How to make an underground in a private house. Construction of a floor on the ground with an underground: making a technical room under the house

Almost all private houses are equipped with basements. They perform a lot practical functions and are indispensable if you have your own farm. In cases where it is not possible to equip such an underground storage compartment, a cellar can be built a short distance from the house.

What is a basement for?

First of all, let's find out for what purpose Additional space under the floor can be used:

1. For food storage long time(especially in winter period).
2. For planting bulbs or rhizomes of ornamental plants (if they need to be dug up from open ground for the winter).
3. As a pantry where you can store things that are not used in everyday use.
4. To install heating and water-pressure equipment there, which will supply the house with heat and water.
5. If basement large enough in area, it is possible to build there Gym or even a sauna.

It is important to decide on these goals in advance, since some features of arranging the space under the floor of the house depend on this.

Basement construction technology

The construction of a basement begins with a drawing and planning work. The initial stages of arrangement are carried out already at the stage of foundation construction. Everything needs to be planned out correctly engineering systems that will be there:

• waterproofing system;
• ventilation;
• insulation;
• lighting.

When constructing a basement, special attention must be paid to drainage. This is a must if you want to keep the room dry.

The basement of a house is part of the building's foundation. One of the types of underground storage facilities is caisson. From French this word is translated as “box”.

Initially, such cellars were used to store food and things under water. However, over time, they have found much wider application.

Their advantage is, first of all, tightness and compactness.

This type of basement can be used both in small houses to save space, and if the level groundwater does not allow you to dig a full basement.

Caisson in wooden house can be made with your own hands or you can purchase such a box in a specialized hardware store. Modern caissons are made not only of wood, but also of concrete, metal or plastic.

Special design and quality materials allow you to make a waterproof and compact cellar.

Plastic caissons are the most popular because they are lightweight, do not require anti-corrosion treatment and are relatively inexpensive.

Also quite common is a type of basement called glaciers.

Their popularity is due to the harsh weather conditions that prevail in most of our country.

This type of cellar is characterized by the presence of specially prepared ice, which helps keep food fresh throughout almost the entire year.

Their peculiarity is that they are able to accumulate cold during the winter months and retain it until the end of summer.

Thus, the products in the glacier do not spoil and all year round stay fresh.

Basement ventilation

The ventilation system for the basement located directly under the house itself must be provided for in the original construction plan. Ventilation is needed primarily to keep the room below the soil surface dry and prevent the spread of mold.

Such a system is quite simple to install from ordinary plastic pipes. It will be necessary not only to ensure its circulation (not only outflow, but also supply).

For this purpose, the hole into which will flow Fresh air, must be located at a height of at least 50 cm from the floor. The exhaust vent must be located directly under the ceiling. Vents facing the street must be equipped with rodent mesh and other small animals.

Waterproofing and insulation of basements

To protect against precipitation, groundwater and dampness, you will need internal basement waterproofing. The glacier does not need additional insulation other than that provided by the technology of its manufacture.

For achievement good results experts recommend installing waterproofing in two layers: one on the outside, and the second on the inside. This way you can definitely protect your basement from groundwater and simply unnecessary dampness.

If there is a need to remove excess moisture, a special drainage system is developed. For this purpose, a special trench can be dug, which will drain water, for example, to the garden. This pipe is installed at a depth equal to the depth of the foundation of your house.

Insulated basements provide great opportunity for their arrangement. You can easily make a gym, sauna, billiard room or swimming pool there. Proper thermal insulation of the basement also allows you to significantly reduce the cost of heating it, prevents the room from freezing and, thus, allows load-bearing structures serve you as long as possible.

Quite often carried out together with waterproofing works, since insulation and waterproofing are inextricably linked. If the work is carried out correctly, the basement will be able to maintain a temperature of up to +10 degrees even in the cold season without special heating costs.

Use of modern materials such as extruded polystyrene foam, allows you to retain heat and at the same time provide natural ventilation air without the formation of excess condensation. This effect is achieved due to the fact that these materials have sealed pores and do not absorb moisture.

In addition, mineral wool and expanded clay are often used for insulation. These materials also have good thermal insulation properties and are relatively inexpensive. Insulation of the floor in the basement can also be done using these materials. If you plan to use the premises for leisure activities, take care warm floors. This system will allow you to maintain the floor temperature at the proper level.

