Which water-based paint is best for the ceiling. Ceiling paint: which one is best Excellent paint for ceilings with shine

The topic of our article is water-based paint for the ceiling. What are they? What type of paint should you choose? Which manufacturers should you trust? Finally, how to properly apply paint to the ceiling? Let's figure it out.

Our goal is to achieve a uniform and beautiful coloring of the ceiling that will not change its appearance even after several years.

Types of water-based paints

Mineral

This type of paint is based on cement or slaked lime. Paints, in principle, can be used on any surface, but were originally used for painting work on brick and concrete. They are inexpensive, but have a very limited service life.

Silicate

These paints are based on an aqueous solution of liquid glass, to which pigment is added. The paints are inexpensive and very durable: their service life exceeds two decades. But they do not do well with high humidity. For the kitchen or bathroom, it is better to opt for other options.

Acrylic

The basis of the composition of acrylic paints is a water emulsion of acrylic resins. The paint is strong, durable, looks great and can cover small surface defects (when applied in at least two layers) (see).

Important: acrylic paints form an impenetrable barrier to vapor and gases. If so, paint can be applied only after the plaster has completely dried. And this is at least a month from the moment the ceiling was plastered.

Acrylic water-based paints with the addition of latex are often used. Latex makes the paint more resistant to moisture and mechanical stress; many manufacturers boast that their paints can survive up to five thousand wet cleanings without consequences (see).

Among the disadvantages, perhaps only the high cost of acrylic and acrylic-latex paints is worth mentioning.

Silicone

Silicone water-based paint is the most expensive of all. What are we being asked to pay money for??

  • Silicone emulsion paint is permeable to steam and gas. The notorious fresh plaster will be able to dry under the paint.
  • A painted ceiling is a washable surface without any reservations. It can be washed with a brush and soapy water without worrying about its appearance.
  • In wet rooms, silicone paint can be used without any restrictions. Toilet, bathroom, kitchen - everywhere.
  • The size of defects that can be masked with paint without putty is up to 2 millimeters.

It is a rare case when it is possible to accurately and unambiguously answer the question of which water-based paint is best suited for the ceiling. Of course, silicone. If there are no strict restrictions on the budget allocated for repairs, you can choose it without any reservations.

Manufacturers

The rule for choosing paint by manufacturer is simple: it must be on the market for at least several years. The fact is that paint production does not require any sophisticated equipment, which opens the way for low-quality paints under catchy names (see).

The Tex company traditionally enjoys a good reputation among repairmen. If you sell Tikkurila water-based paint and its cost does not bother you, it will be an excellent choice. If you want to save money, try to study reviews of materials from the manufacturer you are interested in on the Internet.

If a manufacturer has been on the market for a long time and has created a name for itself, you can trust him.

Marking

In the case of domestically produced paints, it includes the letters VD (Water-Dispersed). This may be followed by the letter designation of the polymer, which is the basis for the paint. The number after it indicates the area of ​​application: 1 – paint for external work, 2 – for internal work (see).

Please note: it is desirable that the paint packaging indicates its compliance with the GOST 28196-89 standard. Paints produced according to technical specifications (TU) can have a very wide variation in quality, but GOST guarantees production control.

To avoid making a mistake when choosing paint, carefully read the labels on the packaging.

Useful little things

  • Paint consumption is indicated by the manufacturer on the packaging. On average it is 150-250 grams per square meter when applying two layers.
  • If you are tinting paint for a room, mix 10 percent more than the calculated volume.. Overspending is always possible, and it is usually unrealistic to achieve the same shade when re-tinting.

  • If you are offered paint at a price below 30 rubles per liter, most likely its quality is below any criticism. Pigments and polymers are imported from Europe, and their prices are constant for domestic and foreign producers. It is possible to achieve a serious reduction in cost only by neglecting the correct production technology.
  • Water-based paint should be stored at temperatures above zero. After freezing and defrosting, it will lose its quality characteristics.
  • It is necessary to paint with water-based emulsion at a temperature not lower than +5C. Otherwise, the thickening paint will lie unevenly and in a thick layer.
  • Ceiling paint requires sanding each layer after application to a wooden surface. Unlike other paints, water-dispersed paints raise the wood pile.
  • Paints that provide a glossy surface are more resistant to abrasion. Matte paints should not be washed frequently (see).
  • The best color for white paint is titanium dioxide. The water-based emulsion painted with it has a pure white color without any shades.
  • It is common practice to use diluted water-based paint as a primer. However, it is not economically feasible: with comparable quality, primer is much cheaper than paint.

  1. Primer of the surface before painting is required. It will not only ensure the strength of the paint layer, but will also significantly reduce its consumption.
  2. Layers of paint are applied at right angles to each other. The final layer should run parallel to the sun's rays, away from the window. This way the inevitable small irregularities will be less noticeable.
  3. A roller should be preferred over a brush. It gives a more even coat of paint. The best rollers for water-based paint are long-pile rollers: water-based paint bubbles on foam rubber, while short-pile rollers pick up too little of it.
  4. During the painting process, a paint tray will be very useful: you can not only dip a roller into it, you can also roll it out on it.

    1. It is necessary to roll out the roller, and NOT on the ceiling: otherwise the coloring will be uneven.
    2. It is better to paint the room in one step in a minimum amount of time: fresh paint covering a dried area will stand out as an untidy stripe.

  1. Two thin coats dry faster, give a more uniform finish and require less paint than one thick coat.

To achieve uniform coloring, apply the paint in thin layers.

Conclusion

We hope that the information in this article will help you make the ceiling in your home beautiful. Good luck with the renovation!

Painting the ceiling is one of the main stages of renovating a room. Quality indicators depend primarily on the preliminary preparation of the surface and the material used for work. Correctly selected ceiling paint guarantees a good result. Let's look at several types of compositions and figure out which ceiling paint is best to choose.

Ceiling paint differs in its composition components, which determine its properties.

Based on the final textured effect, there are 3 types of ceiling paints:

  • Matte ceiling paint. It does not have reflective properties, that is, it does not shine. The main advantage of matte compositions is that they mask minor external defects quite well.
  • Semi-gloss.

  • Has a slight reflective effect.

Glossy. A shiny coating that forms a film that reflects light. It is important to take into account that the more shiny the ceiling, the more visible minor surface defects are. The ceiling under it must be perfectly flat. The direction of the light also plays a role.

