In Russia, Navy Day is celebrated annually on the last Sunday of July. Navy Day is the most favorite holiday for all sailors serving and who have already served in the navy! On this day, all the parks, fountains and attractions are occupied by brave guys in sailor suits, who today will receive congratulations from all their loved ones, relatives, colleagues and friends on their professional holiday - Navy Day.

The navy is the stronghold of the Power -

Today honors countries!

Covered himself with immortal glory

Vivat to you, children of Neptune!

Let the seagulls sing songs to you,

And the waves are quietly rocking.

Relatives are waiting for an ambulance meeting

And they count the days impatiently.

We wish you only peaceful everyday life,

Let the cheerful laughter sound,

And, no matter how difficult it may be for you,

Believe in luck and success!

Birth of the Russian Navy

The need for a fleet appeared in Russia back in the 17th century. The lack of a fleet hampered the country's development.

“There will be sea vessels” - these words of Peter I predetermined the appearance of the birthday of the Russian Navy. At the insistence of the emperor, the Boyar Duma on October 20, 1696 decided to create a regular fleet in the state.

Peter’s persistence could be understood - just a year earlier, the siege of the Russian army of the Turkish fortress of Azov ended in failure. And all because of the lack of a fleet in the Russians, because the Turkish fleet freely supplied the besieged from the sea with ammunition and food.

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Military shipbuilding began in Voronezh, then in St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk and Ladoga. The Baltic and Azov fleets were quickly created, followed by the Pacific and Northern.

At the shipyards of the Voronezh Admiralty in 1696-1711, about 215 ships were built for the first Russian regular navy. As a result, the Azov fortress was conquered, and subsequently a peace treaty necessary for Russia was signed with Turkey.

A Brief History of the Russian Navy

Thanks to the presence of the fleet, Russian sailors also made a significant contribution to geographical discoveries. So, in 1740 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky was founded, to which V. Bering and A. Chirikov contributed. A year later, they discovered a strait through which they reached the western coast of the continent of North America.

From the navigators Bering and Chirikov, the baton of geographical discoveries, which are of great importance for the country, science and economy, was picked up by such Russian navigators as E.V. Putyatin, F.F. Bellingshausen, M.P. Lazarev, V.M. Golovnin.

Already in the second half of the 18th century, the Russian Navy became so strong and expanded that it occupied third place in the world in terms of the number of warships.

The skill and tactics of combat behavior at sea were constantly improved, and thanks to this, Russian sailors won victories in naval battles. The exploits of admirals F.F. Ushakova, P.S. Nakhimova, G.A. Spiridova, D.N. Senyavina, V.I. Istomina, G.I. Butakova, S.O. Markov and V.A. Kornilov went down in the history of the navy as the bright, brilliant actions of talented naval commanders.

Russia's foreign policy has become more active. In 1770, the Russian Navy achieved dominance in the Aegean Sea, through the efforts of the squadron of Admiral Spiridov, who defeated the Turkish flotilla.

The following year, the coast of the Kerch Strait and the fortresses of Kerch and Yeni-Kale were conquered.

Soon the Danube military flotilla was formed.

And in 1773, the Azov flotilla proudly entered the Black Sea.

In 1774, the Russian-Turkish war, which lasted for six years, ended. Victory remained with the Russian Empire, and according to its terms, part of the Black Sea coastline between the Dniester and Southern Bug rivers, and most importantly, the entire coast of the Azov Sea, went to Russia.

Crimea was declared an independent state under Russian protectorate. And in 1783 it became part of Russia.

In 1783, the first ship of the Black Sea Fleet was launched from the port of Kherson, specially founded five years earlier.

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By the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Navy was the third largest in the world. It consisted of the Baltic, Black Sea fleets, White Sea, Caspian and Okhotsk flotillas. Great Britain and France were ahead in size.

In 1802, the Ministry of Naval Forces was created for management, which a little later was renamed the Naval Ministry.

The first military steamship was built in 1826. It was called Izhora, and was armed with eight guns, with a power of 100 horsepower.

The first frigate steamship was built in 1836. It was already armed with 28 guns. Its power was 240 horsepower, its displacement was 1320 tons, and this ship-frigate was called Bogatyr.