Internal layout

A wooden house with a basement can be called the dream of many of our fellow citizens.

The interior of the basement can be anything you want and depending on your needs.

If you are going to store vegetables, fruits and canned food there, then you should equip a basement special racks, shelves and drawers. Boxes, as a rule, are used wooden, since this one perfectly withstands low temperatures and will not allow vegetables to freeze or overcook.

Under the ceiling you can store some household items that you do not use in everyday life. Also, a well-equipped basement can be used as a wardrobe for winter clothes so that they do not take up too much space in the house.

There should be a comfortable staircase leading to the basement, along which you can easily go down. A interior layout The room itself should be the way you like it.

Wooden floor is classic solution in construction and repair. No modern composite materials will not replace the warmth of home and the ecological purity of wood. Despite the fact that wood is inferior to concrete or composites in terms of strength and reliability, its natural attractiveness will remain popular among builders for a long time. The installation of a floor in a wooden house has been worked out for many generations, so it should not cause special problems even from not very experienced craftsmen.

You can install a floor in a wooden building according to various technologies. Let's consider the procedure for performing the work, the materials, tools and equipment used.

Floor diagram in a wooden house on pillar supports

Construction of a floor of this design is advisable if you do not intend to lay support or load-bearing beams into the walls of your house for the construction of the floor. IN in this case the floor will be constructed according to a free “floating” design and will not be connected in any way to the external walls of the building. Also, this floor design is used in the construction of floors in wooden buildings on soils with a high level soil water.

The flooring in a house made of wood of this design can be divided into two types.

• Single plank flooring. This type of floor is the easiest to construct and subsequently use and repair. It is recommended to use this design in small country houses built for seasonal use.
• Double floor. This type of floor is built in buildings intended for year-round use. When using this technology, two floorings are built: black and finished, insulation is placed between them to prevent heat loss and moisture penetration.

Technology for constructing floors in houses made of wooden materials on supports

Step 1. Excavate the soil in your subfloor space. The pit must be dug more than half a meter deep from the lower level of the planned floor. Place a cushion of crushed stone, gravel or cleared of organic matter in the dug pit. river sand. It is recommended that the upper edge of the cushion rise above the ground level in the area near the foundation by about 20 centimeters.

Step 2. Floor support pillars can be formed from red burnt brick. So, if you plan to lay the floor on supports 25 centimeters high, then its optimal width will be 1.5 bricks. If the support height is more than 25 centimeters, the pillar is placed in two bricks.

There are other technologies for installing supports. For example, you can place monolithic concrete pillars in the underground. In this case, the concrete solution is poured into a pre-built wooden formwork, inside which a metal frame made of reinforcement is mounted.

Concrete mortar can also be poured into sections installed vertically and recessed into the gravel bed asbestos cement pipes, inside of which a frame made of reinforcement is also placed.

In any case, when choosing a construction technology support pillars it is necessary to pay attention to their uniform upper level. Best device for control - this laser level or level. The distance between the support pillars horizontally and vertically is about a meter.

Step 3. A layer of waterproofing is laid on each support pillar. The easiest way to do this is to use two combined layers of sheet insulation, for example roofing felt.

Step 4.A wooden plate 30 mm thick is placed on the waterproofing layer.

Step 5.Log beams are laid on the support pillars. They are usually built from thick wooden beams cut from coniferous species wood and treated with an antiseptic. The connection points of the lags should be on the support pillars. During construction, control the horizontal position of the upper surface of the joists. The position of the joists can be adjusted using counter wedges. Depending on the width of the wooden boards used in the construction of the floor, the distance between adjacent logs can vary in the range of 60-80 cm.

Step 6.Plank flooring is laid on the laid joists. To create an aesthetic appearance, wooden boards It is better to lay it parallel to the directions of light falling from the windows of the room. The first board is laid with a gap from the wall of up to 15 mm. Then this space will be covered with a plinth, but the gap will ensure the movement of air into the underground space.

