How to build a water well. Manual auger method

The first thing the owner should do is suburban area, be it a rural farmstead or just a vegetable garden, ensure water supply. It would be good if a centralized water supply system was built, but, alas, it is not available in every area. In such a situation, there is only one thing left to do - extract water from underground. Contrary to popular belief, this event is not always extremely costly, because the technology of drilling a well under water can easily be mastered by a self-taught person who is accustomed to doing everything on his own.

From 12 to 50 m

The middle depths are the kingdom of aquiferous sand. The water here is quite clean, but you won’t be able to get to it with just a shovel or a pointed pipe. Nevertheless, the desire to build a sand well on your own is quite feasible. You will need special equipment and deeper knowledge of the technology of drilling water wells with your own hands. It is sand wells that will be discussed further.

About drilling methods

Before you drill a water well with your own hands, you need to choose the type of drilling rig (there are three of them).

Shock-rope

A heavy load, called a chuck, as well as a special tool - a bailer - are suspended from the frame using a cable. From below, several strong triangular teeth are welded onto the cartridge, which weighs about 80 kg. By lifting it and dropping it, they loosen the soil, which is then removed with a bailer.

Before starting work, you need to make a shallow well using a garden drill. The chuck can be lifted manually, but it is better to use a rotary motor for this.

Applies this method when working on light or clayey soil.

Auger

The working body of such an installation is similar to a garden auger, only very powerful. It is made from a 100 mm pipe onto which a couple of turns of a screw with a diameter of 200 mm are welded. To make one turn, a round sheet blank is used with a hole cut in its center with a diameter of just over 100 mm. A cut is made along the radius of the workpiece, then the edges at the site of this cut are moved in two opposite directions, perpendicular to the plane of the workpiece.

As the drill sinks, the rod on which it is attached is increased. The tool is rotated manually using a long handle made from a pipe. Every 50 - 70 cm the drill will have to be removed, and since as it goes deeper it will have more and more weight, for this it will be necessary to install a tripod with a winch.

Rotary

For all its complexity this option is the most effective and versatile. Soil development is carried out using a drill bit attached to a constantly expanding pipe - a drill rod or column. Drill bits may have different design, the choice of which depends on the type of soil being overcome at the moment.

Rotary drilling combines rotational and impact effects on the rock. In addition, the design of the drill column allows water or clay solution to be pumped into the well, which erode the soil and significantly speed up the advancement of the tool.

Where to drill

Before starting any work, the hydrogeological situation should be clarified. Best Source information – owners of surrounding plots, especially if they already have wells or have once tried to build them.

The second way is how to properly make a water well, or rather, choose a place for it - search for hydrogeological maps your area, which may be stored in design organizations or relevant departments.

If it was not possible to obtain a clear idea of ​​the presence and nature of aquifers, you will have to take the most expensive step - order exploratory drilling. However, before that you can try one of the traditional methods, for example, dowsing, which, according to some evidence, can indicate with acceptable accuracy the presence or absence of water underground.

When choosing a place for a well, you should beware of neighborhoods in the form of septic tanks, cesspools, landfills or livestock farms. If they are still nearby, then they should be at a distance of no closer than 30 m. Of course, the well should be located closer to the house. The optimal distance is 3 m.

Equipment

To drill a well on a site with your own hands, you need to prepare the following elements:

Let's start drilling

Let's give general instructions regarding how to equip a well at your dacha with your own hands:

1. A square excavation is made in the ground with plan dimensions of 1.5 x 1.5 m and a depth of 1 to 2 m - the so-called pit. It is necessary in order to prevent the crumbling of loose surface soil into the well. The inside of the pit is lined with plywood or boards, and a boardwalk is laid on top of it for ease of installation work.
2. After installing the installation, two coaxial holes are cut out in the upper and lower decks of the pit, after which they begin drilling.
3. The drill rod is rotated using a gear motor or manually. At the same time, a support is placed on the bar, and one of the workers strikes it with a hammer. Alternatively, the drill is winched and dropped in a similar manner to cable percussion drilling. If necessary, water or drilling fluid is supplied to the rod.
4. In parallel with drilling, a casing pipe with a special shoe installed below is installed into the well. Like the drill rod, it is gradually built up.
5. After quicksand (soil with high moisture), drilling accelerates (the aquifer has begun), and then slows down again. This means that the waterproof layer has been reached and drilling can be stopped.
6. A filter column is lowered into the well, after which it begins to be washed with strong water pressure.
7. Lowers into the well submersible pump, which they begin to pump out water until it becomes absolutely clean

On final stage to equip a well at the dacha with your own hands, all cavities are filled with a sand-crushed stone mixture, and a pipeline is laid in a trench to the house.

Common Mistakes

The lack of experience of self-taught drillers most often manifests itself in the following:

1. The drill is lowered too deep, causing the casing to cross the aquifer. Solution: lift the casing pipe or insert a new, shorter one into it, after which the previously installed pipe should be removed.
2. The casing pipe did not reach the required depth, as a result of which the soil below collapsed and the productivity of the well dropped sharply. Solution: remove the soil with a bailer, then immerse the pipe to the required depth.
3. The pump was installed too low, as a result of which the well became clogged with sand.

In the latter case, you should remove the pump and, having selected the sand with a bailer, install it correctly. The correct position is determined as follows: the operating pump is gradually lowered until sand is found in the pumped water. After this, the pump is raised slightly until the water it supplies becomes clean. (usually the correct position of the pump is 1-2 m from the bottom).

