth of its formation and accumulation of moisture, there is the following division, which is of practical importance:

• Verkhovodnaya - in this case, the water actually lies in the soil no lower than 4 meters from the surface of the earth;
• Subsoil - depth of no more than 10 meters;
• Unpaved – up to 40 meters;
• Artesian - more than 40 meters.

For your information! In some cases, artesian water is located at a depth of hundreds of meters.

General requirements for wells

A little later, the types of wells and the features of their construction will be discussed, but there are general rules both for choosing a construction site and for the rules of operation and maintenance of these structures. Here they are:

• Wells are built at a sufficient distance from external toilets, cesspools, and sewer pipes;

• It is advisable to build wells on a hill to prevent the ingress of atmospheric moisture and other possible contaminants;
• Construction work is carried out in the summer, best in July-August, when the groundwater level is lowest;
• The use of water for domestic needs is possible only after laboratory tests, with mandatory microbiological testing;
• Regardless of the type of well, a clay castle is built near it to a depth of at least 3 meters; the width of this castle, as well as the depth of the cushion of crushed stone and gravel that lines the bottom of the structure, is 25 centimeters;

• Cleaning a well involves checking for gas contamination in the shaft or shaft. This is done as follows: the burning candle is lowered inside, if the flame burns evenly - everything is fine, there is no gas. Otherwise, the gas is burned off either by burning torches or bundles of lit straw;
• Disinfection of a mine or shaft, as well as water of questionable quality, is carried out once a quarter; in the summer it can be carried out monthly with a 2-3% clarified chlorine solution, with an exposure of 24 hours. Consumption – a bucket of solution per cubic meter of water.

Types of structures and possible materials

Equipping places where water accumulates involves several construction techniques, as well as the use of all kinds of materials available in a particular region, as well as at a price. Types of wells:

• The ascending structures are key;
• Downstream analogues are key;
• Mine wells;
• Tube wells.

By types of materials used. Apply:

• Clay, crushed stone, sand and pebbles– these natural materials are used to form locks and lining the bottom of the structure;

Our help! When using pumps to supply water to a house, bathhouse, or other building, you can fill a coarse water filter with these components, except for clay, of course.

• Wood. Here, a rounded log of at least 12 cm in diameter is used, while the optimal species for contact with water will be oak and larch, but for laying an external non-contact superstructure, cheap conifers are quite suitable;

• Stone, brick, reinforced concrete structures, the latter are usually tubular in nature to form the trunk of the structure.

For your information! When drilling a well to obtain artesian water, in most cases you will not need anything other than steel pipes, but here the technology involves special machines and equipment, and pricing is based on each meter of land passed, although everything is included in the price per meter - both the cost of work and the price of the material .

Rising spring water type

In this case, it is assumed that there is a key whose strength is sufficient to fill the tank. In this case, the general rules for constructing such a well are as follows:

• A trunk can be formed from any material;
• The space between the trunk and the ground is filled with clay - a castle is formed;
• The bottom of the structure is lined with a cushion of gravel and crushed stone;
• If the source fills the entire tank, then a special gutter is provided to drain excess water, which is equipped from the inside with a fine-mesh mesh to prevent the ingress of debris and the penetration of animals and insects;
• The top of the structure, called the head, is equipped with a special lid.

Descending analogue

It is assumed that the source itself is not too deep and its strength is not enough to raise the water to a sufficient height. Unlike the previous structure, there are two features:

1. First feature– a settling tank is formed before the entrance to the well shaft, which is separated from the main shaft by a partition;
2. Second feature- the bottom of the shaft is lined with the same material as the shaft. If it is a wooden mine, it means wood; if it is a stone structure, it means stone.

Mines for water

These structures have several basic components that are present regardless of what material the well itself is built from. These include:

• The head is the outer part of the well, which is equipped with a protective cover, formwork (30-40 cm wider than the diameter of the castle), as well as a bucket lowering system and a canopy;
• The shaft is the part of the shaft that may be temporarily in contact with water;
• Water intake - up to 2 meters deep - this part of the shaft has constant contact with water and is formed by materials with increased water resistance;
• Sump - this block can be called an emergency block; it is designed to receive water when it flows “intermittently”.