Step 7.Solid wood boards are attached to joists using nails. The minimum length of the connecting nail should be twice the thickness of the board. The nails are driven in at an angle so that the axis of rotation of the nail does not coincide with the plane of the interface between the board and the supporting beam. The optimal tilt angle is 30-45 degrees to the vertical. The heads of the nails are completely recessed into the board with blows from the sharp side of the hammer. Then, after the puttying and painting process, the nail heads will disappear from view.

We nail the boards at an acute angle

Step 8.A plinth strip is nailed on top of the boards along the perimeter of the walls. A temporary plinth is installed near two walls of the room opposite each other, which is fixed a couple of centimeters from the walls. The slots will provide ventilation until the final drying of the array of boards, and then they will be covered with a permanent baseboard.

Please note that if a room with a floor on concrete or brick supports-pillars is not heated in the winter, the supports may be affected by the geometry wooden structure the floor will be broken. A layer of slag can provide additional thermal insulation to the underground space, but there must be a space of at least 5 centimeters between its upper edge and the wooden floor to ensure ventilation.

How to Build a Single Plank Floor in a Wooden House

If, when building walls in a wooden house, you provided for laying support beams, then the most affordable way to build a floor would be to lay a single plank floor. Typically the gap between the support beams is at least a meter.

1. Logs for laying the floor are mounted on top of the support beams. For their construction they are used wooden beams with a side of 50-60 millimeters. The distance between the joists depends on the width of the tongue and groove board used for flooring:
   - if you use a board with a thickness of 30 mm, then the distance between the lags should be no more than half a meter;
   - if you use a tongue and groove board with a thickness of 400 mm or more, then the optimal distance between the logs will be 50-60 centimeters.
2. When laying sheathing from logs, be sure to check the horizontalness of the upper level of the beams. It is advisable to use laser or conventional building level, adjusting the height of the log using counter wedges tapped under it.
3. The logs are fixed to the load-bearing beams using long nails or carpenter's staples.

1. The plank floor of a single structure is laid directly on the joists. To lay the finished floor in one layer, a tongue and groove board is used. Its fastening is traditional: the next board is inserted into the lock of the previous one, adjusted by tapping with a mallet, and then nailed to the joist with a long nail that enters the body of the board at a slight slope. The heads of the nails are recessed into the body of the board. If you plan to place a single layer of finishing on the floor flooring– then it is possible to use unedged boards.

1. The finished tongue and groove flooring is sanded and then varnished or painted. The finishing layer is laid on the rough floor layer. decorative coating, for example, linoleum.

It's very fast and affordable way floor structure in a wooden building. However, the thermal insulation of such a structure leaves much to be desired, and in a house designed for year-round use, it is better to build a double floor structure.

We build a floor in two layers in a wooden structure

Unlike a single floor, a double floor consists of two layers: finishing and rough.

Step 1

Logs are mounted on the supporting load-bearing beams, to which additional cranial bars are nailed.

Step 2

Boards of the rough flooring layer are nailed to the additional cranial bars in the transverse direction. Can be used unedged board coniferous species various thicknesses(15-45 mm). Before laying, the boards are treated with an antiseptic. The laid boards are tightly fitted to each other so that minimal gaps remain.

Step 3

A layer of vapor barrier made of durable polyethylene is laid on the rough flooring. Its stripes overlap.

Step 5

Logs are laid on the subfloor. Their height is selected depending on the required level of insulation (usually 50 mm).

Step 6

There is an insulating layer between the joists. The choice of material for insulation depends solely on your budget and preferences:

• rolled out roll of mineral wool;
• boards made of foamed polymer (for example, polystyrene foam);
• layer backfill material, for example expanded clay or a mixture of clay and sawdust;
• heated water floor piping system.

Step 7

Another layer of waterproofing is laid on top of the thermal insulation layer. If you are building a warm water floor in the thickness of a wooden one, upper layer no waterproofing is used. When building a floor with passive thermal insulation, a gap of 1-1.5 centimeters is left between the upper edge of the thermal insulation layer.

Step 8

Tongue and groove boards are laid on top of this entire “sandwich”. The technology for their installation has already been described above.

Step 9

During installation, they are left in the corners of the room. ventilation holes with a cross section of about 5 centimeters, which are covered with decorative grilles. The surface of the gratings is raised above the floor by a couple of centimeters. This elevation protects the grille from moisture.

The underground is also ventilated through windows in the basement walls. In winter all types ventilation windows overlap.