How to drill a well under water with your own hands and with the help of what equipment you can watch in the video.

The construction of any building presupposes the mandatory arrangement of a water supply system, without which living and any activity is unthinkable. But sometimes even the owners of those plots that are connected or can be connected to the central highway are looking for alternative options.

One of them is the construction of a water well. An autonomous source of moisture allows you to solve many problems related to water quality, the consistency of its pressure, and the like. But before we start installation work, you should find water for the well. There is an opinion that only professionals can do this, although, knowing some techniques, you can find a place to drill a well yourself. Let's look at the simplest of them.

Method of finding water for a well

First of all, you should know that there are several subsoil layers. They are located at different depths (on “horizons”, levels) and have complex configuration, now approaching the surface, now moving away from it. Take drinking water from the top layer is not recommended; often it can only be used for economic purposes.

In any case, control drilling of a water well is first done. It may turn out that this place is not suitable for many reasons. Firstly, the static water level in the well is determined, from which one can judge whether it will meet the needs for its flow rate. After this, a sample is taken from it and submitted to the SES for analysis to determine suitability for consumption.

After all, it is precisely this horizon that receives liquids that are absorbed into the soil, including after cleaning in a septic tank. Therefore, before drilling a well under water, it is necessary to understand why it is needed and what its consumption is required. Theoretically, the purest is from the lower layers, although their depth can reach up to 40 - 50 m. In addition, the upper horizon is less “voluminous”, so there is no guarantee that installing a water well with an intake from it will ensure uninterrupted supply all year round, although for a dacha the latter is not particularly important.

1. A good guide May be well on a neighboring dacha plot. If there is a difference in depth, it will not be so significant. Naturally, you need to look for the place where the water comes closest to the surface. Plants will be a clue. There are special tables that indicate the dependence of the depth of water layers on their type. For example, for yellow alfalfa - from 1 to 3.5 m, for sandy wormwood - from 3 to 5 m.

In addition, your pets will also tell you where to build a water well. Above the close underground horizon, the cat rests with pleasure, but the dog never lies down. The abundance of midges in this place is also a clue. But there definitely won’t be any (red) ants there.

2. Using a frame. Take 2 wires (copper, aluminum) approximately half a meter long. The ends of both (10 - 15 cm each) are bent and inserted into tubes made of wood (for example, elderberry with the core previously removed). The wires are taken in outstretched hands, and the search for water for the well begins. You need to slowly walk around the area and watch where the “antennae” cross. This is where you should drill a water well. You can also use one frame. In the “right” place it will change its position, and at a shallow depth it will even begin to rotate.

In addition to the fairly simple ones described above, there are other ways to find water for a well. To check the correctness of the result, you can leave a blank in this place. glass jar, placing it upside down. After some time, its walls will fog up. And if you pour salt, it will soon get wet.

Work methodology

Drilling a water well

There are several methods, but for a summer cottage it is advisable to use “manual” ones that do not require large financial investments. Water will be taken from the top layer if it is suitable according to its characteristics. In this case, its consumption can be provided up to 1.5 “cubes”.

How to make a drill for a water well

With this “tool,” depending on the characteristics of the soil, you can walk up to 25–30 m. Water can be collected from 7–10 m if the aquifer is not deep. Such a water well is called a “sandy” well.

The drill resembles the one that fishermen use winter time make holes in the ice. The difference is that the tool consists of a straight rod with a screw end (a steel strip welded in a spiral). A piece of metal pipe is welded onto the other end. The “shoulder” of the lever is selected based on ease of operation.

When determining how to drill a well for water, you need to focus on its desired depth. Therefore, you should prepare “elbows”-extensions for the rod with a length of no more than 1.2 - 1.5 m (for convenience) each. Their number depends on the depth of penetration. They are also made from pieces of pipe of suitable diameter. The connection to each other is made using the “one into the other” method.

The elbows of a hand drill for a well are fastened with metal fingers, for which radial holes are first drilled at the ends, and if they coincide (after joining), a “stopper” is placed in them.

Each of the fingers should sit firmly. Therefore, they are also fixed at the installation site using bolts (which are screwed into pre-prepared - threaded - holes at their ends) or powerful studs.

Video - How to drill a well at your dacha yourself

How to drill a well

The tool is placed strictly vertically, and the first 3 to 5 revolutions are made, after which it is removed from the pit along with the soil and cleaned. As the rod goes deeper into the soil, it lengthens with the help of the knees.

It happens that hand drill for the well it does not go further, but turns on the spot (“ idling"). Perhaps there is a large stone on the way. In this case, you should start over, moving slightly to the side. It is impossible to go through such a section manually.

Construction of a water well

After the hole is made, a casing pipe is inserted into it to prevent soil from falling into the well. Next, a caisson is arranged. This is the place where the pump and other equipment will be located. Around casing pipe The soil is removed so that a hole is approximately 1.5 x 1.5 and the same depth. Its bottom and walls are compacted and strengthened ( brickwork, blind area, concreting).

A caisson for a water well also prevents debris from getting into it. Therefore, it must have a lid. When using a well in winter, it is insulated.

