For interpersonal communication, various parts of speech are used when people talk. The most significant of them is adverb. It endows a specific action with a specific attribute, or a certain attribute with a specific attribute. An adverb can be attached to almost all parts of speech. It all depends on the part of speech that is in conjunction with the adverb; it has different designations:
1. If an adverb is attached to a verb (gerund), it denotes a sign of a certain action (for example, to cook deliciously is attached to the verb, someone who cooks deliciously is attached to the gerund);
2. If an adverb is attached directly to a noun, then in this case it denotes a characteristic of a specific object (for example, far from the stop);
3. If an adverb is attached to an adjective, another adverb or a participle, then it denotes a feature of the attribute (for example, very boring - to an adjective, extremely long - to an adverb, deliciously baked - to a participle).
What questions does the adverb answer?
I would like to note the fact that adverbs belong to the indeclinable part of speech. In sentences, as a rule, adverbs serve the function of adverbs. Adverbs in the Russian language can answer many questions, depending on this they are also divided into groups:
1. Adverbs of place - answer questions - “Where from?”, “Where to?”, “Where?” (there, near, from far);
2. Adverbs of time - “How long?”, “When?”, “Until when?”, “Since when?” (Very long, yesterday, today, until tomorrow);
3. Adverbs of purpose answer the question “Why?” (specially);
4. Adverbs of manner can be defined by asking the question “How?” or how?" (slow, bad);
5. Adverbs answering the questions “At what time?”, “To what extent?”, “How much?”, “How much?”, “To what extent?” are adverbs of measure and degree (very piercingly, a lot, for a long time);
6. Adverbs of reason answer the question “Why?” (involuntarily).
Morphological analysis of the adverb. Example.
For a more detailed study of the adverb, there is such a concept as morphological analysis. It is used to highlight two constant characteristics, since the adverb does not have non-constant ones. Below is a parsing diagram with an example of the word “Low”:
1. Part of speech – Low – is an adverb because it denotes a sign of a certain action.
2. Morphological characteristics:
rank by value – definitive;
if there is, then the degree of comparison is lower;
unchangeable word - the word is unchanged.
3. Syntactic function - The switch in the apartment was so low that Alexey had to bend down to turn on the light. The adverb "low" is an adverb that describes a manner of action.
Adverb suffixes.
In order not to make mistakes in the spelling of adverbs, you must remember that:
Adverbs with the prefixes –do, -s, -iz will have the suffix –a (again, for a long time);
Adverbs beginning with the prefixes – in, - on, - for – have the suffix – o (to the left, to the right).
Before you find out what questions an adverb answers , you need to understand what it is.
This part of speech is unchangeable and denotes signs of action or signs of other signs: The river flows fast. With the help of an adverb we specify how exactly a given action occurs. Flowing- action. Fast- a sign of action. Or another example: It sounded like a very sad tune. Sad in this sentence - a sign. A Very- a sign of a sign.
An adverb enriches, decorates and specifies the actions described in
proposal.
As a rule, there is an indication of the place or time of what is happening. They actively use the part of speech in question: That's funny. It's cold outside.
Questions answered by adverbs
The subject studied in sentences is adjacent to verbs, other adverbs, nouns and adjectives. It reveals the course of action, its time and purpose. Based on this, you can understand what questions the adverb answers .
If we are talking about a course of action, then to the question: How? How? For example: Read (how?) aloud, walk (how?) on foot. The same category of adverbs also includes words such as quickly , well, in an amicable way, somehow, by heart, firmly, etc.
And if we are talking about the time of action, then the adverb answers the questions accordingly: When? How long? How long? These are words like: tomorrow, in the morning, a long time ago, in the summer, soon and so on.
What questions the adverb denoting the place of action answers is also clear: Where? Where? Where? For example : A car appeared on the left. Birds chirping could be heard everywhere. These are words like from above, tomorrow, from afar, behind and others .
Words out of spite, involuntarily, because, in the heat of the moment and the like may signify causes of action. It’s easy to ask questions about them: From what? And Why? For example: What didn’t he say in the heat of the moment!
The goals of an action can be judged by examples that answer the questions: For what? For what? For what purpose?He did all this on purpose. This also includes: out of spite, then, why, in vain, deliberately, there is no need.
It is easy to understand what questions the adverb denoting the degree and measure of action answers: How many? To what extent? At what time? In what degree? These are the words: plenty, too, satiety, barely, three times, completely and others. For example : We had to work hard to feed everyone enough.