Features when using different materials for construction:

1. Wood - in this case, there are several features of laying the material:
   • Forming a well is reminiscent of building a house from logs, the same dowels, the same techniques for forming corners “into a paw” or “into a corner”, the same checking the level of laying with a plumb line;
   • Caulk is not used - it quickly rots and spoils the quality of water; protection against moisture leakage from the ground is provided by a clay lock;

For your information! There is one feature that is very difficult to implement without skills. To avoid distortion of the structure, it is recommended to lay every 5th or 6th row with logs 20 cm longer than usual. The hole for the log house is dug wider than the protruding log parts. The difficulty is that when the log house is lowered, it can lead; to prevent this from happening, the logs are fixed with temporary brackets.

1. Reinforced concrete rings. It is not difficult to assemble the body of the structure with them, the installed ring is leveled, then 4 identical supports are dug under it and 4 identical supports are installed and the earth is completely removed until the ring is evenly seated on the supports. The rings are lowered lower using a lowering method.
2. Structures made of stone and brick. The technique for laying them is very similar, the thickness of the layer depends on the depth of the structure and can be from 25 to 40 cm. The nuances here are as follows:
   • In addition to laying the walls, three frames are prepared that will act as a frame. For greater similarity, they are fastened to each other using metal rods with 6 nuts from the bottom to the intermediate and from the top to the intermediate. As a result, we have 6 holes in the upper and lower structure and 12 in the intermediate one;
   • Brick laying occurs in a circle, for which a pattern of the required size is prepared; you can use plywood to make it;
   • Every 4-5 layer is reinforced with metal wire with a diameter of 4-5 mm.

Finally

Wells can be equipped with filters and pumps to supply water to the house, but in this case you will have to worry about additional insulation, especially at the well head.

Sewage is designed for timely and uninterrupted drainage of domestic wastewater, rain and melt water. Design and construction rules are determined by SNiP 2.04.03-85. They are called “Sewerage. External networks and structures."

Purpose of the sewer well

Important! According to the requirements of SNiP, the installation of drainage networks by ground and above-ground methods within the boundaries of populated areas is prohibited. In other words, all sewage systems should be located underground.

This design eliminates the possibility of preventive maintenance. In areas where there is no sewer well, in the event of an accident it is necessary to carry out excavation work and develop the soil.

In most cases, performance is impaired as a result of blockages. A significant part of them occurs at places where several lines turn and connect. To prevent and eliminate possible malfunctions, sewer wells are built. They are called lookouts.

Sewage inspection wells are also installed in places prone to other faults.

A separate type of sewer well is inspection chambers. They help to more accurately determine the location of the fault.

Types of sewer wells

The purpose of a sewer well and their classification according to this criterion is determined by SNiP 2.04.03-85.

Inspection sewer wells are classified according to their purpose:

• linear;
• rotary;
• connecting or node;
• differential;
• storm water inlets.

GOST 8020-90 contains the section “Concrete and reinforced concrete structures for sewer wells...”. From the name itself it is clear from what materials they should be made.

Linear sewer well

As the name implies, a linear well is built where the sewerage system has long straight sections. SNiP strictly limits the distances between these structures. It depends on the diameter of the pipes. For example, if it has a cross-section of up to 150 mm, a maximum distance of 35 m is provided. With diameter sizes from 200 to 450 mm, wells should be located no further than 50 m from each other. With a maximum cross-section of 2 meters or more, the span is increased to 300 m.

The same document indicates the linear dimensions of the sewer well; their size determines the diameter of the supplied pipes.

For pipelines up to 600 cm, the length and width are set to 1 m. In the case of round wells, the internal diameter cannot be less than 1 meter.

Attention! If the pipe has a cross-section of up to 150 mm, and the depth does not exceed 1.2 m, installation of wells with a diameter of 600 mm is allowed. They are designed to accommodate cleaning devices that do not require workers to descend.

At the base of the sewer well there is a concrete platform called a shelf.

Attention! The height of the walls from the base to the floor slab must be at least 1.8 m. The upper edge of the pipe, which has the largest diameter, must be flush with the shelf.

The sewer well is equipped with a hanging ladder and covered with a lid. The neck in the lid must have an opening of no less than 700 mm.

There are also specific requirements for the installation height of hatches:

• the hatch should not rise above the roadway;
• in the green zone, installation is allowed 5-7 cm above the ground surface;
• in undeveloped areas - no higher than 20 cm.

The design of hatches must ensure the safety of entry and exit of maintenance personnel. The product must withstand the loads from transport.

Important! If groundwater exceeds the level of the concrete base of the structure, the walls are waterproofed to a height of 0.5 m above the location of the water-bearing layer.