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Between 1803 and 1855, more than forty long-distance voyages, including around the world, were made by Russian navigators. Thanks to their resilience, the development of the oceans, the Pacific region, and the development of the Far East took place.

The fleet also showed its heroic roots during the difficult years of the Great Patriotic War. Soviet warships beat the Nazis at sea, as well as on land and in the sky, reliably covering the front flanks.

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Soldiers of the marine infantry units, naval pilots, and submariners also distinguished themselves.

During the Great Patriotic War, combat operations at sea were led by admirals A.G. Golovko, S.G. Gorshkov, I.S. Isakov, F.S. Oktyabrsky, I.S. Isakov, I.S. Yumashev, L.A. Vladimirsky and N.G. Kuznetsov.

Russian Navy today

The Russian Navy has a history of just over three hundred years, and at the moment it consists of the following operational-strategic formations:

• Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy with headquarters in Vladivostok;
• Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy with headquarters in Severomorsk;
• Caspian Flotilla of the Russian Navy with headquarters in Astrakhan;
• Baltic Fleet of the Russian Navy with headquarters in Kaliningrad;
• Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Navy with headquarters in Sevastopol.

The structure of the Russian Navy consists of surface and submarine forces, naval aviation (tactical, strategic, deck and coastal), coast guard troops, marines and centrally subordinate units, as well as rear units and units.

The Russian Navy (USSR), as an independent branch of the Armed Forces, took shape in the period from the late 17th to the early 20th century.

The creation of a regular military fleet in Russia is a historical pattern. It was due to the country’s urgent need to overcome the territorial, political and cultural isolation that became at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. the main obstacle to the economic and social development of the Russian state.

The first permanent grouping of forces - the Azov Fleet - was formed from ships and vessels built in the winter of 1695-1696. and was intended to assist the army in the campaign to capture the Turkish fortress of Azov. On October 30, 1696, the Boyar Duma, on the proposal of Tsar Peter I, adopted the resolution “Sea vessels shall be...”, which became the first law on the fleet and recognition as the official date of its founding.

During the Northern War of 1700-1721. the main tasks of the fleet were determined, the list of which remains practically unchanged to this day, namely: the fight against the enemy’s naval forces, the fight on sea communications, the defense of one’s coast from the sea direction, assistance to the army in coastal areas, striking and ensuring invasion of territory enemy from the sea direction. The proportion of these tasks changed as material resources and the nature of armed struggle at sea changed. Accordingly, the role and place of individual branches of the fleet that were part of the fleet changed.

Thus, before the First World War, the main tasks were carried out by surface ships, and they were the main branch of the fleet. During the Second World War, this role for some time passed to naval aviation, and in the post-war period, with the advent of nuclear missile weapons and ships with nuclear power plants, submarines established themselves as the main type of force.

Before the First World War, the fleet was homogeneous. Coastal troops (marines and coastal artillery) existed since the beginning of the 18th century, however, organizationally they were not part of the fleet. On March 19, 1906, submarine forces were born and began to develop as a new branch of the Navy.

In 1914, the first units of Naval Aviation were formed, which in 1916 also acquired the characteristics of an independent type of force. Navy Aviation Day is celebrated on July 17 in honor of the first victory of Russian naval pilots in an air battle over the Baltic Sea in 1916. The Navy as a diverse strategic association was finally formed by the mid-1930s, when the Navy organizationally included naval aviation, coastal defense and units Air defense.

The modern system of command and control bodies of the Navy finally took shape on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. On January 15, 1938, by resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, the People's Commissariat of the Navy was created, within which the Main Naval Headquarters was formed. During the formation of the regular Russian fleet, its organizational structure and functions were unclear. On December 22, 1717, by decree of Peter 1, an Admiralty Board was formed for the day-to-day management of the fleet. On September 20, 1802, the Ministry of Naval Forces was formed, which was later renamed the Naval Ministry and existed until 1917. The bodies of combat (operational) control of the Navy forces appeared after the Russian-Japanese War with the creation of the Naval General Staff on April 7, 1906. The Russian fleet was led by such famous naval commanders as Peter 1, P.V. Chichagov, I.K. Grigorovich, N.G. Kuznetsov, S.G. Gorshkov.