If the light bulbs of lamps and chandeliers are directed towards the surface, then the smallest imperfections will be visible. The ceiling is prepared for this type of painting with special care.

There are washable paints that can be cleaned using household products. If there is a mark on the package “resistant to dry abrasion,” then you can only wipe it with a dry cloth. When a hand is passed over such a surface, a light mark will remain on the palm (water-based compositions). In cases where we are talking about ordinary whitewashing, such a surface cannot be washed.

Such a ceiling is restored by applying a new composition.

Features of premises and interior

The choice of paint for the ceiling depends on the style of the room and its overall dimensions. It is more appropriate to use a coating with a glossy effect in a room with a low ceiling and a small size.

White ceiling paint is most often used in the apartment, and not only because it is a tribute to tradition.

White color makes the room visually higher; As they say, ceilings “don’t put pressure.” In a minimalist style apartment, matte finishes are more appropriate.

Coatings with low performance properties are suitable for painting the ceiling in the living room, dressing room, and bedroom. Washable paint is used in the bathroom, kitchen, and on the veranda of the house. It is advisable that it contains fungicidal additives that prevent the formation of mold. Types of paints In order to correctly navigate the variety of paints and varnishes, you need to know what properties they have.

Almost all ceiling coatings are water-based compositions with the addition of various polymers.

They influence the price and quality characteristics.

The aqueous composition contains substances that form a film when dried. The advantage of the composition is that it is affordable. It applies easily to the surface, is non-toxic, without a strong odor. Therefore, it is often used to paint the ceiling, especially in rooms where there is no strong humidity or temperature changes.

In the video: we select a water-based emulsion and paint the walls with it.

Acrylic

This type can be classified as the “golden mean” in terms of price category. From the name it is clear that the composition includes acrylic polymers. Acrylic film provides abrasion resistance and moisture resistance. It does not fade, that is, under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, the paint does not change color, and it does not absorb odors. Coloring pigments can give it any color and shade. Can be used for public institutions, cafes, restaurants.

When choosing paint, designers often use special color layouts to achieve the desired shade. Thanks to these properties, washable acrylic paint is among the top sellers and is widely represented on the market by different manufacturers.

Latex

It is considered to be the best ceiling paint based on its ability to adhere to the surface. It is resistant to moisture and abrasion. Masks microcracks due to the presence of latex polymers.

In new buildings, where houses shrink slightly, it is better to use this type of paint.

You can apply washable compounds using sponges and soft brushes. Dries very quickly (up to 2 hours), almost odorless. At the same time, thanks to micropores, the paint allows air to pass through, that is, it “breathes.” It is more expensive than acrylic compounds and is less resistant to ultraviolet exposure.

Silicone

Silicone ceiling paint belongs to the category of good, high-quality coatings. Among the good properties: elasticity, the ability to mask microcracks. It repels water and dirt, but at the same time, micropores allow moisture and steam to pass through, that is, the surface “breathes.” Characterized by a long service life. Like latex, it is the best composition for painting ceilings in houses with shrinkage.

Environmental friendliness and lack of odor make it ideal for children's rooms and bedrooms.

Silicate

If we choose a composition for industrial premises or with high humidity, then silicate based on liquid glass is suitable. It also has increased hygienic properties. The alkalis included in the composition do not allow microorganisms to develop.

These are specialized paints that are rarely used for domestic premises. They are not as elastic as latex and silicone. Microcracks may appear on them.

What else do you need to know

An important characteristic for paints is texotropy. This is the ability of the composition to be distributed evenly and without smudges over the surface. The consistency of the compositions should be like fresh honey. In this case, they can be easily applied to the ceiling using a roller, brush, or spray gun.

Choose a roller with a fairly long pile. It is well saturated with paint, and as a result it is better distributed over the ceiling.

Don’t worry if, for example, white matte paint shows slightly yellow spots in places during application. This is a special pigment for uniform coloring and intensity of the application layer, so that you can see where the surface was not painted. Once dry, the stains will disappear.

How to prepare a ceiling for painting

First you need to decide what paint the surface will be coated with.

In order to paint the ceiling with matte paint, it is primed twice, puttied and cleaned. Professional builders recommend applying 3 layers of putty. Only after this paint is applied. In some cases, in order to insure against the appearance of microcracks, fiberglass or non-woven smooth wallpaper is additionally glued to the ceiling.

If you plan to paint with a composition with a glossy effect, you must additionally sand the last layer with a fine abrasive mesh or a special sander.

Choosing paint

Which ceiling paint is best - everyone decides individually, based on design, surface preparation, specifics of the room and price.

Water-based compositions are inexpensive and have proven themselves. But acrylic ones are optimal in price and quality characteristics. The best paint for the ceiling, according to experts, is latex or silicone. But both of these types are more expensive than acrylic compounds. Elasticity and durability are their main advantages.

For rooms where there is high humidity and sanitary requirements must be met, silicate paint is suitable.

Leading manufacturers

Caparol

A German manufacturer that has an expanded network of distributors and factories in many countries. They produce a wide range of paints. High quality silicone paints stand out among them.

The product line also includes environmentally friendly formulations based on organic ingredients.

Dufa

A German concern represented in 20 countries. Among the various types of coatings, one can note a composition with a textured pattern.

Dulux

This British company dates back more than three centuries of existence. In addition to vast experience, the concern uses the latest innovative technologies in its work. For example, a special pink pigment in white paints allows you to test the uniformity of application of the composition; after drying, it disappears.

Although the cost of paints from these manufacturers is higher compared to others, the quality indicators and low material consumption per square meter largely compensate for the price difference.

Domestic manufacturers

The Polish company “Sniezka” should be included in the middle price category. Among domestic manufacturers, experts note the companies "Tex" (St. Petersburg) and "Expert" (company "Descartes", Moscow). They have proven themselves well in the domestic market. It is the ratio of product price and quality that allows these manufacturers to expand their markets.

To decide which ceiling paint is considered the best, consult your builders.

If you are doing the repairs yourself, then sales consultants from construction hypermarkets will help you navigate. In order for them to help you choose the right paint for the ceiling, convey to them as much information as possible: what you want your ceiling to look like, how it is prepared, what rooms the paint is intended for.

The process of selecting the composition of paints is greatly complicated. It is difficult for a person who is faced with repairs for the first time to decide on the wide range of paint and varnish coatings. Therefore, general understanding in this matter will prevent possible mistakes.