• Firstly, submersible type mechanisms are used.
• Secondly, power selection is carried out based on the depth of the wellbore. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the static water level in the well. Each pump has its own characteristics for pumping water.
• Thirdly, the pressure created by the pump.
• Fourthly, it is necessary to focus on the conditions of its use. Various models are capable of working only with liquids, either pure or with an acceptable proportion of impurities.

When determining how to make a water well, you need to consider that the point of its collection should be lower than the source of pollution(drainage well, cesspool, etc.). If the characteristics of the soil do not allow this, then the distance between the sewerage treatment element and the pit should be maximum. It’s even better to drill an artesian well, although such a well for water with your own hands requires high costs time and effort.

You need to pay attention to the method of installing the filter, which is installed in the well under water in front of the pump. It should be easily removable for periodic cleaning during operation.

Not all owners suburban areas are ready to shell out large sums to attract drillers to construct a water intake well. However, the convenience of using your own water intake is difficult to overestimate. You can save money by building a water source with my own hands. How to make it?

You will learn everything about how to manually drill water wells from our article. We will tell you how and how the work is carried out, and what novice drillers will need to implement the idea. Taking into account our recommendations, you can drill and equip a mine without any problems.

For independent masters, we have presented and analyzed all the techniques manual drilling, explained in what cases they should be used. Attached are diagrams of drilling rigs and projectiles available for self-made, posted photo collections and video instructions.

Your own source of water is an excellent opportunity to provide yourself and your loved ones with clean, life-giving water and satisfy your household needs. By drilling, the water supply problem can be solved for several decades in advance.

The choice of drilling method and the amount of work to equip the well depends on the type of hydraulic structure.

Abyssinian type well

If the water on the site is supposedly located at a depth of 10-15 meters, then it is more profitable and easier to arrange Abyssinian well. This type of hydraulic structure uses an aquifer located above a waterproof clay layer. The aquifer is fed by infiltration of precipitation and water from nearby reservoirs.

A simple needle well can be drilled even by a novice craftsman who is just mastering basic drilling skills

A relatively shallow narrow well is a column of thick-walled VGP pipes with a diameter of 50 - 80 mm. In the lower, very first link of the column, a special filter is installed by drilling holes in the walls of the pipe.

The pipes serve as a trunk; the Abyssinian needle well does not require additional casing. It is not drilled, but immersed in the ground by driving it.

Features of sand wells

When the depth of the aquifer is up to 30 - 40 meters, widespread in loose, incoherent sediments, a sandy aquifer is constructed. It is called so because it extracts water from saturated sands.

The fifty-meter depth of the source cannot guarantee the crystal purity of the water, and therefore the contents of the well should be tested in the laboratory for the presence of chemical compounds

The aquifer of a sand well is located only three to four tens of meters from the surface. And to reach it you don’t have to go through hard rocks and semi-rocky rocks. Therefore, drilling a sand well manually will not be difficult if you use one of the methods described below.

Deep artesian well

But when planning to drill an artesian well, on our own not enough. Artesian water is distributed through cracks in impenetrable rock and semi-rock at a depth of about 40-200 meters.

Only professionals who have knowledge of necessary knowledge and having at their disposal special equipment for drilling

To determine the depth of water, they should rely on the data of hydraulic structures of this kind, drilled not far from the upcoming work site.

Since an artesian well can provide water to several areas at once, it is convenient to order drilling services together. This will allow you to significantly save on drilling and arrangement of a water supply source.

Self-drilling methods

In order to choose the best one for you personally, you must first study their specifics and understand what tool is needed and whether it will be possible to drill with your own hands.

Manual auger method

Drilling using an auger is one of the most common and accessible methods. It is effective when constructing wells whose depth does not exceed 40 m.

The auger is a helical rod equipped with a drill bit and angled steel blades

The essence of the method is that the auger, like a corkscrew, is screwed into the ground. As it penetrates deeper into the soil, the helical rod destroys the layers, and its metal blades bring waste soil to the surface.

Augers used for manual drilling are of two types:

• Rods to which the cutting blades are welded at right angles.
• Structures to which the blades are welded at an angle of 30-60°.

The designs of the second version are more convenient to use. Due to the location of the blades at an angle, the crushed soil does not fall into the well, but is completely removed to the surface.

To facilitate manual labor and speed up the process, you can use small-sized screw installations.

This technique is especially effective if the work has to be done with complex soils that contain rock inclusions

Small-sized auger units work on the same principle as a hand drill, but are driven by an electric motor.

You can generally drill a shallow well to collect water for watering your garden using a garden drill. True, to line the walls, you will need pipes from which the mine shaft is assembled, and metal rod pipes required for extension.

Core drilling is performed using special tool in the form of a pipe equipped with a crown. The specifics of drilling and the pipe diameter, which does not exceed 160 mm, allow us to work quite quickly. In a day of work, depending on the density of the rock, you can walk up to several tens of meters.

Using the fastening unit located in the upper part of the core pipe, one and a half meter rods are built up as the tool deepens. The build-up is carried out in stages, forming a technological column from a projectile with rods.

The crown is made of durable metal. The edges of the crown are sharpened so that its incisors can easily cope with dense rocks. The shape and size of the crowns used are determined by the physical and mechanical characteristics of the rock.

As it rotates, the pipe, equipped with a crown, is buried in the rock and forms a hole for a well of the appropriate diameter

When dealing with super-hard rocks, a chisel is first used before plunging the pipe. Then a hole is drilled using a crown, and the slurry clogged in the core pipe shell is lifted to the surface.