Rotary wells

In places where the sewerage system changes direction, a rotary sewerage well is installed. The angle of rotation according to GOST cannot be less than 90 degrees. Technological openings for incoming and outgoing communications are made in the required places for direct entry, but must be at the same level in the horizontal plane.

Connection wells

The requirements for the construction part of connection wells are similar to inspection wells. These structures are used to place connections and pipe branches. The connection angle must be more than 90 degrees. This condition may not be observed if connections are made with a difference in height. The design of the product provides additional holes to allow pipes to be inserted.

Important! Connections of pipes of different diameters are made using shelygs. Another option (based on water level) is possible only with design justification.

Drop wells

If the terrain does not allow the possibility of laying sewer pipes at the required drainage angle, drop wells are installed. They can be used to lower or increase the flow level or reduce its speed when the pipes have a large slope.

In this case, the pipes are located at different levels of the well rings.

Pipe laying depth

The minimum depth of installation of system elements is determined by thermal engineering calculations carried out by specialized organizations.

When making a sewer well with your own hands, you need to take into account the experience of operating such structures in the given area.

The lower part of the pipe (called a tray) is deepened at least 30 cm below the freezing level. In any case, its upper part (shelyga) is buried no higher than 70 cm from the ground surface. The maximum laying depth depends on the material of manufacture, the composition of the soil, and the method of work.

Road crossings

In cases where a passage under a public road is required, sewer wells are installed on both sides of the roadway. Their design must ensure the laying of pipes passing under the road in steel or concrete cases. This solution will ensure the safety of structural elements from the effects of vibrations caused by traffic.

Ventilation requirements

Ventilation of risers of residential buildings is carried out through a vent pipe. GOST requires the additional manufacture of exhaust devices for inspection wells in places where the water flow rate decreases. The same devices should have differential wells and pressure relief chambers. In apartment buildings, ventilation of sewer pipes located at the exit from the building is provided.

Well design

GOST 2080-90 establishes what types of sewer wells can have, their geometric dimensions and materials used for manufacturing.

The same document regulates the requirements for the technical characteristics of products, namely:

1. strength;
2. rigidity;
3. crack resistance;
4. frost resistance;
5. waterproof;
6. type of steel used for reinforcement.

Important! Only structures manufactured by factories for the production of reinforced concrete products with licensed laboratories can meet all the requirements. Products that have not undergone proper quality control and produced by non-specialized enterprises may turn out to be of poor quality and short-lived.

GOST 2080-90, namely its application, regulates the construction of round prefabricated reinforced concrete sewer wells. The document contains drawings of finished products with a size table.

When choosing components for installing a well, you should know their designations according to GOST; they consist of several groups.

The first of them contains a set of letters, they mean:

• KFK - chamber for fecal sewage used for economic and domestic needs;
• KDK – cameras designed for intra-block networks;
• KLK, KLV – products for storm drainage;
• KVG - for water supply and gas pipelines;
• KS – wall ring;
• PD – road slabs, PN – bottom slab, PP – floor slab.

The numbers indicate the geometric dimensions of the products, indicated in decimeters.

For example, the designation KFK13 indicates that the product is intended for fecal sewage and has an internal diameter of 1250 mm. KS10.12 is a wall ring with an internal diameter of 1000 mm and a wall height of 1.2 m.

A high-quality sewer well must be made from special grades of heavy concrete.

Installation of sewer wells

Accommodation requirements

The distance from the building should not be less than 5 meters. A distance of 20 m is required from any part of the sewer system to the well, and at least 50 meters to the well.

Important! The water supply should not intersect with sewer components.

Material of manufacture

When making the walls of wells yourself, cast concrete, brick, and well rings are used. Each of these materials ensures a sealed structure when waterproofing is applied correctly.

The brick option is suitable for solving the question “how to make a sewer?”, if the location of the construction does not allow work to be carried out using special equipment.

Before building a brick well with your own hands, make a foundation using concrete mortars. The linear dimensions of the underground structure must comply with the requirements established by GOST. Wall sealing is achieved by plastering followed by waterproofing.

For your information. Construction can be simplified by using industrially manufactured plastic wells.

Repairing sewer wells when they are damaged, destroyed or lose their tightness involves a large volume of excavation work and the use of expensive materials. To avoid them, it is necessary to choose high-quality components and strictly follow all sanitary and construction standards.