Features of floor construction on the first floor of wooden buildings

When installing a floor on the lower ground floor or basement wooden house There are certain features above unheated basements.

Cold floor located directly on the ground (without underground)

A cold floor located directly on the ground (without an underground) is built when there is dry soil under the house and when the ceiling of the first floor of the building is high. The underground of such a floor consists of 4 layers:

• compacted sand cushion;
• dry, clean, calcined sand;
• lag (beams made of coniferous trees with a thickness of more than 15 centimeters), buried in the poured soil base and resting on excavations in external walls premises;
• single plank flooring with a thickness of 30-40 mm.

Insulated floor with unheated underground space

The procedure for constructing an insulated floor with an unheated underground space

1. Placement in the underground of a pillow made of compacted sand cleared of organic matter (thickness 10-15 cm).
2. Installation of support posts at least half a meter high. A very simple and economical way to install supports is to pour concrete into sections vertically standing pipes with a metal frame inside.
3. Laying a double layer of waterproofing on the surface of the supports.
4. Placement of wooden dies 30 mm thick.
5. Laying load-bearing joists.
6. In order to thermally insulate the floor when using this technology, slats (about 15 mm in cross-section) are nailed to the side ends of the joists, on which a rough floor layer of cut unedged boards is laid.
7. Placed on the rough layer of flooring vapor barrier film and a layer of insulation (flooring level just below the finished floor). A plank floor or wood board covering is laid on top of the beams.

Cold floor with heated underground space

A cold floor with a heated underground space is used in construction on soils with low soil water levels. The technology for its installation is the same as the previous one, up to the stage of installing the subfloor. After installing the logs, a finished floor is mounted on top of them without creating a heat-insulating layer.

Watch the instructional video to learn more about the construction steps.

Video - Installing a floor in a wooden house

Ventilation in the basement is no less important than, for example, in the kitchen or bedroom. By organizing a good air flow into this room, you will minimize the risk of musty odors and mildew. Therefore, do everything to organize proper ventilation in the house. This is exactly what we will talk about today, in particular about basement ventilation.

An industrial fan can easily handle basement ventilation, or an exhaust and supply air duct will help. In this case, the “circulation” of air is ensured by the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors, pressure, and wind speed. The beginning of the supply pipe should be placed closer to the floor, the exhaust duct should be right under the ceiling, these are the two most important requirements.

Vents in the walls

If you need to organize ventilation of a basement whose height does not exceed two meters, and this is mostly the case, then you can limit yourself to installing elementary through holes in the walls opposite. To prevent rodents and other large animals from entering the basement, the openings are equipped with a mesh with small cells. This way you can be absolutely sure that no rat will enter the room. The foundation is ventilated in a similar way, only in this case it is necessary to provide ventilation holes in advance, even when constructing the basement of the house.

Floor ventilation

If the house design does not provide for a basement, we must not forget about floor ventilation, which is organized through the installation of ducts. At double walls Additionally, you need to make holes in the internal partitions. You also need to remember about the winter operation of floor ventilation, when there is a high risk of floor freezing. In this case, the vents made must be tightly closed until the temperature outside returns to normal.

Pros of a wooden house

A wooden house is very picky in terms of its reaction to humidity. To provide long term service of wood, it is necessary to minimize the accumulation of moisture, because this entails rotting, fungus, and damage to the main material used in construction. By choosing a log house as the main material, you get one big advantage - “breathing walls”. Thanks to the unique physical properties Living in a wooden house is always very pleasant.

But you need to remember what wooden structure requires close care because, despite the use water-repellent impregnations, the tree still absorbs moisture to some extent and deteriorates over time.

There are several general provisions that relate to organizing the construction of a basement in a house.

Basement walls and floors are tested negative impact moisture, soil pressure and water pressure that must be resisted. To strengthen the walls of the basement and create a strong structure, retaining walls (walls) are usually built from the inside of the basement. As a rule, the distance between them is 3-4 meters.

If the basement will be located under the entire area of ​​the house, then it must have doors and arches. In such a basement, it is necessary to maintain a height of 2 m in order to safely enter and move around.