Permanent groupings of forces in maritime theaters took shape as the Russian state solved historical problems related to the acquisition of access to the World Ocean and the inclusion of the country in the world economy and politics. In the Baltic, the fleet existed continuously since May 18, 1703, the Caspian flotilla since November 15, 1722, and the fleet on the Black Sea since May 13, 1783. In the North and the Pacific Ocean, groupings of fleet forces were created, as a rule, on a temporary basis or, without receiving significant development, they were periodically abolished. The current Pacific and Northern fleets have existed as permanent groupings since April 21, 1932 and June 1, 1933, respectively.

The fleet received its greatest development by the mid-80s. At this time, it included 4 fleets and the Caspian Flotilla, which included more than 100 divisions and brigades of surface ships, submarines, naval aviation and coastal defense.

Throughout their glorious history, Russian and Soviet warships could be seen at all latitudes of the seas and oceans, not only for military purposes, but also to discover new lands and penetrate the polar ice for scientific research. The study and description by military sailors of the northern coasts of Siberia, Kamchatka, Alaska, the Aleutian and Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, circumnavigation of the world, and the discovery of Antarctica were of global significance. Russia was glorified by such famous navigators as M.P. Lazarev, F.F. Bellingshausen, G.I. Nevelskoy and others.

The role of the fleet in the history of Russia has always gone beyond the scope of its purely military tasks. The presence of the fleet contributed to our country's active foreign policy. He has more than once become a deterrent for the enemy of our state when the threat of war arose.

The role of the fleet in the formation of national identity was great. Victories at Gangut, Grengam, Ezel, Chesma Fidonisi, Kaliakria, Navarino, Sinop became a source of national pride. Our people sacredly honor the memory of outstanding naval commanders F.F. Ushakov, D.N. Senyavin, M.P. Lazarev, V.N. Kornilova, P.S. Nakhimova, N.G. Kuznetsova.

Russia, due to its geographical location and the combination of economic, political and military interests in the World Ocean, is a great maritime power. This is an objective reality that Russians and the world community will have to reckon with in the next century.

Navy structure

The Navy is a powerful factor in the country's defense capability. It is divided into strategic nuclear forces and general purpose forces. Strategic nuclear forces have great nuclear missile power, high mobility and the ability to operate for a long time in various areas of the World Ocean.

The Navy consists of the following branches of forces: submarine, surface, naval aviation, marine corps and coastal defense forces. It also includes ships and vessels, special purpose units, and logistics units.

Submarine forces are the strike force of the fleet, capable of controlling the expanses of the World Ocean, secretly and quickly deploying in the right directions, and delivering unexpected powerful strikes from the depths of the ocean against sea and continental targets. Depending on the main armament, submarines are divided into missile and torpedo submarines, and according to the type of power plant into nuclear and diesel-electric.

The main striking force of the Navy is nuclear submarines armed with ballistic and cruise missiles with nuclear warheads. These ships are constantly in various areas of the World Ocean, ready for the immediate use of their strategic weapons.

Nuclear-powered submarines armed with ship-to-ship cruise missiles are aimed primarily at combating large enemy surface ships.

Nuclear torpedo submarines are used to disrupt enemy underwater and surface communications and in the defense system against underwater threats, as well as to escort missile submarines and surface ships.

The use of diesel submarines (missile and torpedo submarines) is mainly associated with solving typical tasks for them in limited areas of the sea.

Equipping submarines with nuclear power and nuclear missile weapons, powerful hydroacoustic systems and high-precision navigation weapons, along with comprehensive automation of control processes and the creation of optimal living conditions for the crew, has significantly expanded their tactical properties and forms of combat use. Surface forces in modern conditions remain the most important part of the Navy. The creation of ships that carry aircraft and helicopters, as well as the transition of a number of classes of ships, as well as submarines, to nuclear power have greatly increased their combat capabilities. Equipping ships with helicopters and airplanes significantly expands their capabilities to detect and destroy enemy submarines. Helicopters create the opportunity to successfully solve the problems of relay and communications, target designation, transfer of cargo at sea, landing troops on the coast and rescuing personnel.

Surface ships are the main forces for ensuring the exit and deployment of submarines to combat areas and returning to bases, transporting and covering landing forces. They are assigned the main role in laying minefields, combating mine danger and protecting their communications.