Forcefully descending onto the drilling site, the tool breaks the rock, and the cutting bailer located in the lower part captures the cuttings and brings them to the surface

The glass is freed from the soil it has captured through its bottom, tapping the walls of the projectile with a sledgehammer. The bailer is cleaned through a technological hole located in its upper part.

The work is performed in the following sequence:

1. In the selected location, dig a hole measuring 1x1 meter at a depth of 0.5 meters.
2. A garden drill is installed in the center of the hole at a right angle. By rotating the tool around its axis, it is buried in the ground. As necessary, the screw rod is extended with a pipe, fixing it with a bolt connection.
3. After wet sand appears, the drill is removed. Instead, a specially assembled structure of casing pipes is installed in the hole, which is driven in with a sledgehammer.
4. The rock collapsed during installation of the casing is removed with a bailer. Each time a projectile penetrates into a rock formation, it captures and holds part of it.
5. As the casing pipe deepens, it is extended with another section of the same diameter. The sections are screwed or welded together to obtain a single sealed barrel.
6. To deepen the casing, carefully turn it and listen to the sounds produced. A grinding sound will occur during friction of coarse-grained sand, rustling - with fine-grained sand, silence - when passing through clay soil.
7. For drilling loose rocks, such as loose sand, pebbles, gravel, a bailer is used. Clay rocks and dense sands pass through the glass.
8. After performing a series of successive blows, the glass or bailer is raised to the surface, removing the soil from it. After this, the cycle of work is repeated.

As in previous methods, to facilitate the process of manual drilling, a well is poured into the hole. clay mixture or water, and then using a special ladle they remove it back. If noise occurs during drilling, the well should be filled with water. If the water drains slowly, the pipe should be deepened another half a meter, but if it drains quickly - only 20-30 cm.

For shallow excavations it is easily possible. To do this, you will need a pipe with a diameter of 100-120 mm, a metal earring and an eye for attaching a cable, which must be attached to the top of the pipe.

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Impact-rotational method

The main difference between this method is that the drilling rig simultaneously performs both impact and rotational movements. This approach allows you to speed up the drilling process. This method is especially effective when it is necessary to arrange a hydraulic structure if the geological section in the area is heterogeneous.

The rotary impact method also involves the use of a tripod, which makes it much easier to immerse and then remove the drill to the surface

Impact-rotational and shock-rope method Drilling s are effective when constructing wells in loose soils, the particles of which are not interconnected. Both methods are suitable for drilling and extracting clayey soils: sandy loam, loam.

When drilling in loose rocks, due to insufficient connection of soil particles with each other at the stage of well construction, there is a high probability of its walls collapsing. Therefore, sand wells must be equipped with casing and filters that prevent large inclusions from entering the extracted water.

Step-by-step auger drilling technology

Among all the listed methods, the auger method is rightfully considered the simplest. But it is worth considering that it is effective only when drilling loose and clayey soils.

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Preparing the necessary tools

Before drilling a well manually, you need to prepare the following tools:

• drill or small-sized auger installation.
• drilling derrick with winch.
• set of 3-4 rods.
• casing.

If it is necessary to construct a well at a depth of more than 8 meters, to facilitate the immersion of the drill and its subsequent removal from the wellbore, the equipment is fixed to.

A drilling rig can be constructed from wooden beams or metal pipes, using them to assemble a tripod-shaped structure

The size of the tripod should correspond in proportion to the height of the drill string section. To create the structure, the beams are laid in the form of a triangle and fixed using a bolted or welded connection.

Holes are made in them for inserting a metal pipe, which will serve as a support. The dimensions of the base are determined only by the stability of the structure.

In the upper part of the structure there will be an additional hole through which the rod will pass.

To protect the wellbore from destruction and shedding of the walls, a casing string is installed from pipes that have a high bearing capacity to shear and compressive formation loads. For work, pipes made of metal, asbestos cement or polymers are used.

To create a casing, it is convenient to use pipes equipped with a threaded connection on the outer and inner surfaces

When assembling the structure, segments of such elements can be easily screwed into each other without the use of additional assembly units.

Making a screw from scrap materials

Material for, in in this case screw-shaped rod, a pipe d100mm can protrude. For this purpose, it is better to use high-quality steel pipes with a wall thickness of at least 5 mm.

The upper part of the structure must have:

• at the upper end there is a screw thread with outside for connecting to a rod;
• at the lower end there is a screw auger with a number of turns of at least two.

To facilitate the process of turning the drill, a 1.5 meter long handle is welded to the upper section of the pipe. The transition element between the handle and the collapsible rods will be a tee equipped with an internal screw thread.

The cutting blades of the drill are made from strips of sheet metal 2-2.5 mm thick, which are welded to the pipe at an equidistant distance

Rods 1.5 meters long are made from a pipe of the same diameter:

• a first rod with an external screw thread at the lower end for attaching a drill;
• all subsequent rods are threaded at both ends of the same size.

The couplings must have the same thread parameters. As the structure needs to be expanded, they are simply screwed to the auger, having first unscrewed the handle.

Some craftsmen use an ice drill as an auger. The knife of the tool in this case serves as the cutting blades of the auger. Extension rods are manufactured separately.