It is also necessary to build a basement no lower than one and a half meters deep into the soil, so as not to encounter groundwater in the soil. The most acceptable depth is 110-150 cm. In the part of the basement located above the ground (50-60 cm), it is optimal to make openings for windows, vents for ventilation or for lighting the basement.

It is important to consider protection from excess moisture entry or entrance to the basement. To prevent melt and rainwater from entering the basement, it is necessary to cover the entrance or ramp with a separate roof, build a special “threshold” to drain water from the beginning of the descent into the basement and small size drainage system to remove trapped water.

To build a good basement that will serve for a long time, the following measures must be taken.

• First, explore the hydrogeological parameters of the site;
• Draw up a basement project;
• Drain the area as needed;
• Use only high-quality materials and advanced construction technologies;
• Carry out hydro- and thermal insulation of walls and floors;
• Equip supply and exhaust ventilation;
• Fill the blind area around the foundation.

It should start with the construction of the basement. This will allow you to properly organize the entire complex construction work and will significantly reduce the construction time of the house.

To build the basement of a house, two main construction technologies are used, which are used at the initial stage of construction of the building. This is a classic. There is also another non-standard technology for arranging a basement at the stage when the house is already completely built. Let's look at these technologies step by step.

Technology for building a basement at the stage of digging a pit

There are several here tricky advice. To prevent blocks or bricks from getting stuck in the fresh and soft cement mortar, you can sprinkle it with a thin layer of clean, dry cement. There is another way to make cement mortar more elastic. To do this, you just need to add liquid soap to the solution. One batch (1 bucket of dry cement) will require no more than 50 ml liquid soap. You can use the cheapest soap you can find in the store. Thus, the cement mortar will remain in its original form for a long time, the sand will not settle and the blocks will not displace moisture with their weight.

To securely fix iron fittings, it is necessary to use a hook with a ratchet specially designed for this purpose.

The next stage of this technology will be the construction of basement walls. They must be thoroughly waterproofed outside. To do this, you can use the roofing material mentioned above, hydroglass insulation, bitumen or clay.

After this, it is necessary to build the upper floor of the basement. This role can be played by concrete slabs, concrete or wood beams with further floors. The space between the walls of the basement and the pit is filled with soil.

The disadvantages of this technology are as follows:

• digging a pit is possible only with the use of special heavy construction machines(excavator, dump truck, crane). And their work is not always convenient in small or hard-to-reach areas.
• It is impossible to delay such construction over time, because the walls of the pit may crumble (float).
• necessary external waterproofing of walls due to the presence of microcracks in block or brick walls the thing is expensive, but not always reliable enough.
• the newly filled soil between the walls of the basement and the pit has a lower density and higher hygroscopicity, which leads to the collection of excess moisture after the winter season. Creating a hydraulic lock from clay to prevent water accumulation is a complex and expensive undertaking.
• the need to use special equipment significantly increases the cost of the entire house construction project and makes it impossible to build a house on your own (with your own hands).

Technology for building a basement with preliminary pouring of reinforced concrete walls in the ground

The next step is pouring the basement floors. To do this, you need to build the formwork, lay and tie the reinforcement, set the stiffeners and fill it with concrete.

When the ceilings or basement walls are ready, it is necessary to remove excess soil from the basement to create a basement floor. The basement walls are dug up halfway and sand and crushed stone are laid out on the entire bottom of the basement, forming a kind of cushion. Reinforcement is mounted on it, which is poured concrete mixture.
The only difficult aspect of this technology is digging a trench, which needs to be dug quickly, reinforcement constructed and filled with concrete mixture. All other work can be carried out independently by the owner of the future home with small quantity assistants and without unnecessary haste. This will significantly save money and reduce the overall cost of construction work.

Technology for building a basement in a built house

This technology is quite complicated, since the house has already been built. In this case, it is unlikely that a basement can be made under the entire house, and its walls will no longer be load-bearing for the foundation of the house. When constructing a basement in this way, you can use the technologies described above, but then the basement walls will not be so reliable, the soil near the basement walls will have to be disturbed and the walls made thinner to increase the area of ​​the basement.