The traditional task of surface ships is to strike enemy targets on its territory and cover their coast from the sea from enemy naval forces.

Thus, surface ships are entrusted with a complex of responsible combat missions. They solve these problems in groups, formations, associations, both independently and in cooperation with other branches of the naval forces (submarines, aviation, marines).

Naval aviation is a branch of the Navy. It consists of strategic, tactical, deck and coastal.

Strategic and tactical aviation is designed to combat groups of surface ships in the ocean, submarines and transports, as well as to carry out bombing and missile attacks on enemy coastal targets.

Carrier-based aviation is the main striking force of the Navy's aircraft carrier formations. Its main combat missions in armed warfare at sea are the destruction of enemy aircraft in the air, launch positions of anti-aircraft guided missiles and other enemy air defense systems, conducting tactical reconnaissance, etc. When performing combat missions, carrier-based aircraft actively interact with tactical ones.

Naval aviation helicopters are an effective means of targeting a ship's missile weapons when destroying submarines and repelling attacks from low-flying enemy aircraft and anti-ship missiles. Carrying air-to-surface missiles and other weapons, they are a powerful means of fire support for Marine landings and destruction of enemy missile and artillery boats.

The Marine Corps is a branch of the Navy, designed to conduct combat operations as part of amphibious assault forces (independently or jointly with the Ground Forces), as well as for the defense of the coast (naval bases, ports).

Marine combat operations are carried out, as a rule, with the support of aviation and artillery fire from ships. In turn, the Marine Corps uses in combat all types of weapons characteristic of motorized rifle troops, while using landing tactics specific to it.

Coastal defense troops, as a branch of the naval forces, are designed to protect naval force bases, ports, important sections of the coast, islands, straits and narrows from attacks by enemy ships and amphibious assault forces. The basis of their weapons are coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships (protection of the water area). To ensure defense by troops on the coast, coastal fortifications are created.

Logistics units and units are intended to provide logistical support to the forces and combat operations of the Navy. They ensure the satisfaction of material, transport, household and other needs of formations and associations of the Navy in order to maintain them in combat readiness to carry out assigned tasks.

Smyslova Olya

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History of the Navy of the Russian Federation.

1. Russian Navy. 2. How it all began... (The fleet of the Old Russian state, the fleet under Ivan IV, the fleet under Peter I). 3. Fleet of the Russian Empire. 4. USSR Navy Plan:

The Russian Navy is the power, beauty and pride of our state. The development of the navy contributed to the establishment of Russia's authority in the international arena. And how many victories were won thanks to our navy! And there is no doubt that the Navy is an important component of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. But before the Navy became so powerful and strong, politicians, admirals and other public people of our country spent a lot of effort on its creation and development. So, my presentation is dedicated to the history of the Russian Navy, the history of its creation, development and victories.

Already in the 9th century, the Old Russian state had the semblance of a military fleet, which is proven by the successful naval campaign against Constantinople in 860. However, the fleet was irregular and was probably built only for raiding purposes. Due to feudal fragmentation, even the ancient Russian principalities did not have irregular naval forces. The only possible exception was the Novgorod land, which has access to the Baltic and White seas. How it all began...

In 1570, Ivan the Terrible created a flotilla to protect Russian shipping on the Baltic Sea, which existed for about a year. In the 16th century, the Cossacks fought for free access to the Black Sea, using the fleet to fight the Turks.

In the middle of the 17th century, a pilot service was created on the White Sea. In 1636, the first three-masted ship according to the Western model was built - Frederick (sank in the same year). The first Russian ship of the Western European type - the frigate Orel - was built in 1667 (Frederik was built in Russia, but belonged to Holstein). In 1669, the first brief naval charter was created by the captain of the Eagle.

The creation of a regular Russian fleet was associated with the name of Peter I. In 1688, he discovered a boat presented to his father, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. After repairing and equipping the boat, Peter tested it, and then in Pereslavl-Zalessky, on Lake Pleshcheyevo, he founded the first shipyard for the construction of ships. The “Amusement” fleet, created by Peter in 1688-1693, was the forerunner of the Russian regular fleet.