In order to use the tool as a drill and be able to reach great depths with it, rods are made from pipes d25 mm for extension

Trying to improve the tool, some craftsmen additionally weld reinforced cutters to the factory edges of an improvised auger.

Carrying out drilling operations

A hole measuring 150x150 cm is dug. It is necessary to ensure the stability of a vertically installed pipe. To prevent the walls of the recess from crumbling, they are reinforced with pieces of board or pieces of chipboard.

The drill is immersed in the hole and, holding the tool by the handle, they begin to gradually screw it into the soil in a clockwise direction.

The drill is immersed in the hole and, holding the tool by the handle, they begin to gradually screw it into the soil in a clockwise direction. It is more convenient to do this work with two people: the first one will rotate the handle of the tool, and the second one will press on it from above.

After passing the first meter, they begin to form a structure trunk with a diameter of at least 12-15 cm. To do this, a casing pipe is lowered into the recess. The pipe diameter should be slightly larger size drill blades. Subsequently, the pipes are driven in parallel with the deepening of the well.

After the drill is deepened by 1.5-2 meters, it will be quite difficult to rotate the tool on your own. Using pipe wrenches and other gripping devices will help make the job easier.

After passing every three to four meters, the screw rod should be removed to the surface, and its jaws should be cleared of the ground

When the moment comes that the drilling tool will be buried to its full height during immersion, it should be “increased.” To do this, reach him through threaded connection or pin-rod extensions secure the barbell.

At this stage, it is important to ensure the strength of the connection of the elements. To simplify the task of determining the depth traveled, it is advisable to mark the extended rods.

As the layers pass, they continue to form the casing, not forgetting to check the verticality of the trunk. Even minimal distortion can prevent the casing from descending freely. Therefore, if during work the drill begins to hit the walls of the casing, wooden wedges are driven between the soil and the casing to adjust the verticality of the trunk.

Work continues until the soil delivered to the surface is wet. This will indicate that the aquifer is already close. To overcome the aquifer, all that remains is to go a little deeper.

It is possible, but not advisable, to install the casing after completion of drilling. After installing the casing pipe into a completely drilled shaft, the collapsed soil will again need to be removed from the well, but this will have to be done using a bailer.

To prevent the extended casing from sinking into the barrel until the next section is attached, it is held in place with a clamp

To temporarily fix the casing string installed in the drilled shaft, you should use a device in the form of a clamp equipped with handles. It will prevent the casing from descending into the excavation before the next section of casing pipe is connected.

But it is worth noting that this method is far from the most rational, since it requires a long time to clear the face of sludge. When forming a column, you should not lower the pipes to the bottom of the well. They should not reach the lowest point of the bottom by approximately half a meter.

To form the casing, plastic pipes are introduced sequentially, connecting the elements as they go deeper

To facilitate the drilling process using an auger, experts recommend flushing with water from time to time. The jet pumped into the cavity of the casing pipe will wash the dump to the surface.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

Drilling a well using the percussion-rope method:

The subtleties of making a screw with your own hands:

Those who want to know how to drill correctly water well manually, we have provided practice-tested methods. You need to choose the optimal drilling method and take the choice seriously necessary equipment, and when drilling, strictly follow the advice of experienced professionals.

The result of the efforts will be a self-developed source of water supply, providing clean water all household members.

Would you like to tell us how we drilled a well in own plot? Have questions or Interesting Facts on the topic of the article? Please write comments in the block below.

Of course, you can drill a well yourself. Just to begin with, you need to have an idea of ​​how this is done and what kind of water you want to get in the end.

Some people think whether it can be done in a well. Theoretically, of course it is possible, but it is not necessary. It will simply incur additional costs. It is better to install it near the well.

Let's look at the process of doing this work step by step. You will be offered instructions, and you will also be able to see everything from photos and videos and understand how it is done. After all, the issue here is quite high, it is high-quality water in the house.

Types of wells

Drilling a well at your dacha is not that difficult. Its price will depend on the depth of the water. A well for sand will be much cheaper and this should also be taken into account.

Attention: If you do not live permanently in the country and you only need water for irrigation, then you can safely make such a design.

Determining water quality

Water in a well or borehole is considered potable in the following cases:

• When the water is clear thirty centimeters deep;
• When nitrate impurities do not exceed 10 mg/l;
• When one liter of water contains no more than 10 E. coli;
• When the taste and smell on a five-point scale, water is rated at least three points.

To determine these indicators, water must be subjected to laboratory analysis by the sanitary and epidemiological service.

How to drill a well

Let's analyze this process from a theoretical point of view:

• The work begins with digging a pit, whose depth and diameter must be at least two meters, or sides one and a half meters. This measure prevents further shedding of the top layer of soil.
• The pit is strengthened with plank boards. Next, a well is drilled using a core and a drilling rig. The drill string is suspended on a tower at the central point of the future well.
• The drill string consists of several rods, which are extended during the drilling process using adapter couplings. The drill head is mounted at the end of the column.
• The tower is assembled from logs, steel pipes, a channel or a corner, which form a tripod, at the top of which a winch is attached.

Attention: If the water is shallow, drilling can be done without a tower. In this case, they use special shortened rods one and a half meters long. If you cannot do without a tower when drilling, the length of the rods in this case should be at least three meters.

What to drill with

The equipment and drilling method are selected based on the type of soil. The tool used must be made of carbon steel.