A special group includes representatives of this part of speech who do not talk about signs of action, but only point to them. They are often used to link sentences. For example: We went to the river. We returned from there rested and happy.
Differences between adverb and noun in oblique case
It is quite difficult for students to determine the differences
between an adverb and a noun in the indirect case. To do this, it is necessary to correctly pose a question to the word, and remembering what question the adverb answers, decide which part of speech is in front of us. For example: Not at home. What is this? If we say this phrase in the meaning: I'm not at home, That Houses- this is an adverb because it answers the question Where? If the value is: My home is not there. That Houses is a noun in the genitive case that answers the question: (no) What?
Be careful!
Grammatical relationships are built using inflected forms of words. The verb changes in persons and numbers, the noun has three declensions and three genders, and is in close connection with the adjective. Adjacent to these rules is also. Only behaves peculiarly. What is its peculiarity?
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A peculiar adverb
Linguists divide the huge verbal arsenal into categories such as parts of speech, each of which has its own role. Nouns perform nominative-subject function, that is, they name the object. describe an action, and adjectives give a characteristic.
The peculiarity of adverbs is that, without being in a dependent connection with any of the names or verbs, they influence its meaning: emphasize a characteristic, modify it, highlight some quality. Without them, speech would not be so rich and emotionally charged.
An adverb in the Russian language has a distinctive property, this is a designation of characteristics:
- actions;
- subject;
- another sign.
Attention! If verbs and nouns interact with a noun, taking into account its gender and number, then adverbs refer to completely independent linguistic formations. They remain unchanged in all respects.
Adverb categories - diagram.
Distinctive features and questions about them
Signs indicating actions
In a sentence, adverbs are usually are “in tandem” with the verb or such a verbal form that exists in the Russian language as the gerund. To better understand which words are classified as adverbs of manner, let's look at examples of their use in the text. They make it clear what it is, with linguistic point of view, sign of action :
- The passerby walked slowly. The word “slowly” characterizes the verb of movement “to walk.”
- That night the moon shone brightly. Characteristics of the degree of illumination.
- Thunder roared loudly. Characteristics of noise created by a natural phenomenon.
- The master worked quickly and energetically. Characteristics of actions.
- A school of cranes flew low. Flight characteristics.
- He was silent, glancing furtively at the visitors. Characteristics of behavior.
Important! To consolidate the concept, you need to understand which part of speech answers the question: how? (how?) and refers to a verb or gerund.
Item attribute
An adverb indicating a characteristic of an object answers questions Which? which? which? It is used in a sentence together with a noun. Examples:
- walking, untucked blouse;
- care in English, step forward;
- moving backwards, reading aloud.
When the same words are used together with verbs, they characterize actions: walking, walking away in English, reading aloud, etc.
Feature sign
When combined with adjectives, adverbs more clearly reveal and “outline” in detail sign of another sign. For example:
- very branchy tree;
- too high fence;
- rather boring activity;
- task too difficult;
- extremely simple environment.
The part of speech we are considering plays a role increasing the degree of characteristics of an item, wherein its shape will remain unchanged.
Such forms are often used in works of art.
Four groups of adverbs and questions
Time
Having carefully considered what questions the adverb answers, it is classified into different groups. It is easy to determine that an adverb that answers the question: how long? When? since when/until when?– refers to a group indicating time or time period:
- Traditions in the village have been preserved for a long time.
- At harvest time, the peasants worked in the fields until dark.
- Doing something new is always difficult.
- He never returned to this city again.
Place
When asked where, where, from where they give answer data parts of speech indicating the place where the specified action occurs:
- turn right;
- be located in the middle;
- the river appeared ahead;
- the noise came from afar.
Goals
An adverb characterizing the goal answers questions For what? For what?:
- He did it stupidly.
- The tourists arrived early on purpose.
- He realized that there was no need to explain the purpose of the visit.
These adverbs are most often used in colloquial speech.
Causes
These parts of speech, indicating reasons, answer the question: for what reason? Why?:
- Blindly, he could not make out the small handwriting.
- Realizing that there was no point in continuing the argument, Peter fell silent so as not to say too much in the heat of the moment.
Attention! To find out what questions it answers and what category this part of speech belongs to in Russian, you need to look at the context. That is, carefully read the phrase or expression and ask the right question.
Semantic groups of adverbs.