Peter I's interest in the only Russian seaport at that time - Arkhangelsk - arose simultaneously with the plan to build a fleet. The tsar spent over two months in Arkhangelsk, became acquainted with shipbuilding and gave orders for the construction of the first state shipyard in Russia on the island of Solombala. From the middle of the 17th century, the shipyard began to be called the Arkhangelsk Admiralty. Later, Peter I personally laid down the merchant sea ship “St. Paul".

The regular fleet was also laid down at the shipyards of the Voronezh Admiralty. The campaign of the Russian army to the Turkish fortress of Azov in 1695 ended in failure. The complete blockade of Azov failed because the Russians did not have a fleet. Only in the winter of 1695-1696 were the first ships and vessels built. Finally, after the conquest of the Azov fortress and the successful completion of the Second Azov Campaign, the Boyar Duma adopted a resolution “There will be sea vessels...”, as if approving the plan of Peter the Great.

The official date of birth of the Fleet of the Russian Empire is considered to be 1696. But in the post-Petrine period, there was a noticeable decline in the development of shipbuilding. Only on January 21, 1731, at the direction of Tsarina Anna Ioannovna, the construction of large ships was resumed and the 66-gun sailing ship and the 110-gun ship “Empress Anna” were laid down. In total, during the reign of Anna Ioannovna, about 100 ships and vessels were built for the Baltic Fleet, including 20 battleships and 10 frigates. Fleet of the Russian Empire.

In 1778, the Russians founded the new port of Kherson at the mouth of the Dnieper with slipways for the construction of battleships and frigates. The Kherson first-born, the 60-gun battleship "St. Catherine", was dismantled right on the slipway due to protracted construction times. But the 66-gun Slava Ekaterina became the first battleship of the Black Sea Fleet.

Emperor Alexander I created the institution of the Naval Ministry, which developed the staffing and reasonable classification of ships of the predecessor of the current Navy. Sails completely replaced combat rowing ships, although rowing gunboats were built to protect skerries and the approaches to St. Petersburg even before 1854.

Sailing shipbuilding acquired unprecedented proportions during the reign of Nicholas I. 22 battleships, 20 frigates, 12 brigs were built, the Sevastopol Admiralty was created and the Nikolaev Admiralty was significantly expanded, and other shipyards found a second wind. But over the expanses of the sea, which had previously known only the white sails and the resinous gilding of the wooden decks of majestic sailing ships, clouds of smoke were already rushing from the chimneys of the first frigate steamships.

In 1826, the first military steamship armed with 8 cannons was built. In 1836, the first frigate steamship Bogatyr was built (displacement - 1340 tons, power - 117 kW (240 hp), armament - 28 guns). Between 1803 and 1855, Russian navigators made more than 40 round-the-world and long-distance voyages, which played a significant role in the development of the Far East, various oceans and the Pacific operational region.

The Navy of the Russian Empire continued even after Tsar Nicholas II came to power. Despite the fact that Russian industry was developing at a rapid pace, it could not support the ever-increasing needs of the fleet, and some ships were ordered from other countries. There was also the practice of purchasing the lead ship abroad, then building a series based on it at their own shipyards, sometimes to the detriment of the development of their own shipbuilding.

USSR Navy. The Civil War in Russia led to a sharp reduction in the number of ships of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet (RKKF). The general degradation affected almost all the forces of the fleet. The course taken by the Soviet government to reduce the fleet led to a reduction in the number of personnel of the RKKF and the volume of allocations for military shipbuilding and ship repair. In 1940-1941, a system of operational readiness of fleets and flotillas was developed and put into operation. By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, a navy had been created capable of performing the most important tactical and strategic tasks, both jointly with ground forces and independently in the adjacent seas for the purpose of defending the coast and disrupting maritime transport.

The forces of the USSR fleet in the 80s of the twentieth century (strategic and general purpose) included more than 100 squadrons and divisions, and the total number of personnel of the USSR Navy was about 450,000. As of 1991, the following were built at USSR shipbuilding enterprises: two aircraft carriers (including one nuclear-powered), 11 nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines, 18 multi-purpose nuclear submarines, seven diesel submarines, two missile cruisers (including one nuclear-powered), 10 destroyers and large anti-submarine ships, etc.