Drilling is carried out using the following drill heads:

• For drilling in clay soils, a spiral-shaped drill with a base of 45-85 mm and a blade 258-290 mm long is used.
• When percussion drilling, a drill bit is used. The drill can have a flat, cross-shaped and other shapes.
• Drilling in loams, sandy clay or clayey sand is carried out using a spoon drill made in the form of a spoon and having a spiral or longitudinal slot. This drill has a diameter of 70-200 mm and a length of 700 mm and deepens 30-40 cm per pass.
• Extraction of loose soil is carried out using a bailer drill using the impact method. The bailers are made from a three-meter pipe and have a piston and normal look. The inside of the bailer should have a diameter of 25-96 mm, the outside 95-219 mm, its weight should be 89-225 kg.

Drilling is a cyclic process, periodically accompanied by cleaning the drilling tool from soil. Cleaning is carried out when the drill is completely removed from the ground. Accordingly, the difficulty of removing them from the well depends on the length of the hose.

Well drilling

A well on the site can be drilled using one of the drilling methods:

• Shnekov.
• Rotary.
• Shock-rope.

Drilling technologies differ in the methods of destruction of rock inside the well and the option of extracting soil from the wellbore. The use of different equipment affects the quality and cost of constructing devices.

What is auger drilling

The cheapest and simple method well installation is considered. The technology for carrying out the work is that the soil is excavated using a classic Archimedean screw, called an auger.

The process is reminiscent of drilling a hole for fishing under the ice by winter fishing enthusiasts. This method is used to drill a well no more than 10 meters deep. No drilling fluid or water is used to flush the structure.

The instructions indicate that this method can be used without problems in dry and soft soils. Rocky, hard rocks encountered during drilling and quicksand cannot be drilled with an auger.

Advice: When punching, the length of the hole in the ground must be strictly maintained so that it reaches the required aquifer and protects the aquifer from Wastewater and water ingress.

How to make a drill from a combine auger

To drill a well under water, augers from old combines can be used as a drilling tool. After a little modernization, the auger from an agricultural machine turns into a fairly useful drill.

You will also need rod pipes with thread cutting to increase the height of the drilling column.

Then you need to:

• Convert the lower tubular end into something like a screw. To do this, at a distance of approximately 80 cm from the helical end, two knives are welded with an angle to the horizontal direction equal to 25º.
• A threaded coupling is installed at the upper end of the drill. They weld it so that the rods can be screwed on.
• A transverse handle is welded onto one of them. With the help of which the auger will be screwed into the ground. All subsequent rods are built up between this rod and the auger.

Tip: Increasing the length of the cross handle, which is welded to the guide rod, makes it easier to rotate.

What is rotary drilling method?

To drill a deep well using the rotary method, a special drill pipe is used. In its cavity, a rotating shaft is immersed into the well, the end of which is equipped with a tip - a chisel.

A load is created on the bit by the action of a hydraulic installation. Using this method you can reach water of any depth. Most of these structures are carried out using the rotary drilling method.

Washing out rock or soil from a well is carried out with a special drilling fluid fed into the pipe in one of two ways:

• By pumping a pump into the drill pipe and then releasing the solution by gravity with the rock out through the annulus - direct flushing.
• By entering the annulus by gravity, and then pumping a solution with rock out of the drill pipe with a pump - backwashing.

Washing out the rock in the second case makes it possible to obtain a higher well flow rate. In this case, it is possible to better uncover the desired aquifer.

The disadvantage of this technology is that it involves sophisticated equipment, which greatly increases the cost of work. With direct flushing, the construction of a well is cheaper, so owners of private houses most often order it for the construction of a structure on their site.

Tip: Artesian wells are drilled using drilling machines available from specialized companies.

What is the percussion-rope drilling method?

The oldest, most labor-intensive and very slow drilling method is the percussion-rope drilling method (see). But with its help you can get a high-quality well that is ready to last up to half a century.

The technology is as follows:

• Rock or soil is broken by the action of a heavy projectile, which rises to a certain height and then falls down with force.
• Using a bailer, the destroyed rock is removed from the borehole.

The advantage of the drilling method is that there is no need to use water or a special drilling fluid during operation, which allows you to more accurately penetrate the aquifer, and thereby ensure the maximum flow rate of the well and increase its service life.

The disadvantages of the method include:

• Great labor intensity.
• High cost of drilling.
• To reach the second and subsequent aquifers, isolation of the aquifers located above is required. For this, additional casing strings are used, which increases the cost of purchasing pipes of a different larger diameter.
• The volume of work that specialists must perform is also increasing.

Well pumping

Shaking is the process of cleaning a well from dirt. It requires the use of a powerful centrifugal pump. It is also possible to use, but this type pump will prolong the process time.

So:

• To clean the well as quickly as possible vibration pump it must be raised several times so that the water loosens and the solid sediment does not have the opportunity to sink to the bottom.
• The rocking of the well will affect the shrinkage of the gravel screenings located between the well and the pipe; for this reason, gravel should be added periodically. Typically, the build-up takes a lot of time, and since this process releases a large number of water, it should be drained into a ditch in advance.

Once the pumping process is completed, the well can be equipped with a pump that is suitable for its daily use. Now you know whether you can do this work yourself. The video in this article will help you not to miss the details of this work.

We design the well

Of course, you need to refine your design. You can do this according to your idea.