Variety of ceiling paints (23 photos)





Matte paint on kitchen ceiling

The modern market provides consumers with a wide selection of paint and varnish products, including many high-quality matte ceiling paints. All these products fit harmoniously into the interior of the room, complement it and ensure a long service life of the ceiling covering.

All coloring compositions are divided into three main groups:

  • Glossy - have a characteristic shine. They are recommended to be used for painting perfectly smooth ceilings in non-residential premises. However, even barely noticeable defects and irregularities will be visible on the surface finished with such paint. Semi-gloss - characterized by less shine.
  • Matte - the finished surface does not shine at all, and minor flaws are not visible on it. It is for this reason that matte paints are most often used.
  • Oil-based products are not recommended for use on ceilings. When drying, it forms a dense vapor-proof film, which contributes to the destruction of the ceiling structure. The best option would be to paint the ceiling surface with water-based or water-dispersion paints.

It is difficult for an ordinary buyer to understand the huge number of cans and buckets of various sizes. After all, you need to find the necessary product among the bright labels that make it difficult to choose and decide on prices. This can be difficult to do without consulting the seller. But, unfortunately, their recommendations are often unclear and unqualified.

Types of matte ceiling paints

Materials for painting ceilings in residential areas differ from compositions for bathrooms and kitchens. If in the first case you can use any paint intended for dry rooms, then in the second the finishing is carried out with moisture-resistant analogues, which include antifungal components.

Based on their composition, matte ceiling paints can be divided into:

  • mineral
  • polyvinyl acetate
  • water-based
  • acrylic
  • latex
  • silicone
  • silicate

Mineral

The base for mineral matte paints is slaked lime or cement. It is almost no different from traditional whitewashing with a brush. Such a surface “breathes”; it is air and moisture permeable.

But the disadvantage of mineral paint is low abrasion resistance and easy washability.

Polyvinyl acetate

These paints are made using PVA glue. They form a fairly durable coating and are not afraid of water. But splashes and smudges leave marks on the surface that are difficult to remove without compromising the integrity of the coating.

Water-based

Water-based paint

Ceilings painted with water-based paint are completely safe for the health of people in the room. The material fits well on any surface, except glossy.

Various types of paints can be applied on top of it. And if you need to remove it, it is easily washed off with ordinary soapy water. It is water-based emulsion that is most popular among ceiling paints.

Acrylic

Acrylic resins are used as a binding component. They make the surface resistant to abrasion and water. Ceilings painted with acrylic paints can be washed. Before painting, it is recommended to apply a penetrating primer to the ceiling to reduce paint consumption and improve its adhesion to the base.

Acrylic paint does not fade and perfectly retains its original color. But after application and drying it may darken a little. It is believed that this particular material is most suitable for finishing the ceiling. Although there is an opinion that it is better not to use it in bathrooms.

Latex

Latex-acrylic base is superior in quality to pure acrylic. The surface is easy to clean and resistant to moisture. This allows latex paints to be used in damp areas. The matte finish of the ceiling is silky.

Latex paint can heal small cracks, but over time it may change color slightly and become lighter.

When the paint dries, it forms a thin film that is difficult to clean off. Therefore, before starting work, it is necessary to carefully prepare the ceiling, as well as protect surfaces that do not need painting.

Silicone

Silicone paint

Paints based on acrylic polymers and silicone resin are the most expensive among matte ceiling materials. But their high cost is fully compensated by the quality and durability of the coating. It is practically not afraid of water, allows steam to pass through, is resistant to wet cleaning and mechanical stress, is elastic and is not susceptible to fungus.

Important! The applied paint can heal cracks up to 2 mm. Working with it is safe and does not require special precautions.

Silicate

Such paints are made on the basis of silicate, or stationery, glue, which is often called liquid glass. They have a low cost. But their disadvantage is low resistance to abrasion and water. Silicate paint is applied to mineral surfaces - lime, cement, silicate.

Note! This material does not bridge cracks, as it is less elastic than acrylic. In addition, it is not compatible with polymer coatings, so it is very difficult to repaint the ceiling with another type of paint.

Silicate paints contain up to 10% alkali, which prevents the growth of microorganisms and does not require the use of antiseptics. But it is the presence of an alkaline pigment that limits their color palette.

What can the labels on paint packaging tell you?

Every manufacturer of paints and varnishes tries to attract buyers with something unusual. Multi-colored labels, names, symbols and annotations can turn anyone's head. Everywhere in the names there are inserts such as “Extra”, “Profi”, “Prima”, “Supermatte”, “Superwhite” and many others. It's quite difficult to understand them. Therefore, you should carefully read the descriptions and recommendations on paint cans.

Maestro white luxury ceiling

What can you learn from the inscriptions?

  1. “For dry rooms” or “With low operational load”. Such paints cannot be used in damp rooms, kitchens and bathrooms. It is not recommended to use them for painting ceilings in bedrooms and in rooms where there is a lot of smoking.
  2. "Resistant to dry abrasion." This means that painted surfaces can be wiped with a dry cloth or dust removed with a vacuum cleaner. It is not recommended to wash such ceilings, otherwise unattractive stains will appear. After all, the paint will dissolve and partially wash off.
  3. “Indelible” or “abrasion resistant.” Painted surfaces can be washed, but dirt from them is not washed off well enough. Although the ceiling becomes lighter, stripes remain on it.
  4. “Washable”, “Dirt-resistant” or “Resistant to intensive washing”. Ceilings coated with this paint can be easily washed with soap and even alkaline solutions, and more than once.

Also on the paint packaging are the technical characteristics of the material:

  • purpose
  • consumption per square meter
  • concealability
  • abrasion
  • moisture resistance
  • compound

On the label, such descriptions are usually written in small print. But this information is the most significant, although it may have vague formulations. The main thing is to read it correctly and understand how correctly the matte paint for the ceilings was chosen.

Advantages and disadvantages of matte ceiling paints

Types of decorative paints for walls and ceilings.

The basis of water-dispersion or water-based paints is water and additional components in the form of pigment and binder. Thanks to this, tiny balls are formed that float in the water. During the evaporation process, they stick together and form a durable film.

The advantages of ceiling paints include the following:

  • There are no glares on the finished surface.
  • Irregularities and defects in the ceiling are visually hidden.
  • The applied paint dries quickly enough.
  • There are no pungent odors or harmful fumes, so no additional ventilation is required during operation.
  • By adding colors you can get different shades.