The Russian Navy has gone through such a long and thorny path before becoming as powerful, as strong as it is now. Glory to the Russian Navy!

Sources - Internet resources: www.wikipedia.ru/ www.yandex.ru/ and others. Completed by: 11th grade student of MKOU Secondary School with. Buturlinka Smyslova Olga.

In the first half of the 19th century. The basis for progress in science, technology, and economics was the use of a new type of energy - steam energy. The further development of the fleet was due to advances in the field of metallurgy and rolled metal. Especially with the invention of armor plates for use in iron shipbuilding

At the beginning of the 19th century. The construction of steam ships began in Russia. The first such ship in Russia, the Elizaveta, was designed and built in 1815 by Karl Bird, owner of an iron and copper foundry in St. Petersburg. With only 4 liters. With. power, the machine gave the steamboat (as the steamship was previously called) a speed of about 9 versts per hour.

The first steam ship in Russia “Elizabeth”

In 1823, about a dozen steamships were built on the Volga, including those with two engines with a total power of up to 40 hp. With. And in 1843, the steamship company “Along the Volga” was formed in St. Petersburg, which had several steamships with engines of 250-400 liters. With. capacity (“Volga”, “Hercules”, “Samson”, “Kama”, “Oka”, etc.), dozens of heavy-duty barges. This society existed until 1918.

Diesel motor ships

In 1903, the Sormovsky plant in Nizhny Novgorod built the first diesel motor ship for the Volga Shipping Company - the self-propelled tank barge "Vandal" with a displacement of 1150 tons, - with three diesel engines of 120 liters each. s., and diesel-electric transmission to propellers. "Vandal" became the world's first diesel motor ship and diesel-electric ship at the same time.

The first motor ship in the world is the oil tanker barge Vandal.

By 1913, there were more than 80 diesel motor ships in different countries of the world, of which 70 were in Russia. As for steamships, by 1913, through the efforts of all six shipping companies of the country and the government, their number was increased to 1016 (with a total displacement of 487 thousand tons), and sailing ships became 2577 (257 thousand gross tons). The Russian fleet ranked 8th in the world after the fleets of England, Germany, the USA, Norway, France, Japan, and Italy. At the same time, its own steamships, making up 65% of Russia’s commercial fleet, could provide only 8% of sea cargo transportation.

Creation of the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade (ROPiT)

In January 1856, adjutant N.A. contacted the Russian Naval Ministry. Arkas and the famous shipowner-entrepreneur N.A. Novoselsky. They proposed creating a commercial shipping joint-stock company on the Black Sea with a large number of modern ships for cargo and passenger transportation, while clarifying that in case of war these ships could be used for the military transport needs of the country.

On August 3, 1856, Emperor Alexander II approved the Charter of ROPiT (Russian Society of Shipping and Trade). Thus was born what later became the largest Russian shipping company.

By 1860, the Company had more than 40 steamships, and 30 of them had great prospects: all of them had been in operation for no more than 3 years.

The ROPiT steamship "Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna" stands at the pier in Saratov.
Around 1910 (Photo from the archive of Alexey Platonov)

Since 1863, the Company, replenishing the fleet, began to build new screw postal and passenger steamships and wheeled mixed cargo and passenger ships. In addition to the “Lazarev”, “Kornilov”, “Nakhimov”, “Chikhachev”, “Grand Duke Mikhail”, “Grand Duchess Olga” and “General Kotzebue”, by 1870, 11 more steam schooners were put into operation for cargo transportation on the Sea of ​​Azov.

With the construction of the Suez Canal (1869), new prospects opened up, and ROPiT ships began to sail to India, China, and the Far East (Vladivostok).

Creation of the "Voluntary Fleet"

During the period 1873–1883 Public attention to the needs of the fleet increased sharply. In this regard, a Society arose in Moscow to promote Russian merchant shipbuilding (with patriotic donations). The idea of ​​creating the Voluntary Fleet society arose, caused by the results of the Russian-Turkish War of 1878.

Fundraising was held throughout the country for an organization that would have fast and capacious ships, allowing them to be quickly re-equipped and armed, making them auxiliary cruisers in case of war. About 4 million rubles were collected, and in 1878 the society was created.