Controversial issues
Soon and suddenly
The word “suddenly” is often doubtful - it is an adverb indicating a specific course of action or not? The unchangeable word suddenly is an adverb that means suddenness, unforeseenness of the commission of any action or phenomenon. For example: “Suddenly he noticed a girl’s figure by the canal. Suddenly the sky darkened and the first rumbles of thunder were heard. Doubts did not come suddenly; before that, he had been thinking about this strange proposal for a long time.”
Soon and soon - what parts of speech are they related to and what are their distinctive features? Soon is a part of speech, which, like the word soon, answers the question how? and does not change. Both adverbs mean a sign of action with a temporary connotation. However, soon is used to express the future, and soon - the past action. Compare: He appeared soon./ He will appear soon.
How to distinguish
When asking which part of speech in Russian answers the question where, where, from, students often cannot decide: these are parts of speech or parts of a sentence. If the first option is meant, then this is an adverb. And if the question where is answered by circumstance, then they can be either an adverb or a noun together with a preposition.
Compare: At the very bottom of the staircase a silhouette of a man appeared (preposition together with a noun). A slight noise was heard below. (adverb).
Adverbs of manner are often confused with adjectives. . To avoid this, it is enough to remember which words answer the question how? and are related to the adverb, and which ones - to the question which? and are adjectives. For example, in the phrase: “A good incentive makes you work well.” – good is an adjective, and good is an adverb, which was formed from the name of the adjective.
Spelling: Writing adverbs
Degrees of comparison of adverbs
Conclusion
Adverb - absolutely independent part of speech with its structural and linguistic features and a special emotional and semantic role in oral colloquial speech and literary text. With it you can create proposal with any emotional connotation, expressing your attitude towards a person, phenomenon or event.
The Russian language is a multifaceted, complex instrument. With its help, people communicate and create great works. Using language and its capabilities, we can describe life and the events surrounding it, imagine historical actions of many years ago and imagine the distant future.
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Any language is characterized by mobility. It changes over time: it is filled with new words, expressions, gives birth to new styles. Moreover, each language consists of many components connected to each other.
Identifying parts of speech
Part of speech is the main class of grammatical means of a language. It is characterized by various morphological and syntactic features and is divided into independent and auxiliary.
Towards independent, naming objects, their actions, signs, parts of speech include:
Official express relationships between objects without naming them and their characteristics:
- pretext;
- interjection;
- particle;
- union;
- onomatopoeic words.
Definition of an adverb, what questions it answers
An adverb is an independent part of speech in the Russian language, denoting a characteristic of an object, its action or quality and answering the questions: how?, why?, when?, where?, to what extent?, why? etc.
It is worth noting, that there are pronominal adverbs, included in this part of speech. It is common for them not to name the sign, but to point to it. They are divided into the following groups:
- undefined: somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere;
- negative: nowhere, nowhere, nowhere;
- index: there, there, here, then, now;
- interrogative: why, where, how, when, where.
Distinctive characteristics of adverbs
In the Russian language, there are grammatical, morphological and syntactic features characteristic of this part of speech.
Grammatical features. Adverbs have a general grammatical meaning. So, if they are included in a phrase with an adjective or other adverb, then it denotes a characteristic feature. Example: very far.
In combination with such a part of speech as a verb, it acquires the meaning of a sign of action. Example: to do out of spite.
Morphological characteristics. Adverbs are immutable, that is, they are not tied to number or gender. This part of speech is not inflected or conjugated. For example: he is walking quickly, he is walking quickly, he was walking quickly, he will walk quickly.
Syntactic features. As part of a sentence, adverbs often depend on verbs and adjectives: they form phrases with them. Due to the dependence on other parts of speech, they are classified as secondary members of the sentence - circumstances - indicating the reason, mode of action, time, etc. For example: The sleigh quickly moved away from the house.
Classification by category
All adverbs can be divided into two main categories according to their meaning: circumstantial and attributive.
Detailed ones are designed to show temporary, targeted, causal relationships associated with the action. For example: on purpose, for the first time, yesterday, on the right.
Determinatives serve to characterize an action - its quality, method of execution - and are divided into the following categories:
- Discharge of measure and degree. Characterized by the questions to what extent?, how much?. For example: very, too much, twice as much, etc.
- Place rank. The adverb answers the following questions: from where?, where?, where?. For example: to the right, close, forward.
- Mode of action category. This includes adverbs that answer the questions how?, in what way?. For example: quietly, loudly, in a whisper, sadly.
- Reason category. The following questions are typical for determining the part of speech: why?, why?. For example: rashly, involuntarily.
- Discharge of time. In this group, adverbs answer the following questions: since when?, until when?, when?, how long?. For example: recently, in winter, already, always.