However, matte paints have some disadvantages compared to glossy ones:

  • A painted surface collects more dust.
  • Dirt is more difficult to clean off.

It is worth remembering that the ceiling is the most “unprotected” surface in the room, so poor-quality paint or an inept craftsman can ruin the owner’s mood and impression of the renovation. Wall defects can be covered with paintings, furniture or textiles. But the ceiling always remains open. A matte finish is most preferable for the ceiling, since such a surface looks harmonious and complete.

When purchasing paint for it, you need to remember some nuances:

  1. You cannot buy water-based materials in markets or in stores that do not have warm premises for storing them. During the cold season, water freezes, the structure of the paint is damaged and is not restored after thawing.
  2. You should not tint white paint yourself. It would be safer to add the desired color in the store using special devices so as not to upset the proportions. If the coloring composition is not enough, then making exactly the same shade, no different from the previous one, will not be difficult.
  3. High-quality paint cannot be cheap. You need to compare not the cost, but the consumption of the coloring composition per square meter. Do not forget about fakes of famous brands with a lower price.
  4. Ceiling paint has characteristics such as increased coverage and adhesion; it spreads over the surface and hardly drips. Therefore, it is not recommended to apply wall materials to the ceiling.

Important! Some imported products may have a color tint. This is done so that unpainted areas of the ceiling are clearly visible. After drying, this white ceiling paint acquires a snow-white matte color.

How to avoid mistakes when painting a ceiling with your own hands?

Ceiling painting

To ensure that the painted ceiling does not disappoint, it is necessary to select the right finishing materials and high-quality tools before starting work. And also carefully prepare the base and study the technique of applying paint. Otherwise, unsightly yellowish or darkish spots may appear on the surface, streaks from a brush or roller, or streaks when illuminated from the side. So take your own painting seriously.

  1. It is necessary to carefully level the surface of the ceiling, since natural light, especially sunlight, will quickly reveal all defects in the form of shadows from small tubercles. Dark spots will appear on the ceiling.
  2. Rust that has appeared over the years and old leaks must be primed with insulating compounds.
  3. The ceiling surface must be dry, sound and clean.
  4. You should not save on cheap and low-quality primers and paints - in the end, the cost of two layers of expensive materials will be less than five layers of cheaper ones.
  5. You should start painting from the corners. Then the paint should be applied in the direction from the window into the room. It is recommended to apply the first layer along the window opening, and the second - perpendicular to the first. It must be remembered that the previous layer must be dry. Otherwise, it may begin to peel off.
  6. It is better to perform work using bright artificial lighting. Instead of a regular light bulb, you can screw in an energy-saving cold glow. This will help you see how evenly the material is applied. Painted areas must be examined from different viewing angles, since “gaps” in front of you are not always visible.
  7. “Striping” during painting can occur for two reasons. Firstly, due to the thickness of the material. In this case, it must be diluted according to the instructions on the package. Secondly, due to the uneven thickness of the paint layer. To avoid this problem, it is recommended to use a special paint trough. The roller is dipped in paint, and then it is rolled out along the “ribs”, removing the excess.

Conclusion

The modern construction market offers all kinds of ceiling finishing options. They can be tensioned or suspended, slatted or glued, panel or tile. But painted surfaces have been and remain the most popular.

Before starting finishing work, everyone must decide for themselves which paint for the ceiling will be chosen, how long it should last, whether they plan to wash the surface, or whether it’s easier to repaint the ceiling after a short period of time. There are no clear answers - everything depends only on the desire of the owner and his financial capabilities.

What is the best paint for walls and ceilings?

Decorative painting of walls and ceilings remains a popular type of decoration. Designers love this option for the ability to create individual solutions, a variety of shades, and high performance characteristics.

Acrylic paint for walls and ceilings

Acrylic paint is the leader among the entire range of paint and varnish coatings. The composition is formed on the basis of acrylic resins, pigments, water and is ideal for interior work. The absence of “complex” substances makes the material affordable.

You can count on high performance characteristics:

  • environmental friendliness is the absence of toxic substances during painting and drying. The material can be used to decorate children's rooms;
  • does not burn, does not ignite;
  • a rich palette of shades and colors - the range of some brands reaches 15-30 thousand items;
  • durable elastic layer – this means there will be no cracks, peeling or other defects;
  • applied to concrete and plaster layers;
  • tolerates humidity and temperature changes;
  • dries quickly.

Among the disadvantages, one can note only low vapor permeability, which is bad for painting bases made of porous materials (for example, shell rock). The scope of application deserves special attention. Some compositions work only at normal humidity levels, while others demonstrate high moisture resistance. The texture of acrylic paint can be matte or glossy.

When choosing, look at:

  • manufacturer (Parade, Aquest);
  • compound;
  • degree of adhesion;
  • type of base;
  • packaging (tubes, plastic buckets, spray cans).

Water-based paint for walls and ceilings

The composition includes water, a synthetic binder, pigment, and functional additives. After drying, the material forms a durable coating. Water-soluble pigments are required for tinting. Among the brands I can recommend DULUX, Tex, Lakra.

Among the operational characteristics are:

  • explosion and fire safety;
  • resistance to alkalis and other aggressive environments;
  • low abrasion;
  • moisture resistance;
  • vapor permeability;
  • excellent hiding power;
  • is friendly with almost all substrates (including concrete, brick);
  • easy application.

If we talk about the disadvantages, there is some susceptibility to mold and mildew in poorly heated and damp rooms. When choosing, you should pay attention to the presence of antifungal additives when it comes to finishing in such places. In addition, the material does not like low temperatures and can crack in such conditions.

Water-based paint is available in several types:

  • polyvinyl acetate - ideal white paint for walls and ceilings;
  • silicone - a universal option for any ceilings;
  • silicate – a good solution for wet rooms;
  • acrylic – we discussed this option above;
  • latex - here you can see excellent matte textures, interesting interior options.

I will add that washable paint will make it easier to care for the walls and ceiling. If you are planning wet cleaning during operation, pay attention to latex and acrylic varieties of coatings (TEX, Tikkurila).

The best acrylic paints for walls and ceilings

Acrylic paint for interior work Aquest-4+ Standard

This matte super white paint is a great way to freshen up your walls and ceilings. It works successfully in dry rooms and can withstand moderate humidity. Painting can be carried out on gypsum sheets, chipboard, concrete, aerated concrete, wood, glass wallpaper, plaster. In general, a universal option.