First, Dobroflot purchased cargo and passenger ships from the Germans, which were immediately registered with the navy as auxiliary cruisers: Moscow, Petersburg, Rossiya. Henceforth, a tradition was established: all new ships were named after the centers of the provinces - “Nizhny Novgorod”, “Ryazan”, etc.

Since 1879, the charter of the Voluntary Fleet society provided for the possibility of using its ships for military purposes in the event of war.

The work of Dobroflot began with transportation from Varna and Burgas of Russian troops participating in the Russian-Turkish War of 1878. Then regular flights to the Far East began. Soon the management came to the conclusion that they should not purchase, but only build ships for the society - this is more profitable. True, build not only at our factories, but also abroad. The first steamship, the Yaroslavl, based on the drawings of the English cruiser Iris, was ordered in 1880 in France.

Until 1896, a series of 6 ships with a displacement of 4500-5600 tons came from England to Russia. As a result, before the Russo-Japanese War, Dobroflot moved up to 2nd place after ROPiT. Its cargo turnover reached 196,000 tons per year.

Postcards from the early 1910s, dedicated to goods and passengers
Dobroflot steamships: Simbirsk and Ryazan.

| Types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation | Navy

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Navy

From the history of creation

In 1695, the young Tsar Peter I attempted to capture the Azov fortress occupied by the Turks. The siege ended in failure, since the fortress garrison received great assistance and support from the Turkish fleet that dominated the Sea of ​​Azov.

After analyzing the reasons for the unsuccessful siege in Russia, the Admiralty was established, and on the river. Shipbuilding shipyards were founded in Voronezh. As a result of energetic measures taken in 1696. managed to create the first connection of combat and transport ships in the history of Russia, the so-called naval military caravan. It consisted of 2 frigates, 23 galleys, 4 fire ships and about 1000 small rowing vessels. In May 1696, a ground army (about 75 thousand people) and a naval military caravan reached Azov and blocked it from land and sea, and on May 20, a detachment of 40 Cossack boats attacked the Turkish squadron. The Turks lost 2 ships and 10 cargo ships. At the same time, the main part of the military caravan took up a position at the mouth of the river. The Don did not allow the Turkish fleet, which arrived to help the Azov garrison, to approach the shore and land reinforcements for the besieged.

As a result of these actions, on July 19, 1696, Azov surrendered. In connection with these events, 1696 is rightfully considered the year of the founding of the Russian Navy.

Organizational structure of the Navy

• Main Command of the Navy
• Surface forces
• Submarine forces
• Naval aviation
• Coastal troops:
  • Coastal Missile and Artillery Troops
  • Marines

Navy- a branch of the Armed Forces designed to strike industrial and economic regions (centers), important military installations of the enemy and defeat his naval forces. The Navy is capable of delivering nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying its ships at sea and in bases, disrupting its ocean and sea communications and protecting its own, assisting ground forces in conducting operations, landing amphibious assault forces and repelling enemy amphibious landings, transporting troops, material tools and perform other tasks.

Part Navy includes several types of forces: submarine, surface, naval aviation, coastal forces. It also includes ships and vessels of the auxiliary fleet, special-purpose units and various services. The main types of forces are submarine forces and naval aviation.

Navy is one of the most important foreign policy attributes of the state. It is designed to ensure security and protect the interests of the Russian Federation in peacetime and wartime on ocean and sea borders.

The Navy is capable of delivering nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying enemy fleet groups at sea and bases, disrupting the enemy’s ocean and sea communications and protecting its maritime transportation, assisting ground forces in operations in continental theaters of war, landing amphibious assault forces, and participating in in repelling enemy landings and performing other tasks.

Today the Navy consists of four fleets: the Northern, Pacific, Black Sea, Baltic and Caspian flotilla. The priority task of the fleet is to prevent the outbreak of wars and armed conflicts, and in the event of aggression, to repulse it, cover the country’s facilities, forces and troops from ocean and sea directions, defeat the enemy, create conditions for preventing military actions at the earliest possible stage and concluding peace in conditions that meet the interests of the Russian Federation. In addition, the task of the Navy is to conduct peacekeeping operations by decision of the UN Security Council or in accordance with the international allied obligations of the Russian Federation.