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Today, dachas have a centralized water supply, however, a well is still a pressing problem for many. In holiday villages, water may not be supplied in winter; For watering the garden, it is always advisable to have an additional source so as not to overpay and not be too dependent on its supply (switching off).

Well construction and types

The well is a vertical system with reinforced surface and a structure for supplying water from underground sources (wells or groundwater). According to the mechanism of rising internal waters, this can be:

• a Russian well, water is obtained from it thanks to a rope wound around a special drum, at the end of which a bucket is tied;
• a shaduf well, in which a crane-type lever is used to raise water from the shaft;
• an Archimedes screw in which water rises in large portions.

In drinking wells only:

• groundwater of spring origin;
• artesian waters that come out from the depths due to the force of natural pressure.

Based on the material used to strengthen the internal walls, wells can be:

• wooden;
• brick;
• concrete;
• stone.

The structure of a wooden Russian well is a shaft, no more than 20 m deep and consists of lifting mechanism- a gate, a clay castle, on top of which crushed stone is poured and a blind area is laid. The well is dug until the groundwater flows, under which lay the filter from gravel and sand.

The part that is above the surface of the earth is called the head, its cover with a lid protecting from debris and winter icing. The part located underground is called the trunk, it is dug deep into the mine, the walls of which are reinforced. The shape of the shaft is most often round (the most convenient), square (the simplest) and any other (rectangular, hexagonal, etc.).

Concrete, brick and stone wells are dug with a round shaft.

How and when to dig

1. Digging in the spring is not recommended due to the high probability of choosing the wrong depth.
2. The best time to dig a well is the end of February or August. In February it is not easy to dig, but at other times you may not dig a well at all.
3. If you start digging, you cannot interrupt it to prevent the column from sticking.
4. The use of a winch or crane to remove the rings is mandatory.
5. A team of three people must dig a well, taking turns replacing each other.

Country well made of logs

A well is dug if groundwater lies at a depth of up to 15 m, otherwise lifting the soil upward will be difficult. Shaft depth less than 5 m is also unacceptable, due to the likelihood of surface water entering, leading to pollution and the impossibility of using it for drinking, and there is not much water there.

The location for the well must be chosen at least 5 m from the buildings on the foundation, preferably at least 20 m away. Determine water occurrence using traditional methods is possible, but it’s better if you contact a special hydrological organization. However, if you see that your neighbors have wells and water in them, you can safely dig on your site, you will definitely have it too.

It is better to dig a well at a time when surface layers of water are depleted, and you will probably reach groundwater without accidentally mistaking perched water for it.

The material for the log house should be durable rocks oak type trees. To prevent the water from taking on a brown tint and giving it a bitter taste, it is subjected to a staining process. You can use other tree species, for example: elm, larch, alder, aspen, pine. Can be used in the above-water and underwater parts of the well different types of trees.

Before starting to dig a mine, select fastening method logs between each other (as a rule, “in a paw” in “half a tree”, etc.) so that there are no obstacles to inserting the log into the finished shaft.

Having made markings and pulled out a recess for clay castle, start digging the well shaft to a maximum depth of about 20 m.

1. Separately, a frame is assembled corresponding to the depth of the dug shaft.
2. The finished log house is brought into the shaft, trying to prevent damage to the walls.
3. The lower crown is neat sit on supports, made from leftover logs. For a hard landing, they hit the top rim of the frame with a heavy sledgehammer.
4. The soil is sampled for further advancement of the log house.
5. The wooden supports are removed and the frame must lower, otherwise help with a sledgehammer.
6. They repeat the actions (put up supports, dig a hole, etc.).
7. If a lot of water accumulates in the pit, use a pump to pump it out.
8. After installing the wooden structure, pump out water from the bottom, level it and pour filter layers- sand, then gravel.
9. A meter-long pit is dug around the well to make clay castle, preventing the ingress of top water.
10. To prevent rainwater from leaking make a blind area with a slight slope from the well.
11. The remaining work is carried out to improve the appearance of the well.

Concrete wells

Wells made of concrete more hygienic and durable compared to wooden counterparts. Concrete wells can be dug in two ways:

1. Formwork method.
2. Using concrete rings.

Formwork method. This is done simply: formwork is placed along the walls, dug to a certain depth of the shaft, and poured cement composition, sand and crushed stone (in a proportion of ½/3), water is added at an average rate of 0.6 per unit of proportion. After curing after 12 days remove the formwork, They dig a hole under a concrete wall and lower the ring. This process is repeated until the well is completely dug to the desired depth.