- Target rank. Characterized by the questions why?, for what?. For example: out of spite, intentionally, on purpose.
Predicative adverbs belong to a special group. They denote the necessity of some action, the possibility or impossibility of performing it, the state of nature or man. In impersonal sentences they act as a predicate. For example: It was already dark; It's time to sleep.
Classification by degree of comparison
Degrees of comparison are characteristic of adverbs, which are formed from qualitative adjectives and end in -o (-e). For example: slow - slowly, quiet - quietly.
The degrees of comparison can be divided into two:
- excellent;
- comparative.
To form a superlative degree, you need a phrase that will include an adverb in the comparative degree and the word “all”. For example: quietest, farthest.
The comparative degree, in turn, is divided into simple and complex. A simple one is formed by using the following suffixes: -е, -she, -ee(-ee). NFor example: close - closer, fun - more fun, more fun, quiet - quieter. A complex degree of comparison can be obtained by using the particles “more” and “less”. For example: louder, less sad.
Adverb- this is an independent (significant) part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, a sign of an object or another sign. The question to an adverb depends on its meaning, which it expresses.
In a sentence, an adverb is usually an adverb and answers questions How? to what extent? Where? Where? where? When? Why? For what?
: Autumn. (Where?) Over your head (How?) gradually the leaves on the trees begin to turn yellow, turn purple, and turn brown (V. Bianchi).
In most cases, an adverb refers to a verb ( good writing), less often to an adjective, participle, gerund, other adverb, noun ( a cool winter day; short-flowering shrub; walk, bouncing joyfully; it's mind-bogglingly simple to explain, reluctant tragedian).
Adverb- unchangeable part of speech: she does not bow, does not conjugate, does not agree with other words.The adverb does not and cannot have an ending.
The difference between adverbs and state category words
1) indicate the state of nature or a living being;
2) most of the words in the state category have the final suffix -o;
3) are a predicate in an impersonal sentence (i.e. in a sentence where there is not and cannot be a subject).
Let's compare, for example:
I feel bad (state category word).
He doesn't read well (adverb ).
He's offended ( state category word).
The old man smiled offensively ( adverb ).
The difference between adverbs and conjunctions, prepositions and particles
Adverbs differ from conjunctions in that adverbs in a sentence in most cases refer to the verb ( tremble a little), from time to time to an adjective ( very significant), another adverb ( barely noticeable), numeral ( approximately 5) or noun ( reluctant tragedian); while an alliance connects homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence, or entire sentences (sometimes paragraphs)( example 1b).
Adverbs differ from prepositions in that they do not introduce a case form of the name ( examples 2a and 2b).
Adverbs, unlike particles, cannot be syntactically subordinate to a noun with a preposition and at the same time precede it ( examples 3a and 3b).
Examples :
(1a) A little (adverb)
the leaves of silver poplars tremble (Pushkin).
(1b) I hit the road, a little (alliance) dawn has broken (Nekrasov).
(2a) She took a couple of steps towards (adverb)
.
(2b) Towards (pretext) The owner came out to the guests.
(3a) The chaise was driving straight (adverb)
, and for some reason the mill began to go to the left (Chekhov).
(3b) The whole herd of deer, crowded together, passed straight (particle) near me (Prishvin).
So, adverbs are characterized not only by full meaning, but also by a certain syntactic role in a sentence.
Differences between adverbs and other parts of speech:
1
. Adverb as an unchangeable part of speech, it almost always does not have defined and dependent words, but is adjacent to the verb as an incident.
Nouns They usually have dependent words with them, to which it is possible to pose a question or insert a word between a preposition and a noun: from (the very) beginning of (what?) winter.
Adjectives, numerals and pronouns have defined words, agree with them, and because in these cases the preposition does not refer to them, but to the noun, then these parts of speech are simply omitted.
2 . Adverb It is almost always possible to replace it with another adverb that is similar in meaning: at first - first, in vain - in vain, at the same time - along with this, then - later.
Nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns It is always possible to change the same part of speech or another nominal part of speech: from the beginning of winter - from the end of winter; to an empty room - to a free room; in one moment - in that moment; around that corner - around that corner.
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What questions does the adverb answer?
An adverb is an independent (nominative) part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, a sign of an object or another sign. The question to an adverb depends on its meaning, which it expresses. In a sentence, an adverb is usually an adverb and answers the questions how? to what extent? Where? Where? where? When? Why? for what?: Autumn. (where?) Over your head (how?) gradually...