To solve the priority task of the Armed Forces and the Navy - preventing the outbreak of war, the Navy has naval strategic nuclear forces and general purpose forces. In the event of aggression, they must repel the enemy’s attacks, defeat the strike groups of his fleet and prevent him from conducting large-scale naval operations, as well as, in cooperation with other branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, ensure the creation of the necessary conditions for the effective conduct of defensive operations in continental theaters of military operations.

Navy consists of the following types of forces (Fig. 1):
• underwater
• surface
• naval aviation
• Marine Corps and Coastal Defense Forces.
• It includes:
  • ships and ships,
  • special purpose units
  • rear units and units.

The main striking force of the Navy is nuclear submarines armed with ballistic and cruise missiles with nuclear warheads. These ships are constantly in various areas of the World Ocean, ready for the immediate use of their strategic weapons.

Nuclear-powered submarines, armed with ship-to-ship cruise missiles, are aimed primarily at combating large enemy surface ships.

Torpedo nuclear submarines are used to disrupt enemy underwater and surface communications and in the defense system against underwater threats, as well as to escort missile submarines and surface ships.

The use of diesel submarines (missile and torpedo submarines) is mainly associated with solving typical tasks for them in limited areas of the sea.

Equipping submarines with nuclear power and nuclear missile weapons, powerful hydroacoustic systems and high-precision navigation weapons, along with comprehensive automation of control processes and the creation of optimal living conditions for the crew, has significantly expanded their tactical properties and forms of combat use. In modern conditions, surface forces remain the most important part of the Navy. The creation of ships that carry aircraft and helicopters, as well as the transition of a number of classes of ships, as well as submarines, to nuclear power have greatly increased their combat capabilities. Equipping ships with helicopters and airplanes significantly expands their capabilities to detect and destroy enemy submarines. Helicopters create the opportunity to successfully solve the problems of relay and communications, target designation, transfer of cargo at sea, landing troops on the coast and rescuing personnel.

Surface ships are the main forces for ensuring the exit and deployment of submarines to combat areas and returning to bases, transporting and covering landing forces. They are assigned the main role in laying minefields, combating mine danger and protecting their communications.

The traditional task of surface ships is to strike enemy targets on its territory and cover their coast from the sea from enemy naval forces.

Thus, surface ships are entrusted with a complex of responsible combat missions. They solve these problems in groups, formations, associations, both independently and in cooperation with other branches of the naval forces (submarines, aviation, marines).

Naval aviation- branch of the Navy. It consists of strategic, tactical, deck and coastal.

Strategic and tactical aviation designed to combat groups of surface ships in the ocean, submarines and transports, as well as to carry out bombing and missile attacks on enemy coastal targets.

Carrier-based aircraft is the main striking force of the Navy's aircraft carrier formations. Its main combat missions in armed warfare at sea are the destruction of enemy aircraft in the air, launch positions of anti-aircraft guided missiles and other enemy air defense systems, conducting tactical reconnaissance, etc. When performing combat missions, carrier-based aircraft actively interact with tactical ones.

Naval aviation helicopters are an effective means of targeting a ship's missile weapons when destroying submarines and repelling attacks from low-flying enemy aircraft and anti-ship missiles. Carrying air-to-surface missiles and other weapons, they are a powerful means of fire support for Marine landings and destruction of enemy missile and artillery boats.

Marines- a branch of the Navy forces designed to conduct combat operations as part of amphibious assault forces (independently or jointly with the Ground Forces), as well as for the defense of the coast (naval bases, ports).

Marine combat operations are carried out, as a rule, with the support of aviation and artillery fire from ships. In turn, the Marine Corps uses in combat all types of weapons characteristic of motorized rifle troops, while using landing tactics specific to it.

Coastal Defense Troops, as a branch of the naval forces, they are designed to protect naval force bases, ports, important sections of the coast, islands, straits and narrows from attacks by enemy ships and amphibious assault forces. The basis of their weapons are coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships (protection of the water area). To ensure defense by troops on the coast, coastal fortifications are created.

Rear units and units designed for logistical support of forces and combat operations of the Navy. They ensure the satisfaction of material, transport, household and other needs of formations and associations of the Navy in order to maintain them in combat readiness to carry out assigned tasks.