One of the Moscow companies offers digging wells from concrete rings at a cost of at 2,000 rubles. for work in depth in 1 ring (0.8 m), the cost of the ring itself is 2,000 rubles. Digging a well with a depth of over 16 m will cost 2,450 rubles. for each subsequent ring. If you order a cottage - it will cost you 6,000 rub.

Another company offers its services at lower prices. The cost of installing one ring is 1,800 rub., and the installation of the house - RUB 5,500 In addition, you will have to pay at least 150 rubles for rolling the ring. for every 20 m and delivery of materials. The cost of a well 15 m deep will cost at 100,900 rub. taking into account materials for the bottom, house, etc., excluding transportation costs.

The company “Svoy Well” also digs wells from 2,000 rub., installation of a house from 5,000 rub., and sells the rings themselves 1,500 rub. a piece.

Average prices in the Moscow region per ring - 1,900 rub., and for digging for one ring - 2,000 rub. However, if there are difficulties with the removal of soil, groundwater, and soil, then the price may be higher. On average, a turnkey well in the Moscow region can cost 9 m deep - 68,000 rub., for 18 m - 145,500 rub. with a house.

Digging wells is very labor-intensive process associated with many nuances that are difficult for a non-specialist to understand, so it is best to contact an organization engaged in digging wells, which has specialists to carry out geodetic developments and all technological processes.

Despite the growing popularity of wells, a well for drinking and/or process water still occupies a significant place among hydraulic structures used for water supply to country and village houses, as well as summer cottages. Such popularity of a village ordinary well is due to the possibility of combining the function of a water source and a storage tank that retains a significant volume, which, if necessary, can be used at a high rate and replenished when there is no consumption. The most common water wells are made of concrete rings, combining simplicity and efficiency of installation with practicality and durability of operation.

Existing types of wells

Classification into types is usually carried out based on the material design of the shaft wall, which can be:

• wooden;
• brick;
• stone;
• from concrete rings;
• made of monolithic reinforced concrete;
• from polymer rings.

Each of the materials has its own advantages and disadvantages, as well as indications and restrictions on use, depending on the size and depth of the hydraulic structure.

One of the first artificial structures, due to the availability, low cost and ease of processing of the material, was a wooden well, which, despite the variety of structural materials produced by construction industry enterprises, remains the most affordable, especially if there is a forest next to the dacha or country house. Sanded solid logs, timber, round timber split in two or thick boards can be used as structural elements of wells made of wood. The final choice is made for reasons of economy and labor-intensive processing and assembly of a log house from one material or another, which in turn is determined by the availability of suitable tools and skills of the craftsman who decided to build a water intake.

Wood has long been used as a material for wells

The size of the structural elements is selected depending on the depth of the well, based on the following considerations:

• log diameter – 120 – 180 mm;
• the thickness of timber, boards or cuts is from 100 to 150 mm.

Wood species have different hardness and resistance to moisture, so when packing it is recommended to take:

• for the lower part immersed in water - alder, elm or oak;
• for the surface part not subject to contact with water - pine.

Mine made of stone

A hydraulic structure that can challenge the palm in the matter of priority for the appearance of a wooden frame is a stone well. It is quite possible that the first well was made entirely of natural material, consisting of stones selected to size, collected in a cylindrical shaft and held together with clay. Today, the construction of stone wells for drinking water involves the use of a thick sand-cement mixture with a high content of Portland cement as a binding material to ensure waterproofness of the structure, which is also achieved by using granite, rubble stone or dolomite as the main material, which, unlike limestone and sandstone water from the outside, which guarantees its supply exclusively from the aquifer.

A reliable construction of a well made of natural stone involves the manufacture of a reinforced concrete support frame at the bottom of the shaft, which is a massive base for the entire structure and ensures its stable positioning in connection with the intermediate and upper wooden element, which, in combination with reinforcing rods, acts as a skeleton. The metal rods connecting the elements of stone wells to each other are equipped with threads at the ends, which allow them to be secured to wooden round frames using nuts, screwed on both sides and tightened until they make firm contact. The number of intermediate frames is determined by the depth of the structure, but there must be at least one when excavating up to 2 meters and located at a distance of 1 to 1.5 meters at a lower bottom level. To strengthen the structure, every 5 - 6 rows of masonry should be equipped with a closed ring gasket made of double-row steel wire with a diameter of 0.5 - 1 mm.