There are several options for doing this job:

• Build small house made of wood or another structure above the well, varnish it or paint it;
• You can lay out around the well unusual drawing from bricks, stones, pebbles, concrete, create an ornament or build something;
• You can close the well using planted plants, for example, plant a willow and build a flower garden nearby.

What are the features of well operation?

There are several rules for using wells, which, when followed, reduce the cost of its operation:

• Regardless of the type of structure, cleaning should be carried out regularly.
• Signs of system contamination are: the presence of air pockets when opening the water; the presence of other impurities in the water.
• If cleaning is not carried out in a timely manner, such contaminants can cause damage that cannot be repaired, which means a complete replacement will be needed.
• To restore the functionality of the system, it is enough to perform a purge.
• A radical cleaning method is to use acid or electricity. But this should only be carried out by highly qualified specialists.

Water in a summer cottage or in a private home is a necessary resource that cannot be lived without. However, organizing a public water supply is often impractical. Due to the remoteness of land holdings from each other, centralized water supply is an expensive proposition. It is easier and cheaper to use an individual water source. True, you first need to organize it. Own well will provide its owner with confidence that the economic needs of the site and housing will be met. At the same time, the owners will not have to pay for water supply, counting every cubic meter of water spent. Digging a well is difficult and expensive, but drilling a well yourself is possible if you are familiar with the drilling technology and the type of well construction.

Types of wells and their features

Before drilling, the site area must be examined, determining the level of occurrence groundwater. The amount of work that will need to be done to make the well water-bearing will depend on this parameter. The type of well is chosen taking into account the depth of the water-containing formation.

If water is found at a depth of 3-12 m, choose the “” type. Used at depths up to 50 m sand well, and artesian, if the water lies in the ground at least 200 m. Almost every summer resident can perform the first two types manually, but an artesian well will require a drilling rig and professional drillers.

Drilling a sand well by hand

This type of source involves pumping water from a depth of up to 50 m. A sand well is called this because it “gives water” from a water-containing sandy layer of soil, the depth of which is usually just fifty meters. This depth does not guarantee the purity of the water, so it is recommended to periodically check the contents of the well at the sanitation station for the presence of organic and chemical compounds.

To organize a sand well, a classic scheme with a pump is used. And to purify water from suspended matter and debris, use a filter installed at depth. The filter needs to be cleaned regularly. The service life of a sand well is about 15 years.

Organization of the “Abyssinian well” well

This is the simplest needle hole to make. It is shallow, so care must be taken to carefully select a place for it.

There should be no septic tanks, garbage heaps, cesspools or sewage pits nearby. Due to the shallow depth harmful substances may leak into the source, contaminating it.

If the ground does not contain pebbles or other hard rocks, drilling a well can be done in the area around the house or directly in the basement of the house. The well in the basement is convenient to use even in cold weather. The home well is equipped with a manual column and a pump so that water can be used regardless of the availability of electricity.

Drilling an artesian well

Provided that on neighboring areas There are already wells of this type, there is a high probability of water occurring in a limestone formation in this area. In other cases, drillers are ordered to test a well to determine the depth of water. An artesian well can provide water to several areas at once. Often drilling is ordered together in order to save money and get the desired result.

The choice of well type depends on the type of soil and the planned amount of water consumed. An Abyssinian well and a sand well will provide a low flow rate. And if the flow rate is from 10 cubic meters per hour, you will need to install an artesian well. It is better to drill any well away from potential pollutants and close to the house, so that there are no problems with laying the water supply.

Drilling equipment and tools

When drilling artesian wells drilling rigs are used by professionals. For smaller wells, a regular tripod with a winch is suitable. It will lower and raise the drilling tool, consisting of a core pipe, drill rods, a drill column, and a drill.

Special equipment, without which it is problematic to make a well, is a drilling tool that will help you go deeper into the ground (auger), a tripod and a winch. To drill a well with your own hands, you will need a metal auger. An ice screw, which is used for winter fishing, can act as an auger. The main thing is that the drill is made of high-strength steel. This is the most cheap option drilling a well. In addition to the tripod, you will need pipes of different diameters (water pipes, hoses, casing), valves, caisson, filters, and a pump for the well.

Drilling work: stages

1. First you need to dig a hole or pit, the dimensions of which are 150 by 150 cm. To prevent the recess from crumbling, its walls are lined with plywood, boards, and pieces of chipboard. Another option is to dig a trunk with a diameter of 15-20 cm and a depth of 1 m with an ordinary drill. This is done so that the pipe is more stable in a vertical position.

2. A strong metal or wooden tripod (called a drilling derrick) is placed directly above the recess, securing a winch at the junction of its supports. Towers made of logs are more common. A drill string with one and a half meter (if drilling independently) rods hangs on a tripod. The rods are threaded together into one pipe and secured with a clamp. This design is used for lifting and lowering equipment.

The pump is selected in advance in order to determine the diameter of the future well and core pipe. The pump must pass freely into the pipe. That is why the difference between the diameter of the pump and the internal diameter of the pipe should be at least 5 mm.

Lowering and lifting drilling equipment is the drilling of a well. The rod is rotated while simultaneously hitting it from above with a chisel. It is much more convenient for two people to do this: the first one turns the gas wrench, and the second one hits the bar from above, breaking through the rock. Using a winch simplifies the process: it makes lifting and lowering equipment into the well much easier. The rod is marked during drilling. Markings will be required for orientation. The markings help determine when it is time to pull out the rod and clean the drill. It is usually recommended to do this approximately every half meter.