The product is extremely easy to use. The composition is mixed and applied to primed walls or ceiling. For high-quality processing, 1-2 layers are enough. Please note the quick intermediate drying time of 1 hour. You can work with a spray or roller brushes. One layer will take 120-150 grams per square. This acrylic paint for walls and ceilings has a price of 45 kg - 1261 rubles.

Pros:

  • antiseptic properties;
  • for any surfaces;
  • thixotropic;
  • packaging for 1-45 kg;
  • water-dispersed, tools can be easily washed with water;
  • low consumption;
  • quick drying – 1-2 hours;
  • can be tinted in any color.

There are no cons.

Acrylic for working on wallpaper Parade (Parade) W4

This is an interior paint for interior work, intended for painting walls and ceilings, including in areas under intense operating loads. Acrylic water-dispersible composition produces a matte white color. After application, a durable, vapor-permeable coating is formed. It is quite durable and will withstand repeated washing. Based on the technical characteristics, it is clear that the material provides excellent hiding power, strong adhesion and high decorative properties.

The composition can be used on any mineral, plastered bases, vinyl, non-woven, paper, glass wallpaper. Soil is used first. Complete drying occurs after 2 hours, layer-by-layer drying takes 1 hour. Consumption – 11.4 m2/l. Price – 2054 rubles per 10 liters.

Pros:

  • durable matte finish;
  • vapor permeability;
  • high hiding power;
  • possibility of tinting in any color (manual with water-based dyes);
  • the finished layer will last at least 5 years.

Minuses:

  • consumption is high.

Acrylic paint brick, concrete, plastered surfaces Areal+ VD-AK 0202

This is another example of interior acrylic paint. The material works on brick, concrete, plastered walls and ceilings. The consistency is a viscous white liquid. The paint forms a uniform matte surface, the finished layer will withstand wet cleaning and even various mechanical impacts. Consumption – 200-250 grams per square.

In general, the paint is suitable for rooms with low and medium operating load, when there is no point in overpaying for a more wear-resistant option. It is advisable to use a primer before coating. Any tool can be used for application. The result will be quite good; if necessary, you can tint the composition with water-based dyes. Price – 350 rubles per 14 kg bucket.

Pros:

  • non-toxic, without harmful components;
  • convenient to work, there is a slight smell when painting;
  • forms a uniform matte layer;
  • possibility of tinting.

Minuses:

  • not suitable for high loads.

The best water-based paints

Water-based matte high-coverage paint AURA NORD

This matte paint can be used for painting walls and ceilings in dry rooms. The finished layer is a dry abrasion resistant, non-chalking coating.

The paint exhibits good hiding power and adheres firmly to the base. The layer can be applied to plaster, aerated concrete, brick, wallpaper, concrete.

For optimal results, two coats will be required. You can work with any tool. Consumption – 10-12 square meters/liter. Complete drying takes two hours. The result is a very attractive, perfectly white matte layer. Price – 139 rubles per 1 liter.

Pros:

  • the paint rolls out very easily;
  • the result is a high-quality, uniform coating;
  • vapor permeability;
  • contains no volatile organic solvents;
  • tinted in light colors. Machine and hand tinting is possible;
  • wear-resistant;

Minuses:

Water-emulsion moisture resistant TEX Universal

This paint is waterproof because suitable for painting walls and ceilings not only in dry but also in damp rooms. Feel free to use the product to renovate hallways, bathrooms, and kitchens. The emulsion works on concrete, plaster, brick, plasterboard and wood. As a result, it produces a uniform matte white layer. Ready the surface is resistant to hot steam and condensation.

The product is very convenient to use, easy to apply with painting tools, including sprayers. Can be tinted in pastel colors. One liter is enough to cover 6-8 square meters in one layer. It will take at least an hour and a half to dry. This water-based paint for walls and ceilings starts at 700 rubles per 14 kg bucket.

Pros:

  • snow-white;
  • provides a “breathable” vapor-permeable coating;
  • resistance to condensate and water vapor;
  • easy and convenient to apply;
  • no pungent odor;
  • affordable price.

No cons, good interior paint.

Water-based paint for concrete and brick LAKRA

With this paint you can get a truly snow-white color or any other desired shade using tinting. Water-based composition can be diluted with water to the required consistency. It is very easy to apply to the surface using brushes of different sizes or foam rollers. Lakra is intended for use in dry rooms, on brick and concrete bases and is only suitable for interior work.

For optimal results, surface preparation is required - it must be thoroughly cleaned, washed with soapy water, then rinsed and dried. Requires sanding and primer coat. Application can be done using sprayers, rollers or brushes. Painting walls and ceilings with Lakra water-based paint is carried out in 1-2 layers. Complete drying time is 60 minutes. One kilogram is enough to cover 6-8 squares. Price – from 673 rubles per 14 kg bucket.

Pros:

  • snow-white recipe;
  • possibility of tinting;
  • high quality;
  • vapor permeability;
  • high decorative properties;
  • good adhesion;
  • forms a matte, perfectly smooth coating.

Minuses:

  • does not work in wet areas;
  • does not provide resistance to intense loads.

White paints

White quick-drying DULUX SUPERMATT

This is already an expensive product. For a jar with a volume of 5 liters you will have to pay about 1.9 thousand rubles. For this money, the manufacturer offers deep-matte, quick-drying paint with economical consumption. The composition has virtually no odor and does not cause problems in application. The paint is used for interior work.

It performs well on both old and new surfaces. Her Can be applied even to substrates that are not completely dry. This can be asbestos cement, plasterboard, foam blocks, concrete, brick, plaster, foam blocks in residential and non-residential premises (basements, basement, etc.). It is better to apply the composition in two layers, one obvious one is not enough. Before use, dilute with water to the optimal consistency and thoroughly mix.

Pros:

  • deep matte;
  • low consumption - a liter is enough for 14-17 squares;
  • applied by spray, brushes, rollers;
  • possibility of tinting;
  • forms a durable layer.

Minuses:

  • not the fastest drying - up to 4 hours;
  • Expensive.

White dispersion Alpina Expert Matte latex based

This interior latex paint for walls and ceilings has demonstrated excellent performance for many years. It is perfect for quickly and efficiently painting large surfaces. The composition is well filled, so it perfectly masks minor defects in the substrate. The painted surface can be washed to remove minor stains.. Otherwise, the paint is very easy to apply and can be tinted by hand. There is excellent hiding power and high resistance to loads. The finished layer is perfectly snow-white and matte.