The third technology is as follows. Along the entire perimeter of the foundation, under part of the house, for example, under the kitchen, soil is dug to a depth of 1.5 meters. The walls and floor are laid out with asbestos-cement slabs, which will serve as an external mechanical protection basement. Then two layers of waterproofing (for example, TechnoNIKOL) are spread on the slabs. From above, the waterproofing is glued to the foundation of the house. This results in a fairly airtight room. The basement floor is laid out with reinforcement and filled with concrete about 14 cm thick. Along the entire perimeter of the basement, concrete walls 12-14 cm thick are built, which are also equipped reinforced mesh to prevent the formation of concrete breaks and cracks.

With this technology, the soil remains motionless in its compressed state, and the walls and floor of the basement are quite thick (about 20 cm) and with excellent waterproofing inside and mechanical protection outside.

I would especially like to pay attention to such important and necessary elements basement as floors, ventilation and blind area. Let's take a closer look at their device.

Floors

But regardless of the method, the future floor must first be cleared of debris, leveled and compacted.

Floors on the ground can be made of adobe or concrete. In the first case, a double layer of clay and crushed stone, 10-12 cm each, is laid and compacted at the bottom of the basement.

How to make a concrete floor has already been discussed above. It should be said separately about the insulation of such a floor, if such a need arises. First, the soil is concreted, and then insulation is poured onto the hardened concrete, which can be expanded clay or slag. A cement screed is poured on top of the insulation. As a result, the total thickness of the resulting floor should be 12-15 cm. On this floor you can now safely lay linoleum, lay tiles, OSB-3 boards, moisture-resistant plywood, fiberboard and other decorative floor coverings.

However, if groundwater is close, it is not recommended to use such insulation, since its water resistance is extremely high. Polystyrene foam and other modern materials can serve as insulation here.

The second option for installing floors, when logs are used, is most suitable for a basement that is intended to be used as a living space.

The work on installing such floors is as follows. In order for the soil to become dense, it is necessary to build columns 15-20 cm high, preferably from red baked brick or concrete at such a distance that the logs do not sag. The logs are placed on a layer of waterproofing (TechnoNIKOL, roofing felt) and on wooden blocks. The bars perform the function of leveling the plane if the base of the floor is uneven, on which the logs will rest. A floor made of planks is laid on the joists. It is necessary to take into account that the length of the boards should be 2-3 cm less than the length of the basement room in order to reduce the warping of the boards to zero and ensure ventilation underground space. The final element of floor construction will be baseboards, which are nailed along the entire perimeter.

Ventilation

Let us repeat once again that high-quality basement ventilation is the key to a healthy room. In such a basement there will never be musty and stale air, and wooden floors will not rot.

Basement exhaust pipe ventilation system originates at the top of the basement and ends with the rest ventilation pipes over the roof of the house. It is desirable for the traction to be maximum exhaust pipe lay side by side with the smoke duct of a stove or heating boiler.

The supply pipe begins in the unoccupied attic and ends closer to the basement floor, and usually opposite the exhaust pipe. In summer, most often, natural draft is not enough for the normal functioning of the ventilation system, so it is necessary to additionally install a fan in the exhaust pipe.

In addition to ventilation ducts, the ventilation system also includes vents - small window-holes located in the basement of the house and used to ventilate the room. They can be square with a section of 14 by 14 cm or round. Vents protect the basement from small animals using a mesh. In winter, the vents can be covered with clay or closed with special valves. With the onset of the warm season, all hatches, doors and valves open. Creating a through ventilation system will eliminate stagnant humidity in the air. Great for absorbing excess moisture quicklime, coarse table salt or charcoal. These substances can be poured into containers and arranged according to different angles premises.
The ventilation system will also prevent the accumulation of harmful gases (radon) in the basement.

Blind areas

Blind areas can be made from a wide variety building material. This could be a concrete slab or monolithic concrete, cobblestone and asphalt, brick and paving slabs, etc.

The second important function that the blind area performs is decorative. Beautiful and neatly built blind areas will give a finished look to the entire finished structure and will serve as a convenient path around the house.
The width of the blind area is usually 0.5-1 m and depends on the quality of the soil and how far the roof eaves protrude. The technology for constructing a blind area is as follows. First of all, you need to remove the plant layer of soil 10-15 cm thick. The resulting excavation must be filled with soft clay, compacted by sinking gravel or crushed stone into it. When performing this work, it is necessary to maintain a slope of 5-10% (5-10 cm per 1 m width) from the house. Then sand and gravel, broken bricks or other suitable material. Then everything is compacted and concreted. You can also asphalt, pave with cobblestones, paving slabs etc. It is important to make small grooves along the edges of the blind area through which water will drain.
There is an opinion according to which it is possible to spread a PVC film 2-2.5 m wide at a depth of 30-40 cm. This film can remove unnecessary spring moisture from the foundation of the house.