Brickwork instead of stone

The development of construction technologies and the appearance of artificial stone, which after firing acquires water-repellent properties, made it possible to build the first brick well, which is still used today. The structure of a brick well is similar to that described for a structure made of natural stone, while the thickness of the supporting frame must be at least 100 mm and the width exceed a quarter of a meter, which will allow laying one or one and a half bricks, depending on the chosen scheme. Wooden elements of brick wells must be at least 80 mm thick, and their width exceeds the width of the masonry by 20 mm or more.

To ensure that the section of a brick well in the horizontal plane has the shape of a ring, during laying, specially prepared templates are used, made in the form of a circle segment and providing the necessary profile of the shaft. The gaps between the last row of bricks and the intermediate or upper frame are filled with masonry mortar, which is compacted.

An alternative material for constructing a brick well for water is iron ore brick, obtained by burning the workpiece and is practically impermeable to moisture.

Assembling a shaft from concrete rings

The most practical in terms of installation time and ease of use is a well made of concrete rings, which can have a diameter of 800 to 1500 mm and a height of 300 to 900 mm. The construction of a well, assembled from concrete rings, provides for careful sealing of the joints of structural elements using special waterproofing mixtures, by filling and coating on both sides. If the depth of the well does not exceed 6 meters, then it is practiced to use concrete pipes having a diameter of 600 - 700 mm and a length of 3 - 4 meters.

The rigidity of the structure of a water well assembled from concrete pipes is achieved by installing external plank formwork, which protects the structure from the shearing effects of soil layers, or by welding metal pieces of reinforcement or other profiles to the external embedded plates.

Monolithic concrete wells

The greatest depth of installation of a water well can be achieved by installing a completely monolithic reinforced concrete structure obtained from:

• method of gradual build-up by rearranging the formwork from bottom to top;
• sequential pouring of rings to the height of the enclosing form, undermining and lowering it deeper, after which the reinforcing frame is built up and the formwork is reinstalled. The operations are repeated as many times as necessary to reach the aquifer.

The construction of reinforced concrete monolithic wells for drinking water is a rather labor-intensive and time-consuming activity, which can be rationally used only if it is possible to perform the work one-time by arranging continuous double-sided formwork and a reinforcement frame to the full height, followed by periodic pouring of the entire volume, at intervals necessary for compaction concrete using deep vibrators. With this process organization, the external formwork elements of the wells are non-removable and must be backfilled together with the monolithic shaft.

Assembling a shaft from plastic elements

Polymer wells are an innovation in the market of dacha hydraulic structures and have not yet become quite widespread, although they have the entire set of positive properties necessary for this:

• the final cost is comparable to water wells constructed from concrete rings;
• an order of magnitude smaller mass of structural elements, which at the same time have a greater length (1500 mm);
• high tightness of the assembly, achieved due to the threaded connection of the elements and exceeding even the indicator that reinforced concrete wells have, due to the complete waterproofness of the walls;
• permissible operating pressure on external and internal walls – 50 kPa;
• operating temperature from -70 to +50 0 C;
• service life over 50 years.

An alternative to plastic corrugated pipes, with the ability to absorb external loads comparable to that of concrete wells, can be a polymer-sand composition used for the manufacture of rings with a height of 200 mm and a wall thickness of 45 mm. The diameter of a water well made from such parts can only be 970 or 1060 mm, since the manufactured elements have only these dimensions. The assembly scheme for a well made of sand-polymer rings involves fixing the links using special locks that ensure structural rigidity.

Well construction

All considered types of wells equipped for water extraction include:

• a bottom with a filter layer, which is a base made of geotextile and/or gravel backfill, the thickness of which determines the degree of purification of the incoming water, but must be at least 100 mm;
• a trunk that has windows in the lower part, filled with porous concrete, if the well is located on a water-resistant layer and not on sand;
• a head that rises 0.6 - 0.8 m above the ground and serves to install equipment, a canopy and/or a cover;
• a clay castle obtained by excavating 25–50 cm of soil and filling it back with clay, which is a waterproof barrier to surface runoff. Necessary for types of water intake wells that do not have waterproof walls.

Some authors, answering the question: “What types of wells are there?”, supplement the existing classification with pipe hydraulic structures, which is not true, since due to the ratio of the diameter of the hole in the ground to its depth, it would be more correct to classify them as wells.