You can work on plaster, concrete, old paint and plaster layers, putty, wallpaper. A primer layer is required. The surface is ready for use after 4-6 hours. One 10 liter can is enough to cover 70 square meters. You can work with rollers, brushes and a spray gun. The price of latex paint for walls and ceilings is 1,503 rubles per 10 liters.

Pros:

  • works on almost any surface;
  • easy to clean;
  • masks defects;
  • 1 layer is enough;
  • suitable for working over large areas;
  • perfectly white matte layer;
  • various application methods.

No cons found.

Washable water-dispersion paint TEX Profi white

The product is intended for painting walls and ceilings that will subsequently be washed. Initially, it has a perfectly snow-white color, but it can be tinted to any desired shade. The color can be added to the paint manually. Its composition is practically safe and can be used to renovate children's rooms. or other premises where children are located.

The consistency of the paint is quite thick, but it spreads well over the surface. For optimal results, 1-2 layers of primer are sufficient. The coverage is simply excellent, the emulsion lays down in a dense, uniform layer. Dries very quickly without releasing any odor. The result is a matte, smooth, super-white surface. Price – from 190 rubles per 1 liter. Consumption – 1 l/0.1-0.13 m2.

Pros:

  • resistance to wet cleaning;
  • without smell;
  • can be applied to wood, concrete, plasterboard, brick, chipboard, OSB, plaster.
  • dries quickly;
  • excellent white color and tinting options;
  • deeply matte;
  • easy application;
  • vapor permeability.

There are no cons.

Matte acrylic paint for ceilings and walls

Washable, environmentally friendly and safe Tikkurila Euro Power 7

This matte paint will give you a high-quality finish that rivals its competitors. She Ideal for high traffic areas. The product is safe, environmentally friendly and retains color saturation indefinitely.

You can safely count on high covering power and economical consumption. The finished layer is very resistant to intensive repeated washing. The manufacturer promises that the surface will withstand at least 10 thousand passes with a brush and there is no reason to doubt this. Another nice feature is the possibility of tinting in thousands of different colors. But, if white paint is used, it will be perfectly snow-white. Consumption – 10-12 m2/l. Price – 420 rubles per 0.9 liter jar.

Pros:

  • works in rooms with high humidity;
  • various application methods;
  • extensive tinting;
  • perfectly white matte layer;
  • drying 2 hours.

Minuses:

  • the promised resistance to washing is achieved after 4 weeks;
  • expensive.

Tips on choosing paint for ceilings and walls from a specialist are outlined in the video:

This is the question we often ask ourselves when building our home or planning to renovate it. However, I will immediately note that there is no clear answer to this question. It all depends on the material and qualities of the base, the purpose of the room and its interior design.

What qualities should you use to evaluate ceiling paint?

When ceiling paint is mentioned, in most cases a concrete ceiling comes to mind. But in fact, the base surface can consist of different materials.

For example, from plaster, wood and its processed products, plasterboard, ceiling wallpaper or fabric, etc. And for all these materials, you should choose coloring compositions that are of appropriate quality.

It should also be taken into account that the premises have different purposes. Consequently, paintwork materials for them must be chosen based on this.

Ceiling paint should be evaluated according to the following criteria:

  1. Cost-effectiveness.

  1. Coverage level. That is, the ability of the composition to completely hide the previous layer with a minimum of its costs.

  1. Masking effect.
  2. Degree of moisture resistance. This characteristic is important for wet rooms.
  3. Volume of paint.
  4. Its cost.

Appearance of the coating

When choosing ceiling paint, first of all determine what will be your priority - the visual perception of the coating or its special properties.

In the first case, you should take into account that paint coatings differ in the visual effect they create.

  1. Glossy compounds impart a strong shine to the facing. They look great on ceilings that have a large area. Due to their high reflectivity, they visually expand the space.
    However, gloss visually highlights and emphasizes all the unevenness and defects of the base. Based on this, if you are not sure of the quality and evenness of the ceiling, then you should not use such paint.

  1. Matte paints create a coating that is not shiny, that is, it practically does not reflect light. Such compositions are capable of hiding unevenness and defects in ceilings to a moderate extent.
    Matte paints can be used for ceilings of all types of rooms. The created surface looks very aesthetically pleasing.
  2. Semi-gloss compounds are a compromise between the first two categories. The coating they create is shiny, but moderate.

  1. Textured paints for walls and ceilings.

In addition to coloring pigments, they contain additional ingredients:

  • these components can be a variety of fillers made of mineral fibers, polymer and natural crumbs, imitating various natural textures and textures;
  • Such compositions are capable of masking significant defects in the base due to the fact that they are applied in relatively thick layers.

When choosing paint for the ceiling, keep in mind that it is highly undesirable to cover it with an oil composition. After it dries, it forms a completely air- and moisture-proof coating. This will provoke a slow destruction of the base, since the ceiling will not “breathe”.

Why you should choose water-based paints for ceilings

Water-based paints and varnishes are most suitable for interior decoration. I'll explain why.

The advantages of such compositions

  1. Water-based paints can be used to coat substrates made of all types of materials. It is undesirable to do this only with metal, since water can cause corrosion of the base.

  1. Such compositions are the most environmentally friendly and do not contain harmful substances. When painting the ceiling, there are no persistent sharp and unpleasant odors that cannot be removed for several days.
  2. To remove old water-based coating from ceilings, there is no need to use solvents or cleaners. You just need to wet the surface and after 7-10 minutes the paint can be removed with a spatula.

  1. In most cases, waterborne types of coatings are produced in white, the so-called “base” color.

If necessary, you can purchase a variety of colors for them in all colors and tones:

  • thanks to this, you can recreate any of the shades of the coating. This circumstance makes it very convenient to design the ceiling.
  • white ceilings are the most common and are considered classic. However, now their colored finishes are becoming increasingly popular. It increases the aesthetics of the interior, naturally, if the color of the coating is chosen correctly and accents are made.

In terms of aesthetics, painting is at least not inferior to other ceiling design options. This type of cladding has a very low price. Thanks to this, painting almost always costs less than other finishes.

Types of water-based paints

There are plenty of options for water-based paints and varnishes. Therefore, you can choose a suitable analogue for any room conditions and design.