In general, the construction and arrangement of the basement is complete. Now you can use it for the purpose for which you prepared it. If all the moments and nuances of construction are taken into account, then the basement will serve for a long time and you will not have any problems in its operation.

Preface

Having a well-built cellar in a private home will help preserve vegetables and preserves until the next harvest. There are quite a few solutions for constructing such structures, but the most common is considered to be a cellar under the house.

Cellar or basement?

Reliably storing supplies throughout the winter is an important task for garden owners, so arranging space for potatoes and other vegetables must be done according to all the rules. In order to prevent the potatoes from sprouting and the lids on the jars from rusting, you will have to not only dig a hole. Ventilation, as well as waterproofing and interior finishing must meet certain requirements.

The main point from which all the differences between a cellar and a basement arise is the purpose of each structure. The basement is partially heated, so it is used as workshops, warehouses or other utility rooms, as well as garages, as can be seen in the photo. The structure, which is located under the house and is called a cellar, performs a different function, being a storage for:

• vegetables and fruits;
• jars of jam and pickles;
• homemade wine;
• barrels of sauerkraut, cucumbers or tomatoes.

It is necessary to maintain the appropriate temperature inside the cellar; ventilated drawers, shelves and racks are installed here, good placement who are often photographed. , unlike a basement, requires less space, and its decoration can be quite simple and uncomplicated.

Is it possible to make a cellar in the basement?

If there is a cool basement under the floor of the house and the temperature in it remains relatively low even in the summer, you can allocate part of it to make storage for vegetables. Similar option quite acceptable. But there’s no way to create a basement in the cellar, and you won’t even be able to find photos of such “transformations.”

To build a cellar under the house with your own hands in the basement area, you need to separate a smaller part of it wooden partition. You will need to install shelving inside, make separate lighting and ventilation. To keep the cellar cool, you should install a thermal insulation layer. It is important that heated air does not enter inside, and the temperature is maintained at a level slightly above zero degrees, which is considered for a cellar optimal mode. It is better if the storage facility has an individual descent and complete autonomy from the main basement. Finishing the cellar should include treating the walls with one of the following compounds:

• antifungal;
• slaked lime;
• copper sulfate.

For thermal insulation, choose polystyrene foam or glass insulation. In numerous photos posted on this site, you can see that the front trim is made of fiberboard sheets or plywood. To prevent soil from the cellar from entering the house, a layer of expanded clay, pebbles, or straw is placed on its floor.

Advantages of a cellar located under the house

There are many positive aspects that speak in favor of installing a vegetable storage facility directly under the house. First of all, there is no need to allocate a separate place for construction, which is especially important for small personal plots. In winter, you don’t need to dress specially to get a jar of cucumbers or a few potatoes for borscht.

At high level groundwater there is no need to install a separate drainage system, which will require additional material investments. And only one pit will need to be made. It should be noted, however, that if the water level in the ground is high, it is not recommended to create a cellar located under the house, since it will be too damp, and during the period of snow melting, water will most likely appear in the vegetable storage. Although good waterproofing and underground drainage can correct the situation.

Construction of a cellar during the construction of a house

Responsible owners are concerned about the question of how to build a cellar located under the floor of the house correctly, so that no problems arise later, and its photo can be shown to friends. There can be only one answer here - it is necessary to carefully approach all stages of construction, starting from earthworks and ending with the installation of shelving. This structure must be erected at the stage of laying the foundation, since subsequently dismantling the floor and digging a deep and wide hole under it will be difficult and impractical. During the construction process you will need:

• dig a pit;
• build walls;
• perform waterproofing and, if necessary, thermal insulation;
• install the ceiling and hatch;
• make cellar ventilation under the house;
• fill the floor with sand or pour concrete;
• finish the internal surfaces;
• install drawers and shelves;
• build a ladder.