3. To make it easier to overcome different layers of soil, special drills are used.

• spiral drill (otherwise, coil) - for clay soils;
• drill bit for loosening hard soils;
• drill spoons for sandy soil;
• The bailer helps lift the soil to the surface.

4. It is easier to go through the sand layer with a spoon drill, adding water while drilling. If the soil is hard, use a chisel. Drill bits come in cross and flat types. In any case, their purpose is to help loosen hard rocks. Impact method overcome quicksand sands.

For clayey soil, you will need a coil, a bailer and a spoon. Coils or spiral drills penetrate clay soils well because they have a design similar to a spiral, and the pitch of the spiral is equal to the diameter of the drill. The size of the lower base of the drill is from 45 to 85 mm, the blade is from 258-290 mm. Pebble layers containing gravel are pierced, alternating between a bailer and a bit, with casing pipes. Sometimes you can't do without pouring water into the hole. This can significantly simplify the task of drilling a well. The option of drilling a well using a pump is also worth considering.

Soil drilling process

5. If the rock brought to the surface has become important, then the aquifer is already close. You need to go a little deeper to cross the aquifer. Drilling will suddenly become noticeably easier, but you cannot stop. You need to find a waterproof layer with a drill.

Well construction and pumping

Once the required depth has been reached, the next stage begins - arrangement. A filter column consisting of a pipe, a settling tank and a filter is lowered into the finished well. You can make it yourself from a filtration mesh, perforation and casing pipe, or use a ready-made, store-bought sand filter for a submersible pump.

To strengthen the pipe, the space behind it is filled with 5-mm crushed stone or coarse sand. The backfill must be above the filter level. The filter is the most important element of any well. The main function of the filter is protection from sand and large impurities. In parallel with backfilling, water is pumped into a pipe with a sealed upper end. This manipulation helps to flush the annulus and filter. After washing, a natural barrier is formed for large impurities. Bailout of a well with a bailer attachment or auger pump means that water is pumped out of a fresh well until the water becomes clean and clear. This stage is called buildup. An electric centrifugal pump is most often used for it. The advantage of this mechanism is that it can pump high-density liquid media. Ordinary household pump This is also acceptable, but it will require more effort and time. If there are problems with the power supply, it is possible to use a hand pump.

After pumping, the pump is lowered to a depth on a safety rope (see picture above). They connect to it water pipe or hose with a diameter of 25 or 50 mm. The choice of diameter depends on the capabilities of the well - the amount of water that can be pumped out of the well in a certain period of time.

If a metal pipe is used, the pump is not fixed. Instead, a waterproof cable coming from the pump is attached to the pipe.

Well pump. Peculiarities

To select a pump of the correct power, you must take into account such parameters as:

1. well flow rate, indicators of its depth;
2. casing diameter;
3. distance of the well from the house.

The required pump power directly depends on these parameters. For shallow depths (up to 9 m), a self-priming surface pump, in other cases a submersible well pump will do a good job.

After the pump is immersed, a pipe is brought out into the wellhead, equipped with a caisson, welded to its head. A valve is installed on it, which will open the way for water to the top and regulate the flow. If the water intake rate is excessive, the low-productivity well will quickly dry up, and the pump, running idle, will fail. Pipes are connected to the caisson, which will serve as a water supply to the room. They require waterproofed and insulated trenches. You can read about how to choose a pump for a well, and about how to choose a pump for a well.

Well operation

Wells of all types need timely cleaning. Signs that an aquifer well requires service may include: jerks in the water outlet, the presence of air pockets or impurities (silt, sand) in the flow. If you miss the moment of maintenance, the productivity of the well may no longer be restored. To restore normal functions, the well is purged with water or air compressor. More radical cleaning methods include acid or electricity. However, these methods are risky and are best left to specialists.

Tips for those who make a well themselves

Before starting work, it would be a good idea to ask your neighbors what the water level is in your area. If there are wells nearby, take a look there.

A water level above 5 m is good news, because the only tools needed for drilling are a garden auger.

A small-sized drilling rig or mechanical drilling device - “handbrake”, can be rented. This way you will have the opportunity to use convenient equipment and not pay a lot of money for it.

You cannot lower the water pipe into the well all the way to the bottom. She must not reach the very deep point about half a meter. This way the water will go up better.

The pipe leading into the well must have on the surface ventilation holes, otherwise, without air access, the water will quickly become musty. It is convenient to equip the pipe with a hinged cover so that there is constant access to the well.

The most convenient way to equip a well is a solid plastic pipe.

After the well is operational, be sure to submit your water for examination. Water is recognized as drinking water if its transparency is at least 30 cm, the nitrate content is no more than 10 mg/l, there are less than 10 E. coli in 1 liter, and the maximum rating of smell and taste is 3 points.

Disadvantages and advantages of manual well drilling

Advantages: low cost; no need for bulky special equipment to enter the site; due to the relatively shallow depth, homemade wells pumps faster, takes less time; If there is no electricity, water can be obtained using a hand suction pump.

The main disadvantage of self-drilling is the limited depth and lack of specialists who can help maintain a homemade well. Thus, after reading this article, we hope that you will not have any questions about how to drill a well with your own hands.