There is probably not a single person who does not know that there is such a coating as water-based paint or, in simple terms, water-based paint. However, not all of us imagine that such paints and varnishes may differ in their composition and technical characteristics.

Therefore, I will explain the following to you.

  1. In essence, the emulsion is a dispersion (homogeneous) system. It consists of any two liquids that cannot mix at the molecular level. In other words, it is a liquid that is saturated with drops of another liquid that are insoluble in it.
  2. If we talk about paints, their emulsion types are a physical mixture of water, which acts as a dispersed medium, and polymer resins, which play the role of a dispersed phase (a kind of suspension).
  3. The main features and characteristics of the emulsion depend on the material used as the dispersed phase. Based on this, it is more correct to call such coloring compositions water-dispersed.

The same water emulsion

Water-based paint (water-based paint) is made on the basis of a dispersed phase of polyvinyl acetate (PVA). It is the ancestor of all water-dispersion coatings, because the production of such compositions began with it.

Polyvinyl acetate water-based paint quickly became in demand due to its very low cost. And the fact that it was even easier to wash off the coating than to apply it only aggravated the success of the material.

However, such paints have several significant disadvantages:

  1. The coating has a very short service life - 1-3 years.
  2. The paint turns yellow when exposed to sunlight.
  3. The water-based emulsion is not moisture-resistant. Overmoistening causes mold to grow on it and streaks form. Eventually it crumbles.

Based on the disadvantages listed above, many users began to refuse to use water-based paint. Manufacturers have begun to develop water-based paints with improved characteristics.

Modern water-based polymer compositions

As a result, coatings based on polymers were developed: acrylic, latex, polyurethane and silicone. They are not afraid of exposure to ultraviolet radiation and water.

Having improved water-based paint with its excellent technical characteristics, polymers gave it the opportunity to rise to a much higher consumer level:

  1. At the moment, water-dispersion paints are not only a material for covering the ceiling. With their help, you can effectively decorate premises and not only in the segment of low-budget renovations.
    Therefore, users often use this type of cladding, while harmoniously combining several tones of paint in the interior of rooms.
  2. Paintwork materials based on water-polymer emulsions have good elasticity. They can be either glossy or matte.

  1. These coatings are not very easy to remove from the base during subsequent repairs. However, this is not necessary to do often, because the coatings are durable.

The main advantage that hasacrylate ceiling paint, is that the coating it creates can be cleaned using household detergents.

Peculiarities:

  1. Due to increased elasticity, such a composition fills all microscopic cracks and pores of the base.

  1. Therefore, acrylic water-dispersion paints are very economical. When the ceiling is well prepared for finishing, one coat of paint is often enough.
  2. 1 liter of acrylic paint is enough to cover 6 m² of surface.

Polyurethane and silicone water-dispersion paints are especially valued:

  1. When applied, they make it possible to mask visible cracks and other minor defects in the ceiling.
  2. The coating they create can be either washed or cleaned with abrasive compounds.
  3. It is fire-resistant and has good resistance to mechanical stress.
  4. Among other things, silicone and polyurethane paints are moisture resistant. Therefore, they are the optimal choice for ceilings in damp rooms.
  5. It is worth warning that these two types of water-dispersion paints are the most expensive among their analogues.

All types of water-based polymer paints and varnishes are vapor-permeable and non-toxic. These characteristics are especially important for living rooms.

Special paints for ceilings

Amateur builders often wonder how ceiling paints differ from wall paints. I can answer right away - there are no special differences between them.

The overwhelming majority of water-dispersion compositions are universal. They are often labeled as “interior”, in other words, their purpose is to paint ceilings and walls indoors.

If you come across a can in a store that says “ceiling paint,” it will only mean that the composition is a little thinner. This is necessary to make applying it with a spray bottle more convenient.

In addition, such compositions have a high degree of whiteness. This is what is written on the buckets and cans: “super white paint.” These materials are less tinted and are used only for finishing ceilings.

Painting compositions for wooden bases

Wood and its processed products (boards, decorative beams, plywood, OSB, etc.) are often used for ceiling cladding. It can also be painted with water-dispersion paints.

However, such paints and varnishes completely cover the natural texture and texture of the wood. This circumstance is not to the liking of all of us. This situation relates to the area of ​​diversity of our aesthetic tastes.

For example, in the kitchen, wooden ceilings covered with light paint look very good.

Alkyd paints and varnishes for wood

  1. Wood has high absorbency. To level it out, the base should be primed before painting. However, the costs of water-dispersed coatings for wood are still higher than for gypsum plasterboard, plaster or concrete.
  2. Dark wood species are quite difficult to paint over.

Based on all this, the best option is to use alkyd paint for wooden ceilings. It has a high level of hiding power. In addition, most brands of alkyd materials are “2 in 1” coatings. For example, primer-paint or antiseptic-paint.

Before purchasing a composition, make sure that it is intended for painting wood. There are many varieties of paints based on alkyd resins. However, PF enamels are most often used for wood. They contain pentaphthalic varnish.

In addition to the pigments and tints responsible for the color of the paint, they may contain the following additives:

  • nacre;
  • quartz chips;
  • marble flour, etc.

The photo shows multi-colored alkyd paints.

These components make it possible to create decorative additional effects.

Alkyd paints, as a rule, are already painted in some color and are completely ready for use. They have a wide range of tones and shades. They are rich and bright, which makes it possible to recreate contrasts and accents.

Alkyd finish is durable and resistant to sun and moisture. Consequently, such a coating can be used to cover wooden ceilings not only in residential premises, but also on the terrace, open veranda, summer kitchen, and attic.

Toning and impregnating compositions

Wooden ceilings have a fundamental difference from other bases - their natural texture is best not to be masked, but, on the contrary, to be preserved and emphasized.

That is, when painting wooden ceilings with your own hands, it is best to prefer transparent paints that have a tinting effect.

There are several varieties of such paints and varnishes:

  1. The most popular now are decorative glazes, as well as impregnating varnishes. Their main function is to protect the wood from rotting.. Only secondarily do they play a decorative role.
    Such paints and varnishes leave the wood texture visible, the surface of the base is only tinted. At the same time, the coating has a gloss, it is tactilely silky and smooth.

  1. A variety of colored solvent-based alkyd varnishes are also used to finish wooden ceilings. These translucent compounds create a protective film on the base that has good strength. It varies in gloss level.