To prevent a “surprise” in the form of leaking water from accidentally appearing in the cellar during a flood or heavy, prolonged rainfall, before starting to dig a pit, you will need to find out at what level the groundwater lies. You can look into the nearest wells, and if there are none, drill a well at least 2.5 meters deep and wait a couple of days to see whether water appears in it or not.

The depth of the cellar is determined depending on the groundwater level (GWL), taking into account the requirements for its minimum depth of 1.8 meters. At shallower depths:

• it will be inconvenient to stay and move in the storage;
• the air temperature will rise 7–8 degrees higher, which will affect the preservation of vegetables.

The ideal option is the distance from the groundwater horizon during a flood to the cellar floor - at least a meter. For lower values, enhanced waterproofing of the walls and floor of the building or the construction of a separate semi-underground cellar will be required. Photos of similar buildings can be seen here. The optimal depth of the cellar under the house is considered to be 1.9–2.25 meters.

The storage area for vegetables must be at least five square meters. The dimensions of the pit are determined taking into account the thickness of the walls (25–30 cm) and the cavities intended for applying waterproofing and installation on the outside of the clay castle. The walls of the cellar are made from:

• monolithic reinforced concrete;
• red brick;
• cinder blocks;
• logs

After installing a sand cushion (up to 20 cm high), laying a layer of crushed stone (10 cm thick) and a reinforced wire mesh (0.6 cm in diameter), the floor in the cellar is filled with concrete. In this case, it is necessary to maintain the slope of the base towards the technical pit intended for collecting condensate or in case of groundwater.

Then the installation of heat, steam and waterproofing of the floor and hatch is carried out. This will avoid the appearance of excessive condensation on the ceiling, the penetration of cool air and a specific smell into the house. Simple finishing the cellar requires wall cladding wood materials, such as slab or lining. Look at the photo to see what it looks like in reality. To avoid the appearance of mold and rotting processes, they are treated with compounds containing an antiseptic.

An interesting fact is that finishing a cellar can be expensive and exclusive. For example, in the photo of wine cellars you can see that they are lined with natural expensive materials and decorated with exclusive elements. Inside there are chairs, tasting and chess tables, audio systems. And all this, if desired, can be done directly under your home.

Waterproofing

If water penetrates into the cellar, you do not have the slightest chance of saving the harvest. But water will not be able to get inside the storage facility if its walls and floor are well insulated, and all cracks and seams are hermetically sealed.

Roofing felt glued to hot bitumen is traditionally used as waterproofing. The inside of the walls and floor can also be treated with penetrating waterproofing mastics and coating mixtures that have good adhesion. In modern waterproofing compounds and masonry mortars special additives are added to increase moisture resistance and help create a durable layer that prevents breakouts or punctures. When choosing waterproofing, it is recommended to give preference to coating materials.

In the case of groundwater lying close to the surface of the earth, it is necessary to install a high-quality drainage system that will remove moisture not only from the cellar, but also from the entire house.

Ventilation

The device itself better waterproofing will not save your home vegetable storage from the presence of increased moisture in the absence of ventilation. The resulting condensation has a negative effect on vegetables and fruits in boxes, nets and containers. To get rid of it, you will need properly executed supply and exhaust ventilation of the cellar, the installation of which should be given Special attention. Signs that ventilation is inadequate include:

• stale, heavy air;
• the appearance of mold and mildew;
• feeling of dankness and dampness.

Ventilation is installed from two sections of pipes, which are located in opposite corners of the cellar. One of them, the exhaust one, is installed under the ceiling, and the other, the supply one, half a meter from the floor. Both pipes should go out to the street at the same level, but it is allowed for the top of the supply pipe to be lower.

For device forced ventilation An electric fan is installed in the exhaust pipe. Additionally, quicklime helps remove unnecessary moisture; a bucket of it is placed in one of the corners of the building.

The cellar under the house is very convenient to use and pleases its owners in the winter season. In numerous photos posted on the Internet, you can see excellent examples of such premises. But for its proper functioning, a number of requirements must be met, including the installation of reliable waterproofing and ventilation. At the right approach it's not too much difficult task, so don’t just place vegetables underground; it would be wiser to dig a full-fledged cellar.