  1. There are also synthetic or water-based glazing impregnations. Essentially, these are stains.

They penetrate deep into the wood and color the base fibers:

  • with their help, cheap wood becomes similar to valuable species - oak, rosewood, walnut, mahogany, etc.;
  • if the ceiling was covered with an expensive type of wood, then stain will only emphasize its texture and texture. After glazing, the base can be coated with glossy, semi-glossy or matte varnish at your request.

Rating: 9 best ceiling paints

Below I present to you the 9 best paints in different categories that can be purchased in Russia.

Matte best ceiling paint

The highest quality brand of matte paint is Dulux “Magic White”. I warn you right away that this refers to material made directly in the UK. The company's factories in Russia cannot always produce the highest quality products.

So:

  1. This paint has excellent light-absorbing properties. They make it possible to almost completely hide all small defects on the ceilings.
  2. The material has a high level of hiding power. Two layers of it are enough for the base surface to look its best.
  3. In addition, the material has: environmental friendliness, low consumption per square meter, a wide range of tones, the ability to be applied to an unprepared base, and ease of maintenance.

Based on everything stated above, it is not surprising that this paint has become so popular.

The only disadvantage of Dulux English paint “Magic White” is its high cost. It is approximately 3100 rubles. for 10 l.

Best glossy composition

Dufa “Superweiss” is the best glossy composition.

Of the glossy paints, the most popular is the German Dufa “Superweiss” paint.

This ceiling paint is valued for the following qualities:

  • impeccable snow-whiteness;
  • silky gloss;
  • high level of hiding power;
  • duration of coating service;
  • strength.

Most of us like glossy finishes. They focus on the purity of color and visually expand the space. Because of this, Dufa “Superweiss” is often used to paint the ceilings of small rooms.

The manufacturer of this brand also produces decorative materials that recreate spectacular designs on the base. Thanks to this, you can not only work with the tones and shades of the coating, but also create visual illusions and original textures on the ceilings.

The approximate cost of Dufa “Superweiss” paint is 3,300 rubles/10 liters.

The best semi-gloss material

Polish paint “Sniezka-Eko” is very surprising with the best quality/cost ratio. It is suitable for almost all types of substrates and has an excellent hiding power.

“Snezhka” makes it possible to combine surfaces with different textures. For example, this is necessary when installing suspended ceilings made of gypsum plasterboard. This paint does not have high moisture resistance, however, it is environmentally friendly and hypoallergenic. This composition is easy to tint to the tone and shade you need.

I would like to warn you about the disadvantages of this paint. Its practical consumption per square meter is almost 2 times higher than what the manufacturer claims.

The approximate cost of the Sniezka-Eko coating is 1,400 rubles. for a 10 liter bucket.

The best polyvinyl acetate paint

"TEX-pro" is the best water-based paint.

TEX-pro paint is a type of classic water-based composition based on polyvinyl acetate. In other words: it is cheap, spreads easily and has almost no smell. The coating can be tinted according to the TEX company catalog.

The main disadvantages of this paint:

  • high material costs;
  • increased requirements for the foundation;
  • coverage is not very good; the coating has to be spread in several layers to get a high-quality result.

When choosing the “TEX-pro” composition, take into account the peculiarities of caring for the coating. It, like all other water-based PVA paints, can be easily washed off with plain water. Based on this, you will not be able to clean the tiled ceiling.

The approximate cost of “TEX-pro” is 1600 rubles. for a 9 liter bucket.

Highest quality silicone material

The German company Caparol produces the best silicone paint under the CapaSilan brand.

Silicone materials, after drying, easily mask or completely eliminate small unevenness, cracks and roughness on the base. Thanks to its adhesive properties, CapaSilan paint can hide cracks up to 2 millimeters wide.

The composition has good hiding power and, under certain conditions, one layer is enough for excellent coloring. The created coating is easy to clean. It practically does not become dirty, because it has water- and dust-repellent properties.

The approximate cost of Caparol “CapaSilan” silicone paint is 3,900 rubles. for a 10 liter bucket.

The best acrylic paint for ceilings

Rostov manufacturer Empilis produces the best water-dispersion acrylic paint Oreol-Discount. It fits perfectly on bases made of any materials, forming a uniform matte finish.

Most matte compositions have a high level of coverage. Especially when the composition is white, pastel or terracotta in color. "Oreol-Discount" will not be an exception.

This paint dries faster after application (1.5 times) than analogues from other manufacturers. The coating is easy to clean and wash.

Among the minuses, the following can be noted. The material costs stated by the manufacturer are often exceeded in practice.

The approximate cost of "Oreol-Discount" is 900 rubles. for a 13 liter bucket.

The best latex composition

The Finnish company Tikkurila has been associated with the definition of “high-quality” among Russian consumers for many years when it comes to most types of paints and varnishes.

Tikkurilla “Euro-7” latex paint has the following advantages:

  • durability of the coating;
  • purity of color;
  • environmental friendliness;
  • wide possibilities of coloring;
  • resistance to solar ultraviolet radiation;
  • good technical characteristics.

I warn you right away: a high-quality product means real Finnish Tikkurila paint. The plant near St. Petersburg does not always produce such ideal material.

The approximate cost of Tikkurilla “Euro-7” is 2800 rubles. for a 9 liter bucket.

The best silicate paint for ceilings

Russian-German silicate paint “Ceresit CT-54” was originally intended for external, that is, facade work. But it can also be used indoors - for ceilings and walls. The material is environmentally friendly, has high hiding power, antifungal properties, durability and ease of maintenance.

This paint is demanding on the quality of base preparation. It fits best on plaster.

The approximate cost of “Ceresit CT-54” is 3,300 rubles. for a 15 liter bucket.

Great super white ceiling paint

Expert Washable paint is one of the materials produced by the Russian company DEKART. The coating created when using it looks dazzlingly snow-white.

The manufacturer's instructions highlight the following paint properties:

  • it is not toxic;
  • dries very quickly;
  • practically no smell;
  • over time does not lose its original color, does not wear out or crumble;
  • looks great in both glossy and matte versions.
  • Suitable for all types of substrates.

It is quite difficult to tint this paint - the result is often unsuccessful. Based on this, it is best to leave the composition as basic – white.

The approximate cost of “Expert Washable” is 850 rubles. for 14 kg.

Conclusion

Now there is a wide selection of types and brands of paints that can be used to decorate the ceiling. All you have to do is wisely choose the composition that is best suited for your case.

After watching the video in this article, you will understand more about this topic.



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